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Determination of the optimal dose and dosing strategy for effective L-menthol oral rinsing during exercise in hot environments:optimising oral L-menthol administration
Get PDFPurpose This multi-study programme investigated the optimal concentration of L-menthol delivered as an oral mouth rinse to modulate thermo-behaviour during exercise in a hot environment (35 oC).Method In study 1, 38 participants completed a survey to establish an effective and tolerable range of L-menthol concentration. 31 participants completed an RPE-protocol examining 1. the dose-response effect of L-menthol mouth rinse on exercise performance (n = 16) and 2. the temporal effectiveness of administering L-menthol in an incremental and decremental dosing pattern (n = 15). Power output, heart rate, body core temperature and thermal sensation were reported throughout. ResultsThe optimal menthol concentration for peak power was between 0.01 & 0.1% (~6 % increase, P < 0.05) and 0.5% (~9 % increase, P < 0.05) with respect to control. Work completed was increased at 0.01% (~5 %, P < 0.05), at 0.1% (~3 %, P < 0.05) and had a detrimental effect at 0.5% (-10% decrease, P < 0.05). There were no differences between an ascending dose protocol (0.01 to 0.5 %), descending dose protocol (0.5 to 0.01 %) or a constant 0.01% dose protocol. There were no reported differences in body core temperature or heart rate across trials (P > 0.05). ConclusionThe optimal dose of L-menthol when delivered via oral rinsing is between 0.01 – 0.1 %. At lower concentrations, L-menthol appears to be less effective and at higher concentrations (>0.5%), L-menthol appears to elicit greater irritation and may not positively modulate thermo-behaviour during exercise in a hot environment. <br/
Understanding post-pandemic cultural change and declining school attendance
No full textPublic Accounts Committee: Improving Educational Outcomes for Disadvantaged Children. Written evidence submitted by Leeds Trinity University and the University of Leeds (IEDO0028)
First impressions matter:the effects of third-party reports, experience, and qualifications on students’ expectancies of a lecturer’s competency
No full textExpectancy formation is an inevitable consequence of lecturer-student interactions and these expectancies may influence student-lecturer relationships. Despite this, little is known about the formation of expectancies within HE. This study aimed to address this gap and investigate the effects of a lecturer's teaching experience, applied experience, qualifications, and the presence of a third party on students’ expectancies of the lecturer’s competency. A cross-sectional between subjects experiment was conducted with 234 undergraduate students (Mage: 20.73 years) who watched one of ten video vignettes within which a lecturer’s teaching and applied experience, qualifications, and the presence of a third party were manipulated. Students rated their expectancies of the lecturer using the Perceived Lecturer Competency Scale and Perceived Influence Scale. ANOVAs revealed that an experienced lecturer with higher qualifications was perceived to be significantly more competent in subject knowledge compared with an inexperienced, less qualified lecturer. Applied experience was more influential on students’ expectancies of the lecturer’s competency compared with qualification and teaching experience. There was no significant difference in students’ expectancies of a lecturer when they introduced themselves compared to them being introduced by a third party when using the same dynamic cues. These findings suggest that lecturers can harness the information cues that they display to students during initial interactions, which is likely to promote the formation of positive expectancies and optimise student-lecturer relationships
Perceived social norms and vaccine hesitancy
No full textVaccines are an important tool for preventing serious illness and avoiding deaths. Vaccine hesitancy, the delay or refusal of vaccines when available or offered, is one of the top 10 threats to global public health. The acceptance and uptake, delay, or refusal of vaccines has direct health implications for individuals, their close contacts, and indirectly for others in their environment and wider social networks. Vaccination uptake/hesitancy is the product of human decision-making and is influenced by various psychological and social factors, including perceived social norms. Individuals will often consider others’ vaccine-related attitudes and/or behaviors to guide their own decision-making. One potential way of reducing vaccine hesitancy is by changing people’s (mis)perceptions of these vaccine-related social norms through feedback interventions that highlight the actual vaccination norms (e.g., that most others would take a vaccine if offered). This article takes a social norms perspective toward understanding vaccine hesitancy, discusses how and why perceived social norms may be influential in hesitancy, and outlines ways psychological science can better understand the perceived social norms implicated in vaccine hesitancy
Radical intellectuals, racist hegemony, and grassroots activism:towards a holistic, anti-racist political movement
No full textRecent scholarship on race and racism, and their connections with the political, ideological, economic, and social realities in which we live has moved forward in leaps and bounds. Influential new ideas have emerged, along with the recognition of alternative ways of knowing (epistemologies), revitalizing radical scholarship, and giving it renewed relevance and energy. Concurrently, the Western world, including the United States and United Kingdom, has seen a resurgence in racist, political rhetoric, and the rise of the far right. Against this backdrop, we provide a precis of contemporary anti-racist scholarship together with a discussion of the politically motived, media-driven, populist opposition to it. We outline the contributions that contemporary anti-racist thinkers have made to the debate on race and racism and what is to be done about it. We examine how some new, radical anti-racist paradigms, transformative frameworks that fundamentally challenge and seek to dismantle systemic racism and deeply rooted structures of racial inequality, are perceived as being antagonistic. However, we also argue that anti-racist, radical thought is beginning to converge in powerful ways, pointing towards new forms of resistance. In what follows, we argue for a radical form of anti-racism that eschews the artificial dichotomy between theorizing and activism, bridging the academy with the community, to strengthen the movement. In this conceptual piece, we draw upon anti-racist concepts such as ‘White Supremacy’ and ‘the Psychosis of Whiteness’ to inform the conversation
Predicting marital adjustment in cancer patients:the impact of attachment styles, disease type, and stage on marital duration
No full textIntroductionThis study examined the interplay between marital relationships and individual adjustment to cancer, considering the influence of attachment styles and marital duration under high-stress conditions.ObjectivesThis research aims to elucidate how these factors modulate the marital quality and the psychological well-being of individuals and their partners.MethodsA total of 312 participants, comprising 223 cancer patients and 89 partners, completed the Golombok-Rust Inventory of Marital State and the Adult Attachment Inventory. Linear mixed-effects models were used to analyze the relationships between marital adjustment, attachment styles, and marital duration.ResultsThe findings indicated that females diagnosed with cancer reported significantly poorer marital adjustment compared to their male counterparts (both p < .05). Notably, secure attachment was significantly positively associated with better marital adjustment (β = .18, p = .016), while ambivalent attachment was significantly negatively associated with worse marital adjustment (β = -.11, p = .029). These patterns persisted across both patients and their partners, with no significant differences based on sex. Additionally, the impact of attachment styles on marital adjustment did not vary significantly with marital duration (all p > .05).ConclusionsThese results underscore the complexity of the marital dynamics among couples confronting cancer. The data reveal that secure attachment enhances marital stability, whereas ambivalent attachment detracts from it, irrespective of the sex of the respondent or marital duration. This study adds to the body of literature by highlighting the nuanced ways in which attachment styles influence marital dynamics under the strain of cancer. The implications for clinical interventions emphasize the importance of fostering secure attachment behaviors in couples therapy, particularly in contexts involving significant health challenges
“I wasn’t broken when I joined, I was when I left”:experiences of powerlessness among women veterans
No full textOnce military service is complete, personnel embark on a long metaphorical journey back to civilian life. This transition can be particularly complex for women. Armed forces across the world are currently working to make the military more inclusive for women and to support them in transition and resettlement. However, culture change in the armed forces is not just about policy, it is also about personal experience. This study recruited eight women military service leavers who are registered at a U.K. charity that provides support for women veterans who are struggling to adjust to civilian life. Interviews and focus groups were conducted and analyzed using thematic analysis. The analysis explored women’s experiences of powerlessness. Two overarching themes capture the complexity of participants’ accounts. The first theme, stress in service, highlights how limited self-governance, an endemic culture of bullying, and having nowhere to turn for emotional support converged as sources of stress and exacerbated feelings of powerlessness during participants’ time in the military. The second theme, long-term impact of military service, captures participants’ understandings of their identity transformations, their impact on employment opportunities, and their ongoing concerns regarding uninformed medical consent. The analysis shows how, rather than an inherent trait possessed by individuals, powerlessness occurs in response to adversity and that responses are differentially shaped by gendered status within the context of the military. The study highlights the need for high-quality women-centric transition services that are aimed at supporting women and that appreciate the gendered complexities of military life and beyond
Class in legal education
No full textThis entry considers class in legal education noting that while higher education globally has made some progress in widening access and participation to traditionally underrepresented groups, this progress cannot be seen in relation to class or socio-economic background. Research shows that a significant minority of legal academics do not feel comfortable in the middle class milieu of legal academia and that young working class people are less likely to apply to university or be accepted when they do. Those who do gain entry, especially entry to elite institutions often struggle to fit in. This picture is mirrored in the legal professions making it difficult for working class students to identify role models and see themselves in the places they aspire to gain access to
Teacher expectations and equity groups:preservice teacher views from Australia, Sweden and England
No full textTeachers today must be able to cater for diversity in their classrooms, so they can prepare all students to live and work in a global economy. This requires teachers to have equitable expectations for students from diverse backgrounds. As part of a larger study on preservice teacher cultural competence, this paper investigates the developing teacher expectations of preservice teachers regarding students from equity groups. Survey respondents came from three universities in Australia, Sweden and England (n = 351). While results across the samples for the overall survey were mostly similar, there were some clear differences. The Teacher Expectations Scale was the area of least development for all cohorts and received the most comments in the open responses. Preservice teachers were more aware of teacher expectations’ importance for some groups of students than others. The authors outline considerations for initial teacher education (ITE) programmes regarding the development of preservice teacher knowledge about teacher expectations.</p