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The Dynamics of Inattention in the (Baseball) Field
No full textRecent theoretical and empirical work characterizes attention as a costly resource that decision-makers allocate strategically. There has been less research on the dynamic interdependence of attention: how paying attention now may affect performance later. In this paper, we exploit high-frequency data on decision-making by Major League Baseball umpires to examine this. We find that umpires apply greater effort to higher-stakes decisions, but also that effort applied to earlier decisions increases errors later. These findings are consistent with the umpire being endowed with a depletable ‘budget’ of attention or the psychological theory of ego depletion. There is no such interdependence across the breaks that occur during the game (at the end of each half-inning) suggesting that even short rest periods can replenish attention budgets. An expectation of higher stakes decisions in the future induces reduced attention to current decisions, consistent with a forward-looking agent allocating his budget strategically across a sequence of decisions of varying importance. We believe this to be the first large-scale empirical demonstration, from economics or psychology, that individuals may manage the stock of attention in anticipation of future use
Exploitation of man-made objects shadows in multi-perspective drone-borne based SAR images:preliminary experimental results
No full textThis study presents a preliminary analysis that explores the use of multi-perspective shadows in drone-borne SAR images for target characterization. Shadows in SAR images provide an advantage by offering insights into target dimensions and shapes. By leveraging system geometry, they enable the estimation of target height, adding a crucial dimension not readily apparent in conventional 2D imagery. Integrating height estimates obtained from images captured at different grazing angles can significantly enhance estimation accuracy and target characterization. This paper presents a decentralized methodology that extracts information from shadowed regions within individual images and subsequently fuses them through an averaging operation. Experimental data collected using a 24 GHz INRAS drone-borne SAR system with varying grazing angles are presented to validate the proposed approach. The results demonstrate the potential of multi-perspective shadows in reducing estimation errors and enhancing target characterization in SAR imagery
Michael Apple is 'Serious Business':an interview with David Gillborn
No full textAn interview with David Gillborn, where he discusses Michael Apple's influence on his work
A novel model for real-time risk evaluation of vehicle-pedestrian interactions at intersections
No full textSafety decisions for vehicles at an intersection rely on real-time, objective and continuous assessment of risks in vehicle–pedestrian interactions. Existing surrogate safety models, constrained by ideal assumptions of constant current speed and reliant on interaction points, often misjudge risks, and show inefficiency, inaccuracy and discontinuity. This work proposes a novel model for evaluation of those risks in vehicle–pedestrian interactions at intersections, which abstracts the pedestrian distribution density around a vehicle into a generalized model of driver-pedestrian interaction preferences. The introduction of two conceptions: ’driving risk index’ and ’driving risk gradient,’ facilitates the delineation of driving spaces for identifying safety–critical events. By means of the trajectory data from three intersections, model parameters are calibrated and a multidimensional vehicle–pedestrian interaction risk (VPIR) model is proposed to adapt the complex and dynamic characteristics of vehicle–pedestrian interactions at intersections. Commonly used surrogate safety models, such as Time to Collision (TTC), are selected as benchmark models. Results show that the proposed model overcomes the limitations of the existing interaction-point-based models, and offers a ideal assessment of driving risks at intersections. Finally, the model is illustrated with a case study that assesses the risks in vehicle–pedestrian interactions in varied scenarios and the case study indicates that the VPIR model works well in evaluating vehicle–pedestrian interaction risks. This work can facilitate humanoid learning in the autonomous driving domain, and achieve an ideal evaluation of vehicle–pedestrian interaction risks for safe and efficient vehicle navigation through an intersection
Aphra Behn, Anne Wharton, and the Remaking of Rochester’s Reputation
No full textRestoration scholarship has often assumed both that Aphra Behn and the Earl of Rochester were personally acquainted and that Rochester was an important influence on Behn’s writing. This article reassesses the evidence for a literary relationship between Behn and Rochester, most of which postdates Rochester’s death in 1680. Focusing in particular on two poems by Behn – ‘To Mrs. W.’, addressed to Rochester’s niece, Anne Wharton, and her elegy ‘On the Death of the late Earl of Rochester’ – it argues that what may look like a literary relationship between Behn and Rochester is often and more importantly a connection between Behn and Wharton. Positing a late (1685) date for ‘On the Death of the late Earl of Rochester’, it reframes its likely role within Behn’s career, and links it with wider efforts led by Wharton to refashion Rochester’s reputation after his death. It also explores the implications of the Behn-Wharton-Rochester relationship for Behn’s self-curation as a poet in the mid-1680s, as well as for Wharton’s own poetic development and literary ambitions. <br/
Compounding and complicating feelings of justice:LFOs and legal legitimacy in Georgia, Minnesota, and Washington State
No full textLegal financial obligations (LFOs) have become a significant element of the US criminal legal system, imposing fines and fees that disproportionately impact low-income individuals and perpetuate cycles of poverty, surveillance, and punishment. This study extends recent work that shows how LFOs erode trust in the legal system by examining this relationship through the lens of jurisdictional variation in penal practices. Drawing on 181 semi-structured interviews collected from individuals with LFO debt across Georgia, Minnesota, and Washington State as part of the Multi-State Study of Monetary Sanctions, we uncover how experiences with LFOs lead to perceptions of injustice. We identified three penal practices that shape an individuals’ belief that the legal system is fair and just: (1) having to pay LFOs on top of serving time in prison, jail, or under community supervision; (2) being charged LFOs in multiple jurisdictions simultaneously; and (3) the use of public–private partnerships to administer penal services. Our findings highlight critical implications for legal legitimacy and LFOs and propose avenues for future research and policy reform aimed at addressing the inequities inherent in the system of monetary sanctions.</p
Silenced. The Role of «Experts by Experience» in Mental Health
No full textThe overarching aim of this paper is to discuss and promote Patient and Public Involvement (PPI) to advance the co-creation of models in mental health research and care practices. While this paper does not dispute the importance of scientific evidence from empirical research, it highlights how research models and mental health policies underestimate the role and importance of experts by experience. This contribution addresses this issue through two main lines of inquiry: first, by demonstrating how phenomenological methods provide a privileged approach to understanding psychopathological conditions, enabling individuals to articulate their lived experiences by analysing them through phenomenological categories that foster self-reflection; and second, by examining co-creation as a valuable resource for research and practice. In this framework, experts by experience are no longer viewed merely as clinical cases but rather as essential partners in generating evidence
The Bright Side of Labor Unions:Evidence from Working Capital Management
No full textThis study documents that unionization imposes a heterogeneous impact on working capital policies. We argue and demonstrate that the impact of unionization on working capital depends on financial performance. Specifically, the rent extraction effect incentivizes profitable firms to reduce working capital to gain bargaining advantages, whereas the operating risk effect motivates less profitable firms to increase working capital to hedge against risk. To establish causality, we employ instrumental variables based on the proportions of female and part-time workers, as well as a regression discontinuity design (RDD) based on union election outcomes. A difference-in-differences (DID) analysis exploiting the staggered adoption of right-to-work laws further confirms that unions influence firm behavior through their bargaining power. Additional mechanism analyzes validate the existence of both the rent extraction and operating risk effects. Moreover, we find that the impact of unionization on working capital is independent of firms’ cash policies, suggesting that cash and working capital are not perfect substitutes. Finally, we provide evidence that shareholders perceive unions’ influence on working capital as value-enhancing. Overall, the findings illuminate a bright side of union power and offer new insights into how labor relations shape corporate liquidity management
Guayaquil de mis horrores:The Mangrove Gothic and Contemporary Literature in Ecuador’s Fear Capital
No full textThis article explores the relationship between violence in Guayaquil, Ecuador’s economic capital, and two recent works of contemporary Ecuadorian literature. I introduce the term Mangrove Gothic to analyse how María Fernanda Ampuero’s short story collection Pelea de gallos (2018) and Mónica Ojeda’s novel Mandíbula (2018) appropriate Gothic tropes to depict the violent realities of twenty-first-century Guayaquil. The Mangrove Gothic encompasses the narrative strategies through which these authors inscribe fear into the experience of living in —or having lived in— Guayaquil, where oppressive humid heat, social hierarchies and violence haunt the urban space. At the same time, the term offers geographic, social and cultural specificity to the broader category of the New Latin American Female Gothic. In doing so, it counters the risk of homogenising Latin American literature under a single transnational trend tailored for global consumptio
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