Institute for Animal Husbandry
RIStocar - Repository of the Institute of Animal HusbandryNot a member yet
1121 research outputs found
Sort by
Towards Genetically Informed Conservation of the Bardoka and Karakachan Sheep Breeds Autochthonous to Serbia
No full textBardoka and Karakachan sheep are primitive regional transboundary Pramenkatype
sheep autochthonous to the Balkan Peninsula, whose populations have been reduced
to a critically small size in Serbia. We genotyped 105 Bardoka animals (97 ewes and 8 rams
from three flocks) and 97 Karakachan sheep (86 ewes and 11 rams from four flocks), along
with 28 Ile-de-France (IDF) animals used for a comparison (25 ewes and 3 rams), using
14 nuclear microsatellites to assess their genetic status and establish a foundation for their
genetically informed conservation. We utilized genetic data to assess inbreeding values of
individuals (I) and pairwise relatedness (r) traditionally inferred from the pedigree data,
which are incomplete in the studied autochthonous breeds. We used these data to assemble
a data set of unrelated individuals for subsequent genetic analyses. Low but statistically
significant genetic differentiation of Bardoka and Karakachan sheep (FST = 0.031, p < 0.01)
demonstrates that these phenotypically distinct breeds differ at the genetic level as well.
The I and r in ewes were higher in the Karakachan sheep (I = 0.09, r = 0.07) than in Bardoka
(I = 0.06, r = 0.06). Contrary to the IDF rams, Bardoka and Karakachan sheep rams were
genetically heterogeneous and those of the latter breed displayed higher average r values
(0.01 vs. 0.08, respectively). Rams of both local breeds had identical I values of 0.02.Although Bardoka and Karakachan sheep still harbor rather high levels of genetic diversity
(HE = 0.761 ± 0.028 and 0.761 ± 0.021, respectively), the overall genetic data demonstrate
that the genetic consequences of the population decline were more severe in the latter
breed. A genetic structure presenting a general trend of differentiation of flocks with
low genetic exchange into separate genetic entities was observed, indicating the effects of
genetic drift. The implementation of the genetically informed conservation, together with
the ongoing efforts of the state to enlarge the Bardoka and Karakachan sheep populations,
would increase the prospects for the long-term survival of both breeds in Serbia
Linseed, Walnut, and Algal Oil Emulsion Gels as Fat Replacers in Chicken Frankfurters: Effects on Composition, Lipid Profile and Sensory Quality
No full textThe replacement of animal fat with unsaturated lipid sources in processed meats enhances
nutritional value but introduces challenges regarding oxidative stability and sensory acceptability.
In this study, the effects of replacing pork back fat with pre-emulsified walnut,
linseed, or algal oils on the proximate composition, fatty acid profile, nutritional indices,
lipid oxidation, and sensory properties of chicken frankfurters were investigated. Four
formulations were prepared: a control group (25% pork fat) and three groups that were
completely reformulated using oil emulsions (ratio inulin/water/oil 1:2:1). The fat substitute
significantly reduced total fat, SFA, cholesterol (up to 30%), and calorie density, while
Σn-3 fatty acids were enriched (p < 0.05). The linseed oil samples had the highest levels
of α-linolenic acid (47.53%), while the algal oil had the highest levels of eicosapentaenoic
acid (10.98%) and docosahexaenoic acid (64.73%) and the most favourable Σn-6/Σn-3
ratio (p < 0.05). All reformulated groups showed significantly improved atherogenic and
thrombogenic indices and increased hypocholesterolaemic/hypercholesterolaemic ratios,
which reached 17.43 in the algal oil samples (p < 0.05). Lipid oxidation was increased in
the linseed and algal oil treatments, with the walnut oil group showing moderate TBARS
levels and minimal accumulation of secondary oxidation products. Principal component
analysis revealed that walnut oil offered the most balanced compromise between nutritional
improvement, oxidative stability and sensory acceptability. These findings support
a healthier reformulation of meat products by identifying oil-based fat substitutes that
improve nutritional value without compromising sensory quality, which is beneficial for
both research and industry
Nitrogen responsiveness of maize hybrids under dryland conditions
No full textNitrogen (N) plays a decisive role in the growth and yield of crops. Hence, a high maize grain yield depends upon substantial N inputs. In the present study, morphological traits and yield components, grain yield, rain use efficiency (RUE), and N partial factor productivity (NPFP) were analyzed in two maize hybrids (ZP666 and NS6030) for 2 yr using four N rates (0 (N0), 60 (N60), 120 (N120), and 180 (N180) kg N ha−1). In a climatically more favorable year (2022), the studied traits and NPFP were higher, while RUE was lower. Hybrid ZP666 had higher values of morphological traits and yield component traits, except 1000-grain weight, grain yield, RUE, and NPFP, than hybrid NS6030. The highest values for morphological traits, yield components, grain yield (9383 and 9456 kg ha−1), and RUE (27.1 and 27.2 kg ha−1 mm−1) were obtained at 120 and 180 kg N ha−1. The NPFP decreased significantly with increasing N input, from 137.6 (control) to 52.5 kg grain per kg fertilizer N (180 kg N ha−1). A suitable hybrid selection and the application of a moderate N fertilizer rate of 120 kg N ha−1 could contribute to high yields and lower nitrogen losses to the environment and promote sustainable agriculture
Current Processing Technologies and Challenges in Hybrid Meat Production
No full textHybrid meat products, i.e., the combination of animal proteins with plant, microbial,
algal or cultured ingredients, are becoming increasingly important as a pragmatic approach
to reducing the environmental and health impact of conventional meat while
retaining familiar sensory properties. This review highlights that moderate substitution
rates (20–50%) can maintain or improve texture, juiciness and nutritional balance, whereas
higher incorporation rates often lead to off-flavours, colour changes and texture issues.
Advances in extrusion, co-processing and protein structuring have enabled increasingly sophisticated
formulations. Studies show that the choice of ingredients has a strong influence
on the sensory results. For example, faba beans, rice by-products or insect proteins are more
acceptable at low to moderate levels, while excessive use of pulses or texturised proteins can
produce beany or earthy notes. Nutritional improvements, such as more fibre and healthier
fatty acid profiles, are possible but require careful optimisation. Consumer acceptance is
increasing, particularly among flexitarians, but remains dependent on sensory performance,
familiarity, and perceived health benefits. Ongoing obstacles include unclear regulatory
requirements, high production costs and scalability issues. Future progress will require
optimisation of ingredient blends, robust life cycle assessments to verify sustainability
claims and transparent communication to increase consumer confidence
LIVESTOCK SECTOR IN SERBIA: CHALLENGES, POLICY GAPS, AND STRATEGIC OPPORTUNITIES FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
No full textThe livestock sector in Serbia is facing a prolonged decline, characterized by falling
animal numbers, stagnant productivity, and reduced competitiveness in both domestic and European Union (EU) markets. This study aimed to analyze the key structural, technological, and policy factors underlying these trends to identify strategic opportunities for sustainable development. The methodology integrated macroeconomic analysis, agricultural economic ccounts, and international trade data, applying a regression model to examine relationships between food prices, exchange rate fluctuations, and agri-food import volumes. Results showed a persistent decrease in the share of livestock production in agricultural gross value added, weak utilization of export quotas, and a negative trade balance for animal products. Rising domestic food prices were found to increase imports, while real appreciation of the dinar reduced competitiveness, highlighting macroeconomic vulnerability. The analysis suggests that modernization of production systems, improvement of support measures, and strengthening of rural development policies – as envisaged in national strategies – could contribute to enhancing the competitiveness and sustainability of Serbia’s livestock sector. These measures are in line with the priorities of national strategies for agricultural development, economic reforms, and digitalization, supporting Serbia’s integration into EU markets and achieving the objectives of sustainable development
Ammonia emissions from livestock production: challenges, causes and mitigation approaches
No full textLivestock production contributes significantly to the emission of ammonia (NH₃), a gas that negatively affects air quality, soil and water systems and contributes to environmental acidification. According to FAO data and recent research, livestock production is responsible for more than 60% of total ammonia emissions, with cattle production accounting for a significant share. The main source of ammonia is nitrogenous substances from manure, especially urea from urine, which is rapidly converted to ammonia. The level of emissions is influenced by numerous factors: diet composition, digestive efficiency, manure management, microclimatic conditions and animal husbandry. An effective emission reduction strategy includes optimizing nutrition, especially crude protein content, balancing key minerals such as calcium and phosphorus, as well as proper storage and application of fertilizers. Understanding
the dynamics of nitrogen within the ruminant organism and the fertilizer system is crucial for reducing losses in the form of ammonia. In addition to conventional measures, precision livestock farming technologies are gaining increasing importance, which enable individual monitoring of production and animal health, thereby contributing to better utilization of nutrients and reducing the emission footprint. A review of current knowledge indicates the need for integrated approaches that combine feeding, manure management and monitoring technologies to achieve sustainable and environmentally friendly livestock production
Case Study on the Genetic Parameters and Possibilities of Selecting Gilts for Traits Monitored in the Performance Test
No full textThis research examined the phenotypic and genotypic variability of traits assessed
in the gilt performance test and their subsequent impact on gilt selection. The traits
evaluated in the gilt performance test were analyzed on two pig farms over a period of
3 consecutive years. A total of 3664 gilts were included in the research. At the end of the
test, body weight, backfat thickness (BF1 and BF2), and longissimus dorsi muscle depth
(MLD) were measured using an ultrasound device. The following breeds were evaluated
on the farms: Landrace (L)–1981 gilts, Large White (LW)–1344 gilts, and Duroc (D)–339 gilts.
In the analyzed population, direct genetic effects accounted for 0.2647 of the total variation
in age at the end of the test (AET). Heritability coefficients of 0.37 for BF1 and 0.35 for
BF2 indicate that these traits are highly heritable in the studied population. On the other
hand, the heritability coefficient for the depth of MLD, which is 0.23, places this trait in the
group of medium heritable traits. High heritability coefficients of these traits indicate great
potential for genetic improvement through selection. The use of well-designed selection
programs aimed at these traits can significantly accelerate the genetic improvement of the
population and have an impact on the economic profit of pork production
Inulin-Stabilised Vegetable Oil Emulsions as Fat Replacers in Chicken Frankfurters: Technological and Textural Evaluation
No full textThis study investigated the complete replacement of pork backfat in frankfurters with inulin-based emulsion gels made from linseed, walnut or algal oil and structured in two ratios (1:2:0.5 and 1:2:1, oil–water–inulin). Proximate composition, water holding capacity, emulsion stability and colour were assessed after production, while texture profile analysis (TPA) was monitored during 45 days of vacuum storage. The reformulated sausages showed a significant reduction in fat content (from 21.91% to 3.81%, p < 0.001) and increased water and carbohydrate levels (p < 0.001). These shifts in composition resulted in a slightly lower pH, higher cooking and purge losses and lower emulsion stability (p < 0.001), particularly when treated with algal oil. Colour measurements revealed lighter (higher L*, p = 0.008) and more yellowish sausages (p < 0.001), with walnut oil at a 1:2:0.5 emulsion ratio showing the least deviation from the control (ΔE = 7.45). The TPA showed that oil type was the dominant factor. Walnut formulations, especially in the 1:2:1 ratio, had hardness and chewiness values closest to those of the control, while algal sausages were softer and less cohesive (p < 0.05). PCA and heatmap analyses confirmed clustering by oil type and storage time, underlining the technological suitability of the walnut gels. Overall, inulin–oil gels enable nutritional reformulation but pose a technological challenge, with walnut oil proving to be the most promising substitute and algal oil requiring additional stabilisation
Livestock sector in Serbia challenges, structural gaps, and strategic pathways towards sustainability
No full textThe livestock sector in Serbia has been experiencing a prolonged period of structural and economic challenges, characterized by decreasing animal numbers, low productivity, and reduced competitiveness in both domestic and EU markets. This study analyses the key structural, technological, economic, and policy factors shaping these trends to provide strategic recommendations for sustainable sector revitalization. The methodology integrates macroeconomic analysis, agricultural economic accounts, and international trade data, applying regression modelling to examine relationships between domestic food prices, exchange rates, and agri-food import volumes. The results indicate that livestock’s share of agricultural gross value added remains below 35%, significantly lower than EU averages, while export quotas remain underutilized and the trade balance for animal products is persistently negative. Contributing factors include fragmented farm structures, outdated production technologies, limited adoption of innovations, demographic decline in rural areas, and insufficient alignment with EU CAP Strategic Plans and Green Deal objectives. Climate change impacts, such as droughts and heat stress, alongside ani-mal disease outbreaks and macroeconomic pressures, further exacerbate these vulnerabilities. The study recommends modernizing production systems through investment in technological upgrades, strengthening farmer organizations and cooperatives, enhancing biosecurity and animal welfare standards, and improving policy frameworks to align with EU sustainability objectives. Emphasis is placed on developing integrated approaches that simultaneously address productivity, economic resilience, and environ-mental sustainability. Implementing these strategic measures is essential for enhancing food security, supporting rural development, and ensuring Serbia’s successful integration into the EU market as part of a more sustainable and resilient agri-food system
Nutritional and sensory enhancement of beef through dietary flaxseed in Simmental cattle
No full textResearch on functional feed supplementation in beef cattle has focused on improving
meat quality and nutritional value. This study evaluated the impact of dietary flaxseed on the fatty acid
profile, lipid quality and stability, and sensory attributes of Simmental beef. Thirty animals were allocated
into three dietary groups (n = 10): a control group (C) without flaxseed, and two experimental groups
supplemented with 3% (L3) and 5% (L5) flaxseed, respectively. Analysis of the M. semimembranosus
muscle showed that both L3 and L5 groups had significantly higher ALA concentrations, lower saturated
fatty acid levels, and elevated unsaturated fatty acid content compared to the control (p<0.05). Accordingly,
atherogenic and thrombogenic indices were significantly reduced, while the
hypocholesterolemic/hypercholesterolemic ratio increased (p<0.05). Significantly higher juiciness and flavor
scores were obtained in flaxseed-fed groups (p<0.05) as a result of sensory analysis. TBARS values
increased during refrigeration, with L5 showing the highest level on day 35 (p<0.05). After declining until
day 270, values gradually rose again, with significant differences at days 30, 90, 150, and 210 (p<0.05).
Iodine value was significantly higher in the L3 group versus the control (p<0.05). The meat from
supplemented groups was noticeably juicier and more flavorful, contributing to improved sensory acceptance
and greater consumer appeal