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Preliminary results on the influence of immunocastration on histological characteristics of longissimus muscle in pigs
No full textImmunocastration is a relatively new method in pig production
that can provide a solution to neutralise the undesirable boar
taint and at the same time take advantage of the positive aspects
typical for production of entire male pigs. Data on the in uence of immunocastration, and especially dierent protocols of vaccine
administration on the histological properties of the muscles - the
cross-sectional area of the muscle, the total number of ¢bres, the
diameter of the respective muscle ¢bre types and their percentage
- are practically non-existent. ¡erefore, the aim of this study was
to obtain preliminary results on the in uence of immunocastration on the histological characteristics of the longissimus muscle.
¡e study showed that immunocastration protocol had no eect
on muscle cross-section, total ¢bre number and ¢bre diameter.
¡e percentage of fast-twitch oxidative ¢bres was statistically signi¢cantly lower (P=0.004), while the percentage of slow-twitch
oxidative ¢bres tended to increase (P=0.09) in late immunocastrated animals compared to entire males
IMPACT OF CLIMATE FACTORS, BREED, AND BOAR UTILIZATION FREQUENCY ON SEMEN QUALITY AND SPERM MORPHOLOGY
Get PDFThe primary objective of this research was to evaluate boar ejaculate variability and the occurrence of anomalies in spermatozoa, considering climatic factors during spermatogenesis breed, and utilization frequency. This study involved 17 boars (n=129 ejaculates) and fertility testing was conducted during the most critical period of the year, from August to October. The observed sperm characteristics included: ejaculate volume (VOL), sperm concentration (CON, spermatozoa/ml), total number and number of functional spermatozoa (NT, NF), percentage of sperm motility in the native ejaculate and after dilution (MOTN, MOTD), number of produced doses (NPD), percentage of dead and live spermatozoa (PM, PZ), and sperm anomalies. The assessment of the effect was performed using a General Linear Model procedure. The breed did not influence sperm variability, while the frequency of boar utilization impacted on the occurrence of secondary anomalies. The determined regression coefficient indicated that extending the interval by one day increased PPPK by 0.340-0.348%. The maximum daily temperature during semen collection (model 1) and the value of the TH index during semen collection (model 3) influenced ejaculate volume. An increase of one ℃ in temperature, or one unit in THI value, led to a (p<0.05) increase in VOL by 3.540 ml and 2.798 ml, respectively. Furthermore, the maximum daily temperature (model 2) and the TH index value (model 4) at the beginning of the epididymal phase of spermatogenesis had an impact on semen motility, as well as the percentage of live and dead spermatozoa
Fusarium spp. infection, mycotoxin contamination, and some agronomic traits in winter barley as affected by N fertilization under Serbia conditions
Get PDFFusarium head blight (FHB), caused by different Fusarium species, is the most devastating disease of small cereal grains, including barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). This study aimed to investigate the influence of N fertilization rates (0 kg N ha-1 - N0, 50 kg N ha-1 - N50, and 100 kg N ha-1 - N100) on Fusarium and mycotoxin (deoxynivalenol - DON and zearalenone - ZEA) contamination and some agronomic traits (plant height - PH, spike length - SL and thousand kernel weight - TKW) in two barley cultivars, NS 565 and Etincel, harvested in 2019 and 2020. Climatic conditions during two successive seasons were favourable for Fusarium infection, providing a high incidence of FHB-causing species, of which F. graminearum species complex (FGSC) strains were the most frequent (on average > 34% per treatment). The N rates and barley cultivars had nonsignificant effects on the incidence of FGSC strains. However, N rates significantly influenced mycotoxin levels in 2019, with the highest DON at N100 (5209.67 μg kg-1) and ZEA levels at N50 (47.11 μg kg-1). In 2020, there were nonsignificant differences between N rates for DON levels, while ZEA was not detected. In both years, the six-row barley ‘Etincel’ had significantly higher DON and ZEA levels than the two-row barley ‘NS 565’. Agronomic traits, PH and SL, were affected by barley cultivars, and TKW was affected by N rates and barley cultivars. The highest TKW was at N100, followed by N50 and N0
Agro-processing industry: Advanced technologies for meat industry wastewater treatment: A review
Get PDFWastewater from the meat industry contains high concentrations of organic matter. The composition of these wastewaters depends on the type of meat being processed, the frequency of slaughtering, the size of the plant, and the disinfectants used to maintain hygiene. In order to achieve satisfactory wastewater quality and reduce environmental pollution, the agroindustry applies and develops different technologies for wastewater treatment. This review paper provides a literature overview of some of the most commonly used methods in wastewater treatment within the meat industry
The effect of protease enzyme on the meat classes of two broiler chicken hybrids
Get PDFThe aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of three protein
levels (with or without protease enzymes) on the weight and percentage yield of
each meat class in two genotypes of broiler chickens (fast-growing hybrid Cobb
500 and medium-growing hybrid Master Gris). Each genotype was divided into a
control group (C group) fed with a commercial feed mixture and an experimental
group fed with a low protein diet of 4% (E-I group) or 6% (E-II group) in relation
to the control group, with the addition of 200 mg/kg Ronozyme ProAct (E-I
group) or 300mg/kg Ronozyme ProAct (E-II group).
Weight and percentage yield of the meat classes were influenced by the
genotype. The fast-growing hybrid Cobb 500 had higher masses of all meat
classes and a higher percentage of class I meat, while the percentage of class II
and III meat was lower than in the medium-growing hybrid Master Gris (P<0.05).
Feeding had no effect on the weight and percentage yield of the individual meat
classes in either hybrid (P>0.05)
Nutri-skor i sadržaj makro i mikroelemenata u mlijeku i biljnim napicima dostupnim na tržištu u Srbiji/Nutri-score and the macro and microelement content in milk and plant-based beverages available at the Serbian market
No full textIn recent years, the number of plant-based beverages that are placed at the market and
offered as milk alternatives has been signifacntly increased. However, there is a lack of
scientific information that shows the actual nutritional value of these products. To better
understand the nutritional value of plant-based beverages compared to cow milk, various
plant-based beverages and cow milk offered at the Serbian market were analysed using the
Nutri-Score labelling system. The samples were analysed using classical and instrumental
analytical methods, with macro- and microelements analysed by atomic absorption spectrophotometry.
Differences in the nutritional composition of plant-based beverages were
found, both in comparison to cow milk and within the plant-based categories. Compared to
cow milk, plant-based beverages have a significantly lower content of proteins and saturated
fatty acids, but a higher content of fibre and carbohydrates. The Nutri-Score classification
showed that most samples of plant-based beverages belong to classes A and B, while cow
milk was predominantly categorised as class B. Cow milk contains significant amounts of
macroelements (Ca, P, Na, Mg), while plant-based beverages contain between 30 and 70 %
of these values. According to the obtained results, it can be concluded that the analysed
plant-based beverages are not really suitable substitutes for milk in terms of nutrient
composition and that replacing milk with these products can lead to a lack of important
nutrients in the diet
Нормативи за исхрану говеда у Србији - наука и пракса
No full textU radu su prikazani: značaj normiranja pri sastavljanju obroka, istorijat NRC normativa za goveda u svetu i njihove upotrebe u Srbiji, druge vrste normativa za goveda i NRC normativi za druge vrste životinja. Mogućnost korišćenja savremenih normativa za goveda u Srbiji otežana je zbog nedostatka rezultata hemijskih analiza hraniva na malim farmama, male rentabilnosti poslovanja u govedarstvu i problema u proizvodnji hrane za životinje zbog klimatskih promena. Maksimalno ispoljavanje genetičkog potencijala današnjih rasa moguće je samo uz korišćenje odgovarajućih normativa. Kvantitativno izražene potrebe životinja u jednoj ili više hranljivih materija i energiji, nazivaju se normativi ili standardi u ishrani. Pri praktičnom korišćenju definisanih standarda za ishranu životinja moraju se uvek imati u vidu individualne razlike između životinja, kao i variranja
u hranljivoj vrednosti korišćenih hraniva. Normative za ishranu životinja treba razumeti kao fleksibilne preporuke za praktičnu ishranu životinja, a ne kao pravila koja se moraju strogo primenjivati. Zbog toga je neophodna i njihova korekcija i podešavanje na terenu u skladu sa realnom situacijom, uzimajući u obzir pored navedenog i količinu hrane koju životinje (mogu i hoće da) konzumiraju. Primenom odgovarajućih normativa, dobrim balansiranjem obroka, i uz visok
kvalitet hraniva, pre svega kabastih, u značajnoj meri se može obezbediti adekvatna proizvodnja i zdravlje životinje. Pored toga, za planiranu proizvodnju potrebno je obezbediti i niz uslova koji se tiču načina gajenja, nege životinja, manipulacije sa životinjama, dnevne organizacije ishrane i muže... Takođe, neophodno je da se raspolaže što detaljnijim podacima o sadržaju pojedinih hranljivih materija, a oni se dobijaju savremenim laboratorijskim metodama, uz korišćenje savremenih instrumenata i opreme. Zbog velikog broja parametara koji se moraju uključiti pri balansiranju obroka, danas se koriste normativi u vidu softvera. Najpoznatiji normativi koji
se koriste u Evropi su National Research Council (NRC - SAD) i Nacional Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine (NASEM - SAD), Agricultural Research Council (ARC - Velika Britanija) i Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA - Francuska). Kod nas su u upotrebi, pre svega u ishrani goveda, svinja i živine, američki (NRC) normativi. Međutim, problem je i dalje u nedostatku podataka o hemijskom sastavu hraniva koje zahtevaju ovi normativiThe paper shows: the importance of defining animal requirements in diet preparation, the
history of NRC requirements for cattle in the world and their use in Serbia, other requirements
for cattle and NRC standards for other animal species. The possibility of using modern
requirements for cattle in Serbia is difficult due to the lack of results of chemical analyses of
feed on small farms, low profitability of cattle production and problems in the production of
feed due to climate change.
Maximising the genetic potential of today’s breeds is only possible by using appropriate
requirements. Quantitatively expressed needs of animals in terms of one or more nutrients and
energy are called nutrient requirements or standards. In the practical application of defined
standards for the feeding of animals, individual differences between animals and variations in
the nutritional value of the feed used must always be taken into account. Standards for animal
nutrition should be understood as flexible recommendations for practical animal nutrition,
not as rules that must be strictly applied. It is therefore necessary to correct and adapt the
requirements in practise according to the real situation, taking into account the amount of
feed that the animals (can and want to) consume in addition to the points mentioned above.
By applying the appropriate requirements, a balanced diet and high-quality feed, especially
forage, adequate production and animal health can be ensured. In addition, it is necessary for
the planned production to ensure a number of conditions with regard to the breeding method,
animal care, animal handling, daily organisation of feeding and milking, etc. In addition,
the most detailed possible data on the content of certain nutrients are required, which are
determined using modern laboratory methods and modern instruments and equipment.
Due to the large number of parameters that need to be taken into account when balancing
meals, modern requirements in the form of software are used. The best known requirements in
Europe are those of the National Research Council (NRC - USA) and the National Academies
of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine (NASEM - USA), the Agricultural Research Council
(ARC - UK) and the Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA - France). In our
country, the American (NRC) requirements are mainly applied to the feeding of cattle, pigs
and poultry. However, the problem remains the lack of data on the chemical composition of
the nutrients required by these standard
PRIMENA MODELA SLUČAJNE REGRESIJE ZA KVANTITATIVNO-GENETSKU ANALIZU BROJA ŽIVOROĐENE PRASADI U LEGLU KRMAČA
No full textReproduktivne osobine krmača u Republici Srbiji nisu u velikoj meri zastupljene u odgajivačko-selekcijskim programima, samim tim i biološki potencijal ovih osobina nije dovoljno iskorišćen. Uključivanjem reproduktivnih osobina krmača u selekcijske programe može se uticati pozitivno na ekonomsku isplativost u proizvodnji svinjskog mesa. Uzimajući navedeno u obzir, ovo istraživanje je najviše usmereno na utvrđivanje mogućnosti za genetsko poboljšanje osobina veličine legla krmača, kako bi se povećala produktivnost i ekonomska isplativost pri proizvodnji svinjskog mesa. Tokom izrade ove doktorske disertacije akcenat je stavljen na procenu genetskih parametara u cilju pouzdanije procene priplodne vrednosti što je od izuzetno velikog značaja s obzirom na uticaj ovog parametra na tačnost i pouzdanost procenjenih priplodnih vrednosti grla i posledično na efekte selekcije.
Procena genetskih parametara za niskonasledne osobine veličine legla krmača izvršena je primenom različitih metodskih postupaka i modela: metodom mešovitih modela (model ponovljivosti i višeosobinski model) i metodom slučajne regresije. Primenom različitog pristupa osobinama (repetability i multirait) i korišćenih modela za osobinu broj živorođene prasadi u analiziranoj populaciji krmača utvrđen je optimalni model za ocenu aditivne genetske varijanse i kovarijanse kako bi se utvrdila naslednost i povezanost (fenotipska i genetska), a sve sa ciljem stvaranja preduslova za što tačniju procenu priplodne vrednosti i postizanje većih efekata selekcije.
U ovom istraživanju analizirana je fenotipska i genotipska varijabilnost za broj živorođene prasadi (BŽP) u leglu krmača. Ova osobina je izabrana jer je u direktnoj i jakoj vezi sa ostalim osobinama veličine legla, kako pri prašenju, tako i pri zalučenju legla, a od nje je direktno zavisna i ukupna godišnja produktivnost krmača, kao i ekonomska efikasnost ove faze proizvodnog ciklusa u svinjarskoj proizvodnji. Analiza je izvršena na osnovu podataka sa tri farme svinja pojedinačno (A, B, C), kao i nakon objedinjavanja podataka u jedan set (ABC). Objedinjavanje podatka i istovremena genetska analiza su bile moguće zbog postojanja genetskih veza između životinja gajenih na analiziranim farmama. Prosečan BŽP na analiziranim farmama iznosio je 16,18 (A), 14,01 (B), 16,88 (C) i 16,06 (ABC).
Podaci o plodnosti krmača u periodu od 13 godina (2008-2020) su obuhvatili ukupno 58043 legla sa tri farme, koja su oprasile 18962 krmače. Istraživanjem su bili obuhvaćeni rezultati plodnosti četiri najčešća genotipa plodnih mesnatih rasa svinja na farmama u Republici Srbiji (Landras - L, Veliki Jorkšir - VJ, recipročni melezi - LxVJ i VJxL). Broj krmača obuhvaćenih ovim istraživanjem po farmama kretao se od 3160 (farma B) do 10192 (farma A), dok se broj oprašenih legala kretao od 7823 (farma B) do 36200 (farma A). Nakon objedinjavanja sve tri farme u jedan set podataka (ABC) istovremeno je analizirano ukupno 58043 legala, koje su oprasile 18962 plotkinje. Primena korišćenih metodskih postupaka za analizu genetske varijabilnosti zahtevala je korišćenje podataka o poreklu (pedigre fajlova) koji su kreirani za tri generacije predaka. Pedigre fajl 1 (farma A) sadržao je 15478 individua, pedigre fajl 2 (farma B) sadržao je 4886 individua, pedigre fajl 3 (farma C) 10879 individua, a nakon objedinjavanja sve tri farme u jedan set podataka pedigre fajl (ABC) je sadržao ukupno 23543 individue.
Standardnim statističkim procedurama determinisani su uticaji koji statistički značajno dovode do variranja BŽP u leglu krmača. Optimalni modeli za genetsku analizu BŽP primenom svih metodskih postupaka sadržali su iste uticaje što je omogućilo objektivnije poređenje dobijenih rezultata. Sistematski uticaji uključeni u modele bili su: genotip plotkinje, sezona iskazana kao interakcija godine i meseca uspešnog pripusta, otac legla, trajanje prethodnog perioda zalučenje-oplodnja, uticaj farme, prašenje po redu, linearno regresijski uticaj trajanja prethodne laktacije, starost krmače pri prašenju kao kvadratna regresija ugnježdena u okviru pariteta. Kao komponente varijanse (slučajni uticaji) u modele su bili uključeni: aditivni genetski uticaj životinje, permanentna okolina koju krmača pruža svojim uzastopnim leglima i uticaj legla u kome je životinja rođena.
U sva tri modela u ovom istraživanju kao genetska komponenta varijabilnosti uključen je slučajan uticaj individue, što ih u teoretskom smislu čini modelom životinje (engl. Animal model). Za izračunavanje komponenti varijanse neophodnih za procenu koeficijenata naslednosti i priplodne vrednosti, zbog strukture i karakteristika setova podataka korišćena je računska procedura metod ograničene najveće verovatnoće (REML). Ovom metodom utvrđen je udeo pojedinačnih komponenti varijanse u ukupnoj fenotipskoj, kao i fenotipske i genotipske korelacije između ispitivanih osobina. Kada se osobina, kao što je BŽP u uzastopnim prašenjima, posmatra kao jedna osobina koja se više puta ponavlja u toku života individue (repetability tretman), koristi se model ponovljivosti. U slučaju da se navedena osobina posmatra kao posebna osobina za svako prašenje tokom života individue (multirait tretman) primenjuje se višeosobinski ili slučajno regresijski model. Koeficijent naslednosti za osobinu BŽP pri upotrebi modela ponovljivosti iznosio je od 4,70 do 10,50%, zatim od 10,33% do 22,30% kod upotrebe višeosobinskog modela i od 4,33% do 12,60% pri upotrebi modela slučajne regresije. Genetska povezanost između BŽP u uzastopnim prašenjima kretala se od 0,491 do 0,996 kada je procenjena višeosobinskim modelom, a modelom slučajne regresije od -0,573 do 1,000.
Procenat genetskog doprinosa životinja sa jedne farme drugoj utvrđen je metodom protok gena. Genetski doprinos krmača i nerasta sa jedne određene farme u drugoj predstavljen je kao procenat gena koji potiču sa druge farme. U analiziranom periodu (2008-2020. godina) najveći protok gena utvrđen je između farmi B i C. Udeo gena sa farme B na farmi C iznosio je 78%. Isto tako, zabeležen je visok procenat (65%) kretanja gena sa farme B ka farmi A. Najmanji procenat kretanja gena, odnosno priplodnih krmača i nerasta, je bio sa farme C ka farmama A i B (0,20%). Procenat gena koji potiču sa drugih farmi na farmi B je bio 0,20% sa farme C i 10% sa farme A.
Postojanje određenog stepena povezanosti između farmi uključenih u genetsku evaluaciju je osnovni preduslov za procenu priplodne vrednosti sa zadovoljavajućom tačnošću. Metodom Stepen povezanosti izmerena je povezanost između farmi uključenih u analizu. Između sve tri farme (A, B i C) utvrđena je visoka povezanost koja se kretala u intervalu od 0,976 do 1,000.
Priplodne vrednosti i njihova pouzdanost procenjene su korišćenjem istog modela (repetability model) kako bi se obezbedilo adekvatno poređenje vrednosti između analiziranih farmi. Utvrđena je pouzdanost procenjene priplodne vrednosti za svako pojedinačno grlo, zatim prosečna pouzdanost priplodne vrednosti za sva grla na farmi i na kraju prosečna pouzdanost priplodne vrednosti za sva grla na sve tri farme zajedno. Na analiziranim farmama prosečna pouzdanost se kretala u intervalu od 0,710 do 0,822. Najmanja pouzdanost procenjenih priplodnih vrednosti utvrđena je za životinje sa farme B, prosečno 0,710 dok su životinje na farmi A imale veću prosečnu pouzdanost procenjene priplodne vrednosti u odnosu na grla sa farmi B i C.
Rezultati dobijeni u ovom istraživanju ukazuju da je slučajno regresijski model prilagođeniji i bolji za procenu genetskih parametara za longitudinalne osobine veličine legla krmača u odnosu na model ponovljivosti i višeosobinski model. Prednost ovog modela je što ne zavisi od pretpostavke da su korelacije između veličine legla u različitim paritetima visoke u odnosu na model ponovljivosti. Takođe, sa slučajno regresijskim modelom je moguće odrediti procenat genetske varijabilnosti odgovoran za ,,fenotipsku putanju” krmače, odnosno za veličinu legla u svakom paritetu. Metoda protok gena pogodna je za brzo i jednostavno izračunavanje i utvrđivanje postojanja genetske veze između životinja koje potiču sa farmi uključenih u genetsku evaluaciju. Utvrđivanjem postojanja genetskih veza moguće je raditi poređenje životinja koje potiču sa različitih farmi sa visokom pouzdanošću. Visoka povezanost između farmi određena metodom stepen povezanosti ukazuje da je moguće sprovoditi genetsku evaluaciju svih životinja sa uključenih farmi u analizu istovremeno sa visokom pouzdanošću. Sve tri analizirane farme posluju u okviru iste kompanije, što pored postojanja genetskih veza dodatno utiče na visok stepen povezanosti jer se metoda stepen povezanosti zasniva na korelaciji između procenjenih efekata zapata. Takođe, nakon spajanja podataka sa farmi A, B i C u jedan set podataka došlo je do povećanja prosečne pouzdanosti procene priplodne vrednosti. Ovo ukazuje na to da se zajedničkom analizom posmatranih farmi može povećati pouzdanost procene priplodne vrednosti za BŽP, čime bi se postigli veći efekti selekcije
ASSESSMENT OF RESIDUAL NITRITE LEVELS IN COOKED SAUSAGES: COMPLIANCE, THERMAL PROCESSING EFFECTS, AND CONSUMER SAFETY
Get PDFThe increasing global consumption of processed meat, which often contains nitrite as a preservative, raises health concerns due to potential adverse effects from its metabolites, such as nitric oxide and N-nitroso compounds. The study sought to evaluate the food safety of processed meat products within the Serbian market, specifically in the Belgrade region. Nitrite levels were analyzed in cooked sausages, both in their raw state and after undergoing the manufacturer's recommended thermal processing prior to consumption, if applicable. Additionally, thus far, there has been a lack of research exploring the potential influence of residual nitrite levels in the meat products prepared as per manufacturer recommendations prior to the consumption of meat products, as well as their contribution to acceptable daily intake (ADI), which provides crucial insights into the overall dietary safety of processed meats. During a three-year period, the study performed analysis on a total of 77 cooked sausages, following the standard ISO methodology. Boiling the cooked sausages led to a major reduction in this meat product additive, whereas frying led to a comparatively smaller decrease in nitrite concentration. Additionally, the greatest exposure to nitrite compounds occurs when consuming meat products without prior preparation, i.e., without thermal treatment by consumers before ingestion. In summary, the assessment of the ADI for nitrites revealed a high level of food safety, with all values noticeably below the maximum permitted levels specified by national legislation (150 mg/kg)
Effect of SNPs on Litter Size in Swine
Get PDFAlthough sows do not directly enter the market, they play an important role in piglet breeding on farms. They consume large amounts of feed, resulting in a significant environmental burden. Pig farms can increase their income and reduce environmental pollution by increasing the litter size (LS) of swine. PCR-RFLP/SSCP and GWAS are common methods to evaluate single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in candidate genes. We conducted a systematic meta-analysis of the effect of SNPs on pig LS. We collected and analysed data published over the past 30 years using traditional and network meta-analyses. Trial sequential analysis (TSA) was used to analyse population data. Gene set enrichment analysis and protein–protein interaction network analysis were used to analyse the GWAS dataset. The results showed that the candidate genes were positively correlated with LS, and defects in PCR-RFLP/SSCP affected the reliability of candidate gene results. However, the genotypes with high and low LSs did not have a significant advantage. Current breeding and management practices for sows should consider increasing the LS while reducing lactation length and minimizing the sows’ non-pregnancy period as much as possible