Publikationer från Umeå universitet
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Smart algorithms or human intuition? : A study of the role of artificial intelligence in recruitment
No full textAs artificial intelligence (AI) increasingly plays a bigger role in various parts of our society, questions arise regarding its part in recruitment, an area traditionally dominated by human judgement and decision making. The purpose of this study is to contribute to an increased understanding of recruiters perspective on the use of AI in recruitment processes including the possibilities and the challenges. Using semi-structured interviews and a survey with professionals in the area, a thematic analysis was conducted, identifying five themes. The findings of this study indicated that while the respondents recognize the potential of increased efficiency through AI - enabling more time to be dedicated to meaningful interactions with candidates - they also acknowledge the limitations. Respondents still value in-person contact with the candidates, emphasizing a balanced approach that combines AI as a complement to human insights and assessment. These insights provide valuable implications for the use of AI in recruitment, highlighting the need for a combined approach that allows AI to enable efficiency in parts of the process while still allowing recruiters to use their expertise and human judgement
Hinder som medför att kvinnor avstår sin mammografiundersökning : En litteraturstudie
No full textAbstraktBakgrund: Bröstcancer är den vanligaste cancerformen bland kvinnor där mammografiscreening är en effektiv metod för tidig upptäckt. Trots att screening erbjuds i många länder, inklusive Sverige, deltar inte alla kvinnor. Röntgensjuksköterskor spelar en central roll i att skapa en trygg och informativ miljö. Denna studie undersöker vad som hindrar kvinnors deltagande och hur röntgensjuksköterskan i sin roll kan bidra till att öka deltagandet och förbättra folkhälsan. Syfte: Syftet med denna litteraturstudie var att belysa kvinnors erfarenheter av vad som kan hindra deras beslutet av att delta i mammografiscreening. Metod: Denna studie genomfördes som en kvalitativ litteraturstudie där forskning om kvinnors erfarenheter kring mammografiscreening undersöktes. Sökningar gjordes i databaserna CINAHL och PubMed. Etiska överväganden säkerställdes genom att endast inkludera artiklar med etiskt förhållningssätt och informerat samtycke. Resultat: Delades in i tre huvudkategorier med åtta underkategorier: Psykiska och fysiska påfrestningar med underkategorier, strukturella barriärer med underkategorier och sociokulturella svårigheter med underkategorier. Konklusion: Studien visar att olika hinder påverkar kvinnors deltagande i mammografiscreening, vilket ställer krav på röntgensjuksköterskans förmåga att arbeta personcentrerat och kommunicerande. För att främja jämlikt deltagande behövs även insatser som ökar tillgängligheten och anpassar informationen efter olika behov
Adolescents’ experiences and attitudes towards meat substitutes in school meals : - A qualitative interview study
No full textSammanfattning Bakgrund: Livsmedelsverket betonar vikten av hållbara skolmåltider med minskad köttkonsumtion. Servering av köttsubstitut i skolan, som exempelvis köttfria köttbullar, sojafärssås och quornfile, ökar. En utökad kunskap om hur ungdomar upplever köttsubstitut i skolan kan agera som stöd vid måltidsplanering och säkerställa att elevernas smakpreferenser och näringsbehov tillfredsställs. Syfte: Att undersöka hur ungdomar upplever köttsubstitut i skolmåltider och vad som påverkar deras inställning till det. Metod: Nio semistrukturerade intervjuer genomfördes med 15-åriga ungdomar på tre olika högstadieskolor. Intervjuerna skedde under skoltid i ett avskilt rum. Intervjuerna spelades in, transkriberades och analyserades utifrån kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultat: Sensoriska aspekter som smak, konsistens och utseende upplevdes ofta negativt av respondenterna där uttryck som smaklöst, segt och torrt användes för att beskriva köttsubstituten. Kött utgjorde en central referenspunkt vid bedömning av köttsubstitut och det ansågs vara godare ju mer köttsubstitutets sensoriska aspekter liknade kött. Det framkom att skolkökens tillagningsmetoder och komponenter som serverades till köttsubstitutet hade stor påverkan på den övergripande smakupplevelsen. Respondenterna visade även på skepticism kring obekanta köttsubstitut och skolmenyer som hade svåra maträttsnamn och knapphändig innehållsinformation. Slutsats: Studien visade att sensoriska egenskaper är avgörande för ungdomars uppfattning och inställning till köttsubstitut. Kött var en central referenspunkt vid bedömningen, vilket kan vara en viktig insikt att ta vara på för skolkök, måltidsplanerare och producenter. Strategier kring tillagning och menyutformning behöver utvecklas, där goda måltidskomponenter som lyfter måltiden kan bidra till att förbättra ungdomars upplevelser av köttsubstitut.Abstract Background: The Swedish Food Agency (Livsmedelsverket) emphasizes the importance of environmentally sustainable school meals with reduced meat consumption. Serving of school meals with meat substitutes like ‘’meatless meatballs’’, bolognes with minced soy and qournfilé is increasing. An increased knowledge of how adolescents perceive meat substitutes in school can support the meal planning process and ensure that adolescents taste preferences and nutritional needs are met. Objective: To investigate how adolescents perceive meat substitutes in school meals and what factors influence their attitudes to them. Method: Nine semi-structured interviews were performed with 15-year-oldadolescents from three different schools. The interviews were held during school hours in a private room. The interviews were recorded, transcribed and analysed withqualitative content analysis. Results: Sensory aspects (taste, texture and look) where often perceived in a negative way by the respondents. They described meat substitutes as tasteless, chewy and dry. Meat was a key reference point when evaluating meat substitutes, and products were rated more positively if they had a closer resemblance to meat. It was also found that the kitchens’ preparation methods together with the components served with the meat substitutes had a big influence on the overall experience. The respondents also showed scepticism towards unfamiliar products and meal menus with limited ingredient information and complicated meal names. Conclusion: This study showed that sensory aspects are crucial for adolescents’perceptions and attitudes towards meat substitutes. Meat served as a central reference point in their evaluation. This is an important insight for school kitchens, meal planners and producers to consider. Strategies for preparation and menu designneed to be developed, where flavorful meal components that enhance the overall dining experience can help improve young people's experiences with meat substitute
Bridging (over)tourism geographies : proposing a systems approach in overtourism research
No full textThis paper utilises bibliometric data on peer-reviewed publications to examine the characteristics and dominant narratives in overtourism research to date. Departing from earlier state-of-the-art reviews, it introduces a spatial perspective with a distinct focus on spatial processes and geographical scales. The analysis identifies six overarching themes in the literature, which predominantly centre on metropolitan contexts and are characterised by a normative critique of tourism. While the literature often identifies the causes of overtourism at either the global or local scale, proposed solutions tend to emphasise local-level responses, particularly through planning and destination management. The paper makes two key contributions: first, it highlights the need to broaden overtourism research beyond its current urban and metropolitan focus to encompass a wider range of geographical contexts; second, it emphasises the significance of engaging with geographies of scale to address overtourism not merely as a local planning challenge, but as a structural and systemic issue demanding multi-scalar interventions
Dopamine receptor D3 induces transient, mTORC1-dependent autophagy that becomes persistent, AMPK-mediated, and neuroprotective in experimental models of Huntington’s disease
No full textHuntington disease’s (HD) is a neurodegenerative disorder caused by the expansion of a polyglutamine region (PolyQ) within the huntingtin protein (HTT). Mutated huntingtin (mHTT) is cytotoxic, particularly for striatal medium spiny neurons (MSNs), whose degeneration is the hallmark of HD. Autophagy inducers currently available promote the clearance of toxic proteins. However, due to their low selectivity and the possibility that prolonged autophagy hampers essential processes in unaffected cells, researchers have questioned their benefits in neurodegenerative diseases. Since MSNs express dopamine receptors D2 (DRD2) and D3 (DRD3) and DRD2/DRD3 agonists may activate autophagy, here, we explored how healthy and mHTT-challenged cells respond to prolonged DRD2/DRD3 agonist treatment. Autophagy activation and its effects on mHTT/polyQ clearance were studied in R6/1 mice (a genetic model of HD), their wild-type littermates, and DRD2- and DRD3-HEK cells expressing a pathogenic (Q74) and a non-pathogenic (Q23) polyQ fragment of mHTT treated with the DRD2/DRD3 agonist pramipexole. Two forms of DRD3-mediated autophagy were found: a transient mTORC1-dependent in WT mice and Q23-DRD3-HEK cells and a persistent AMPK-ULK1-activated in R6/1 mice and Q74-DRD3-HEK cells. This also promoted a robust clearance of soluble mHTT/polyQ and neuroprotection in striatal neurons and DRD3-HEK cells. The findings indicate that DRD3-induced autophagy may be a safe, disease-modifying intervention in HD patients
The power of storytelling : A comparative narrative analysis of Swedish and Finland-Swedish upper secondary school books' presentation of the period 1939-1991
No full textThis study explores and compares how national narratives and imagined communities are produced in Swedish and Finland-Swedish history textbooks intended for upper secondary school. Through a comparative narrative analysis, six teaching materials covering the period 1939–1991 are analysed, with a particular focus on World War II and the Cold War. The study is based on theories of national identity and imagined communities by Benedict Anderson and Thomas Hylland Eriksen and uses Jimmy Vulovic's narrative analysis model tostructure the analysis. The study focuses on highlighting differences and similarities in how countries' historical experiences are shaped and reproduced, which contributes to the understanding of how national narratives and imagined communities are constructed through history teaching. By analyzing and comparing the content and storytelling techniques of these textbooks, the study reveals how textbooks play a crucial role in shaping young people's awareness of history and national identity The results show clear differences in how national narratives are portrayed. The Swedish textbooks tend to portray Sweden as neutral, peaceful and sometimes as a passive victim of the wings of history, while the Finnish books highlight a strong national pride, especially linked to the war years, as well as a development towards the role of peacemaker in international contexts. In both cases, the textbooks contribute to forming a common nationalself-image, but in different ways and with different tones. The conclusion is that the textbooks not only reflect history but also actively shape our understanding of national identity. How history is told in school books is part of society'slarger narrative about who we are – and who we think we have been
Emotions in teaching about controversial topics
No full textThe aim of this study is to analyze how Swedish upper secondary school history teachers manage emotions in their teaching concerning controversial topics, as well as to analyze how much it affects their approach to different subjects in history depending on the type of class they are teaching. The study also asks the question whether teachers receive the support they need to feel successful in their teaching of controversial issues. Five semi structured interviews with upper secondary school history teachers were qualitatively analysed using Zembylas & Kambanis affect theory and Hess teaching styles for controversial issues. The results indicate that teachers see both challenges and opportunities in using emotions in their teaching. Although emotions can engage students, the use of emotion can also create uncomfortable situations for students and stifle classroom discussion when the teacher does not want to offend their students. The analysis of the interviews highlights that teachers also view support from schools and other educational institutes, such as universities, as important for furthering their understanding of the teaching of controversial issues
Dedifferentiation of caudate functional organization is linked to reduced D1 dopamine receptor availability and poorer memory function in aging
No full textAge-related alterations in cortico-striatal function have been highlighted as an important determinant of declines in flexible, higher-order, cognition in older age. However, the mechanisms underlying such alterations remain poorly understood. Computational accounts propose age-related dopaminergic decreases to impoverish neural gain control, possibly contributing to reduced specificity of cortico-striatal circuits, that are modulated by dopamine, in older age. Using multi-modal neuroimaging data (fMRI, PET) from a large lifespan cohort (n = 180), we assessed the relationship between dopamine D1-like receptors (D1DRs) and cortico-striatal function during rest and an n-back working memory task. The results revealed gradual age-related decreases in the specificity of functional coupling between the centrolateral caudate and cortical association networks during both rest and working memory, which, in turn, was associated with poorer short- and long-term memory performance with older age. Critically, reduced D1DR availability in the caudate and the prefrontal cortex predicted less differentiated caudate-cortical coupling across the lifespan, in part accounting for the age-related declines observed on this metric. These findings provide novel empirical evidence for a key role of dopamine in maintaining functional specialization of cortico-striatal circuits as individuals age, bridging with computational models of deficient catecholaminergic neuromodulation underpinning age-related dedifferentiation of brain function
Beyond depression : does the CES-D 8 capture subjective well-being?
No full textThis study examines whether the 8-item Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D 8) measures depression as distinct from the subjective well-being (SWB) components emotional well-being (EWB) and life satisfaction (LS). Using data from the Swedish European Social Survey CRONOS-2 panel (N= 795), we employed confirmatory factor analysis for testing discriminant validity and examined associations with health, sociodemographic, and psychological correlates. Results showed strong correlations (r..70) between the latent depression factor (CES-D 8) and both latent EWB and LS factors. The depression factor furthermore failed the Fornell–Larcker tests for discriminant validity against LS and EWB, and health measures showed similar associations with CES-D 8, EWB, and LS. Limited support is thus obtained for depression being a distinct construct. CES-D 8 may primarily capture EWB rather than depression, prompting reconsideration of how depression is conceptualized and measured in relation to SWB in both research and clinical practice
A mathematical model of H5N1 influenza transmission in US dairy cattle
No full text2024 saw a novel outbreak of H5N1 avian influenza in US dairy cattle. Limited surveillance data has made determining the true scale of the epidemic difficult. We present a stochastic metapopulation transmission model that simulates H5N1 influenza transmission through individual dairy cows in 35,974 herds in the continental US. Transmission is enabled through the movement of cattle between herds, as indicated from Interstate Certificates of Veterinary Inspection data. We estimate the rates of under-reporting by state and present the anticipated rates of positivity for cattle tested at the point of exportation over time. We investigate the impact of intervention methods on the underlying epidemiological dynamics, demonstrating that current interventions have had insufficient impact, preventing only a mean 175.2 reported outbreaks. Our model predicts that the majority of the disease burden is, as of January 2025, concentrated within West Coast states. We quantify the uncertainty in the scale of the epidemic, highlighting the most pressing data streams to capture, and which states are expected to see outbreaks emerge next, with Arizona and Wisconsin at greatest risk. Our model suggests that dairy outbreaks will continue to occur in 2025, and that more urgent, farm-focused, biosecurity interventions and targeted surveillance schemes are needed