Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts
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Structural and optical modifications of TiN thin films through ion irradiation: A comparative study
No full textThis study investigates the structural and optical modifications of titanium nitride (TiN) thin films following implantation with gold (Au), silver (Ag), and copper (Cu) ions, providing new insights into the effects of different metal ions and implantation energies on TiN's dielectric properties. The films were analyzed using a combination of transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and spectroscopic ellipsometry, offering a comprehensive view of the changes in their structure and optical response. Ion implantation induced significant morphological changes, including the formation of smaller crystallites, defects, and modifications to grain boundaries. Optical characterization revealed that the dielectric function, particularly in the near-IR region, was strongly influenced by both the type of metal ion and implantation energy, with notable variations in the unscreened plasma frequency and Drude broadening. Au implantation exhibited the greatest changes, which were attributed to defects and grain boundary formation. The results suggest that higher implantation energies not only induce more damage but also enhance optical performance by reducing the metallic character of the TiN films. This work provides new understanding of how ion implantation with different metal ions affects the dielectric properties of TiN films, contributing to improved optical properties and reduced losses compared to conventionally deposited TiN films
Wildfire Probability Mapping in Southeastern Europe Using Deep Learning and Machine Learning Models Based on Open Satellite Data
No full textWildfires, which encompass all fires that occur outside urban areas, represent one of the most frequent forms of natural disaster worldwide. This study presents the wildfire occurrence across the territory of Southeastern Europe, covering an area of 800,000 km2 (Greece, Romania, Serbia, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Albania, North Macedonia, Bulgaria, and Moldova). The research applies geospatial artificial intelligence techniques, based on the integration of machine learning (Random Forest (RF), XGBoost), deep learning (Deep Neural Network (DNN), Kolmogorov–Arnold Networks (KAN)), remote sensing (Sentinel-2, VIIRS), and Geographic Information Systems (GIS). From the geospatial database, 11 natural and anthropogenic criteria were analyzed, along with a wildfire inventory comprising 28,952 historical fire events. The results revealed that areas of very high susceptibility were most prevalent in Greece (10.5%), while the smallest susceptibility percentage was recorded in Slovenia (0.2%). Among the applied models, RF demonstrated the highest predictive performance (AUC = 90.7%), whereas XGBoost, DNN, and KAN achieved AUC values ranging from 86.7% to 90.5%. Through a SHAP analysis, it was determined that the most influential factors were global horizontal irradiation, elevation, and distance from settlements. The obtained results hold international significance for the implementation of preventive wildfire protection measures
Wildfire ecological risk analysis at meso-scale using medium-resolution data in protected area: a case study of Lovćen National Park, Montenegro
No full textMontenegro, like other Mediterranean countries, faces increasing wildfire risk in protected areas. In Lovćen National Park, limited wildfire prevention and management contribute to heightened ecological risk. This study focuses on evaluating ecological wildfire risk through a spatially explicit approach that prioritizes the protection of natural habitats and ecological values. It applies medium-resolution data at the meso-scale to ensure an appropriate balance between spatial coverage and accuracy. The methodology integrates three core components: susceptibility, hazard, and ecological vulnerability into a unified framework for ecological wildfire risk assessment. Susceptibility is modeled using a Geographic Information System (GIS)-based Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (GIS-MCDA) approach, with standardized input criteria including, fuel type, the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), the Normalized Difference Moisture Index (NDMI), slope, and distance from anthropogenic features. Hazard is classified using a 3 × 3 matrix that combines susceptibility and fuel-based fire intensity. Ecological vulnerability is assessed through habitat representativeness, aligned with the EU Habitats Directive. The final ecological risk is mapped using a 4 × 4 matrix that integrates hazard levels with habitat vulnerability. The results indicate that 25.65 % of Lovćen National Park is under low ecological risk, 41.82 % falls within the moderate risk category, 23.25 % is classified as high risk, and 9.28 % of the area is under very high ecological risk. The findings emphasize the importance of targeted wildfire prevention in protected areas and support the use of scalable, resolution-sensitive approaches for ecological risk assessment and nature conservation planning
The Serbian Report
No full textThe Serbian case illustrates the complex interplay between post-socialist transformations, market liberalisation, and the retreat of the state from housing provision. Despite a comprehensive legal framework, social housing (redefined in 2016 as “housing support”) remains marginal, representing less than 1% of the total housing stock. Provision is largely project-based, donor-driven, and implemented through under-resourced local administrations. Municipalities largely own and manage the rental segment of social housing, which is designated for vulnerable groups, while ownership-based housing support (characterized by substantial subsidies) principally targets key workers within public sectors. Case study evidence from the city of Čačak reveals systemic fragmentation, institutional dependence on external funding, and persistent affordability gaps. It concludes that a national housing fund, evidence-based policy formulation and monitoring, and stronger vertical and horizontal governance are necessary for more sustainable housing system in Serbia.No 101086488 - Project Deliver sAfe and Social Housing (DASH) financed from the European Union’s Horizon research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions
Brutalization of the EU and US Migration Management
No full textMigration is a critical issue for activating the electoral body. It is so powerful as to result not only in the fall and rise of politicians and ruling parties but also in substantial geopolitical changes, from rifts such as Brexit to unlikely alliances (usually through externalization of migration control) such as between the EU and paramilitaries in Libya. In this chapter, we trace important moments in the EU and US migration and border regime developments to better understand the current systems in place. Focusing on detention and deportations in two borderlands, Mexico-US and Serbia-EU, we discuss the brutalization of migration control we are witnessing, its evolution, and its consequences
Externalization
No full textExternalization of borders is a phrase used to describe the transfer of a whole spectrum of activities related to border control to the territories of other states: one state demands control of movement, while another state commits to allowing its enforcement on its own territory. Depending on specific arrangements, the agencies/institutions of the state demanding control can directly carry out control and prevention of unwanted movements on the territory of the other state. But agencies/institutions of the state on whose territory unwanted movements are prevented, as well as civil society organizations, from international to local, can also be engaged for this purpose. The idea of externalization is not new, but what is new is its transformation into a globally widespread, formalized method that is on the path to becoming a legally and practically standardized international approach to extending surveillance over human mobility beyond national borders. Externalization can be implemented in various ways, depending on the specific situations in the countries where it is carried out, the prevailing institutional framework, and the power relations among political actors in the countries that demand it. However, these differences primarily concern intensity rather than the overall direction. From Australia, through the USA, UK, and EU as proponents, to countries of the Global South in Asia, Africa, Latin America, and Europe, as territories assigned the function of external borders, a rather uniform externalization can be observed in discourses, certain methods, and most certainly in effects.Volume 54: Forced Migration: Keywords of the Balkan Route: The European Irregularized Migration Regime at the Periphery, edited by Marijana Hameršak, Iva Pleše, and Tea Škokic. https://doi.org/10.3167/ 978183695245
Academician Nikola Tasić and the Prehistory of the Central Balkans
No full textIt was my distinct honor to compose the introductory text for the collection
of papers dedicated to Academician Nikola Tasić (1932–2017),
an eminent figure and towering authority in Serbian and Yugoslav archaeology.
The very mention of Academician Nikola Tasić evokes associations
with the great triad of Serbian prehistorians, which, alongside
him, included Milutin Garašanin and Dragoslav Srejović. Together with
contemporaries such as Vladislav Popović and Bogdan Brukner, this generation
epitomized what may rightly be termed the golden age of Serbian
archaeology, both within the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts and
in the broader scholarly domain
Impact of mechanochemical activation on the thermal and morphological characteristics of silver-doped pyrophyllite
No full textThis study deals with the influence of milling time and silver content on the structural, morphological, and thermal properties of pyrophyllite/Ag nanocomposites, which were produced using mechanical milling as a green synthesis method. Pyrophyllite was mechanochemically activated with AgNO3 (2, 5, and 10 wt% of silver), while the milling time varied from 20 to 320 min. A detailed kinetic analysis of the dehydroxylation reaction, followed by thorough microstructural and morphological analysis obtained by XRD, FTIR, SEM/EDS, PSD, TGA/DTA, was performed. With the increase in milling time, notable particle size reduction and pronounced agglomeration occurred, including the disruption of pyrophyllite's crystalline structure and its amorphization. The XRD diffraction maximum at 2θ of 38.16°of the sample milled for 20 min with 10 wt% of AgNO3 corresponds to metallic silver. EDS mapping confirmed uniform dispersion of silver throughout the composite surface. The conversion curves were modelled as a linear combination of two Weibull functions. At lower temperatures, the highest value of the rate constant was obtained for the 10Ag80 sample, while the 10Ag20 sample underwent the fastest dehydroxylation. The apparent activation energy values, calculated using the isoconversional method, showed the highest value at the beginning of the dehydroxylation reaction, approximately 210 kJ mol−1. Following a sharp drop to the values of 194 kJ mol−1 (5Ag20 sample), 193 kJ mol−1 (10Ag20 sample), and 187 kJ mol−1 (10Ag80 sample), a re-increase in energy values towards the end of the reaction is seen. The obtained results also indicated that the value of the rate constant is influenced more by the milling time than by the added AgNO3 weight fraction
Between Hagiography and Historiography: Commemorating the Saints and Remembering the Past in the Seventeenth Century in the Patriarchate of Peć
No full textHagiography’s relation to historiography has not been satisfactorily defined to date. Hagiographies describe the lives of saints, while historical texts address the past of a certain area or community. Since biographies – writings about the lives of eminent people – are part of historiography, this relationship becomes harder still to define. The work of Patriarch of Peć, Pajsej (1614–1647) offers a compelling example of the complex relationship between hagiography and historiography
The Late Neolithic settlement of Motel Slatina, Middle Morava Valley: life, conflict, and death
No full textStone anthropomorphic figurines are a rare type of find in the Late Neolithic
sites of the Vinča culture. One marble sample from the Late Neolithic settlement
of Motel Slatina, in the Middle Morava Valley, has attracted our attention.
It is similar to clay figurines, and we believe that this object reflected deep
social meaning. To examine our point of view, we decided to assess the socio-economic
background of the community of Motel Slatina. The research was conducted
in two steps. The first step examined the character of the economy of Motel
Slatina through socio-economic differences, based on a study of 601 macrolithic
objects from settlements of Motel Slatina and Turska česma–Slatina, as
they formed a particular economic region within the Late Neolithic Vinča culture.
1 The second step involved the research of the association between stone artefacts,
organised production with nine above-ground structures, and their context.
The study resulted in new data on the social structure, cycle of social reproduction,
inequality, and social conflicts among inhabitants of Motel Slatina