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Basic Representation Theorems of Forms
Full text linkWe study maximal representations of nonnegative sesquilinear forms in real or complex Hilbert spaces, that are not necessarily closed or even closable. We associate positive self-adjoint operators with such forms, in a sense similar to Kato’s representation theorems. In particular, we give a brief proof of the Friedrichs extension of a densely defined positive operator
Towards a Conceptual Integration of Collective Victimization Beliefs and Their Variation Within and Across Contexts: A Q Methodology Study in Five Communities
Full text linkAlthough social psychological research on how people understand collective victimization often examines comparisons between groups’ suffering, studies on related concepts (e.g., collective trauma) suggest numerous other relevant beliefs. The present article aimed to integrate diverse collective victimization beliefs and contribute to their conceptual analysis. Utilizing Q methodology, we examined how 60 collective victimization beliefs statements combine into holistic belief patterns. We analysed variation and commonalities in shared beliefs between and within groups, examining five contexts with different historical or ongoing collective victimization experiences and present‐day group positions. Our study included purposively sampled Kurdish American immigrants (Study 1, N = 51), Black Americans (Study 2, N = 47), Jewish Americans (Study 3, N = 48), Hungarians (Study 4, N = 68) and Koreans (Study 5, N = 50). The analysis revealed between two and five viewpoints per context, varying across the following theoretical dimensions: temporality (past or present suffering), power (ingroup strength or vulnerability), group focus (implications for intergroup or intragroup dynamics), locus of strategies (symbolic or material) for addressing ingroup victimization, and perceived importance of ingroup victimization (centrality or decentring victimization). A second‐order analysis identified commonalities in viewpoints across contexts, suggesting partial generalization. Overall, this research makes theoretical contributions to the literature on collective victimization beliefs, provides insights into their ecological validity, and demonstrates that collective victimization beliefs are nuanced, complex and contextualized
Optimizing healthcare worker well-being research : A bibliometric network analysis and temporal trend evaluation (2013-2022)
Full text linkThis study employs advanced bibliometric techniques to analyze and optimize the research landscape of healthcare workers' (HCWs) well-being from 2013 to 2022, with particular emphasis on the COVID-19 pandemic's impact. Utilizing the Scopus database, 2,026 relevant articles were extracted and subjected to rigorous bibliometric analysis. The study leverages VOSviewer software for network visualization and employs descriptive statistics, co-authorship analysis, and keyword co-occurrence analysis to identify key trends, influential contributors, and emerging research fronts. Results reveal a significant surge in publications post-COVID-19, with the United Kingdom, United States, and Australia emerging as primary contributors. The International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health was identified as the most prolific source. Keyword analysis highlighted "COVID-19 pandemic," "mental health," and "burnout" as dominant themes, while uncovering understudied areas such as health promotion and work engagement. Coauthorship analysis exposed intricate global collaboration networks, with a notable presence of developing Asian countries. This study presents a novel, data-driven approach to mapping the intellectual structure of HCW well-being research, offering a strategic framework for future investigations. By identifying research gaps and trending topics, this analysis provides valuable insights for healthcare managers, policymakers, and researchers, enabling more targeted and efficient resource allocation in addressing HCW well-being. The findings underscore the need for increased focus on proactive well-being strategies and integrated care approaches in future research endeavors
Bond covenants and the speed of corporate capital structure adjustment : evidence from China
Full text linkWe investigate the effect of bond covenants on the speed of corporate capital structure adjustment. Based on manually collected bond covenant information from publicly listed Chinese firms between 2007 and 2019, we construct an index that measures the intensity of corporate bond covenants. Our results show that the greater the covenant intensity index of a firm's debt covenants, the faster the capital structure adjustment. Option covenants, restrictive asset transfer covenants, restrictive investment covenants, and event-driven covenants all have a positive and significant association with the speed of capital structure adjustment, whereas no such effect is observed for financing covenants and repayment arrangement covenants. Furthermore, we examine the direction of adjustment and adjustment method, and demonstrate that bond covenants promote an upward adjustment in a firm's capital structure by increasing debt financing. An analysis of heterogeneity effects reveals that the positive relation between the intensity of bond covenants and speed of capital structure adjustment is more pronounced in state-owned companies and companies headquartered in areas with higher legal standards. Finally, we show that information transparency, internal control, and environmental, social, and governance (ESG) performance are channels through which bond covenants affect the speed of capital structure adjustment. © 2025 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved
Does the unavailability of social media affect online gambling behavior? : A behavioral tracking data study before and after the October 2021 Facebook outage
Full text linkBackground and aims: Social media platforms have become important in both individuals’ personal lives and for commercial organizations (e.g., online gambling operators). However, no previous study has examined how the unavailability of social media affects online gambling. A 6-hour-long worldwide outage of Facebook on October 4, 2021 created a unique possibility to investigate this relationship. The present study examined whether patterns of online gambling were different during the time of the social media outage from what could be expected during that time based on historical behavioral tracking data. Methods: The study used a dataset provided by Fortuna Entertainment Group that included information on the gambling behavior of 232,037 individuals from Croatia, Czechia, Poland, Romania, and Slovakia on five consecutive Mondays, including the day of the social media outage, on two different types of gambling activity: gaming (such as online casino games) and sports betting. A linear regression was estimated for several outcome variables (number of people gambling, amount of stake, number of bets) separately for each country and gambling type, while gender, age, time, and date were included as control variables. Results: Most of the regressions showed a non-significant impact of the outage, and only a few significant (but small) differences were identified where the outage was associated with a lower outcome. In the case of the examined countries, the Facebook outage only had a marginal impact on gambling behavior. Discussion and Conclusions: Further research and analysis are needed to explore the relationship between social media use and online gambling behavior. © 2025 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved
The European Union’s investment screening framework and China—a complicated picture
Full text linkThis paper is focused on the inception of the European Union’s investment screening regime and the operation of the EU’s screening mechanism as gleaned from the European Commission’s annual reports. We first demonstrate that political discussions in Europe on the need for a screening mechanism were informed by a number of high-profile projects with Chinese involvement in the mid-2010s. While these were the primary impetus toward the creation of a screening regime, we then show that Chinese investments do not feature disproportionately in light of the EC’s annual reports, and the landscape of the EU’s investment market has remained largely unchanging in recent years. We conclude that the decrease of interest by Chinese investors may be due to multiple factors rather than simply to a stricter investment environment in Europe and that the image of a threatening China is useful for rationalizing regulatory innovation in the EU. This latter also indicates that the EU is out of patience for China to render its market more welcoming toward European investors and instead chooses to restrict China’s access to its own market
Mesterséges intelligencia, polgári jogi cselekvőképesség, jogalanyiság
Full text linkA mesterséges intelligencia (MI) egyre szélesebb körű társadalmi felhasználása jogi reakciókat inspirál. A jelen cikk e lehetséges, netán szükséges jogi reakciókat nem a technológia, hanem a polgári jog klasszikus dogmatikája felől igyekszik megvizsgálni, abból indulva ki, hogy amíg az MI technológiai marad – tehát amíg nem hoz saját, önálló döntéseket –, addig nem állítja a polgári jogot valós kihívások elé, ellenben az már érdemi – polgári jogi és társadalmi – változásokat hozhat, ha az MI polgári jogi értelemében cselekvőképessé válik, mely cselekvőképességnek dogmatikailag szükségszerű vonzata lesz valamiféle jogalanyiság elismerése
Finding Alternative Growth Engines in Central and Eastern Europe – Interview with Andrea Szalavetz
Full text linkReview of Economic Theory and Policy (RETP) interviewed Andrea Szalavetz, scientific advisor at the Institute of World Economics, Centre for Economic and Regional Studies, ELTE. Her research focuses on upgrading in global value chains, digital transformation and regional differences in technological development and innovation capabilities. In this interview, we discuss how Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) could transition from a development model dependent on foreign direct investment (FDI) to a more innovation-oriented and resilient trajectory. We also examine the technology and entrepreneurship ecosystem in the region, as well as the impact of developments in the defence industry and industrial policy on future growth
Cost–benefit evaluation of membrane technology for carbon emission reduction in Indonesia
Full text linkThis study investigates the financial viability of membrane technology in mitigating CO2 emissions in the oil and gas industry in an Indonesian context. A model calculation is presented with the for a sample company (company X) but provide a global perspective regarding membrane technology when considering different scenarios of costs (of carbon capture) and savings (through decreased carbon costs) to reconciling environmental and economic goals. Company X decreased its CO2 emissions from 34 to 12%, using CO2 membrane technology on its daily production corresponding to an annual emission reduction of 7,095,666 tons of CO2. As a result of the carbon reduction, the annual carbon tax decreased significantly from 14,191,333 to 4,943,782 USD yielding annual cost savings of 9,247,551 USD. However, considering the high costs of the technology, and the low Indonesian carbon tax rates in an international context, this investment does not pay back solely from a carbon cost reduction perspective. When considering higher carbon cost scenarios, like in China, the EU and the US (California), that may be the future direction for Indonesia, as well, results indicate that the membrane technology delivers a financial payback already (especially at the carbon price levels of the EU and California). The study discusses the potential future directions in Indonesian carbon pricing and the decrease of membrane technology costs through technological developments, as well as other benefits of the membrane technology
Competitive balance in the UEFA Champions League group stage: Novel measures show no evidence of decline
Full text linkCompetitive balance, which refers to the level of control teams have over a sports competition, is a crucial indicator for tournament organisers. According to previous studies, competitive balance has significantly declined in the UEFA Champions League group stage over the recent decades. Our paper introduces alternative indices to investigate this issue. Two ex ante measures are based on Elo ratings, and four dynamic concentration indicators compare the final group ranking to reasonable benchmarks. Using these indices, we find no evidence of any long-run trend in the competitive balance of the UEFA Champions League group stage between the 2003/04 and 2023/24 seasons