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The Role of Linguists in Understanding and Shaping Generative AI in Education
Get PDFThe existing literature on the role of generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) in education has mostly focused on accuracy, ethics, academic integrity, and the role these technologies might play in teaching and learning. However, crucial to these discussions is the need to explore their linguistic “choices,” an area still largely unexamined in connection with education. Drawing on a program of research on AI-generated feedback and AI translation set within higher education, I argue that linguistic analysis is essential for understanding how GenAI constructs agency (who is represented as acting or responsible), evaluation (how attitudes or judgments are encoded), stance (the positioning or perspective taken toward information), and coherence (the linguistic mechanisms that create logical flow). These discursive aspects carry significant pedagogical implications, as they can influence how learners interpret AI output, how feedback supports or undermines self-efficacy, and how disciplinary norms are represented. In this article, I posit that linguists can play a major role in dissecting AI discourse, informing calibration, and designing AI literacy pedagogies that can help students engage critically and productively with GenAI
Discovery of novel and potent 2-aminopyrazine-based HPK1 inhibitors enhancing T-cell immunity against cancer
Get PDFHematopoietic progenitor kinase 1 (HPK1) is a negative regulator of immune signaling and a target of high interest for immuno-oncology. Although numerous campaigns have been conducted to identify potent and selective HPK1 inhibitors, few encouraging clinical outcomes have been reported. Herein, we present the optimization of 2E, an HPK1 inhibitor with a new 2-aminopyrazine scaffold. It was identified through a fragment-based deconstruction-reconstruction (FBDR) strategy. This process led to the discovery of a novel and highly potent HPK1 inhibitor 39, possessing nanomolar potency in biochemical and cellular assays. Mechanistic studies revealed that 39 effectively enhanced IL-2 cytokine production and counteracted prostaglandin E2 (PGE2)-mediated immunosuppression in Jurkat cells. Crucially, compound 39 showed T-cell-dependent antitumor efficacy in the CT26-Balb/c syngeneic tumor model and exhibited significant synergistic effects when combined with anti-PD-1 in vivo. Moreover, compound 39 enhanced infiltration of CD3+/CD8+ T cells into tumor tissues, verifying its immune-mediated antitumor mechanisms. These findings highlight compound 39 as a promising candidate for cancer immunotherapy, deserving further optimization and preclinical research
The expanding cancer landscape in chronic pancreatitis
No full textINTRODUCTIONChronic pancreatitis (CP) is driven by smoking, excessive alcohol use, and chronic inflammation – all known contributors to carcinogenesis. However, its association with malignancies beyond the pancreas remains underexplored. This study aimed to assess the frequency and spectrum of cancers in patients with CP.METHOD:A retrospective cohort study was conducted at Nottingham University Hospitals of patients diagnosed with CP between 1 January 2006 and 31 December 2014, identified through a multisource case ascertainment strategy. Cancer frequencies were assessed in patients residing within Greater Nottingham. Age-adjusted standardised incidence ratios (SIRs) were calculated using national cancer incidence data from England as the reference population. Statistical analyses were performed using R (version 4.3.3).RESULTS:Of the 1,003 CP patients identified, 678 resided in Greater Nottingham (median age at diagnosis 68 years (IQR 53–79); 66% male; 92% Caucasians. The median follow-up period was 7.3 years (IQR 2.8–11.6). Compared to the general population, patients with CP demonstrated significantly higher SIRs for upper respiratory tract (12.4; 95%CI 6.6–21.1; p<0.0001), pancreatic (10.8; 95%CI 6.2–17.6; p<0.0001), liver (8.8; 95%CI 2.4–22.6; p<0.0001), lung (5.6; 95%CI 4.0–7.7; p<0.0001), renal tract (4.8; 95%CI 2.7–7.9; p<0.0001) oesophageal (4.8; 95%CI 1.8–10.4; p=0.0001) and colorectal (2.5; 95%CI 1.4–4.2; p=0.0009) cancers.CONCLUSION: CP confers a markedly elevated risk of both pancreatic and extra-pancreatic cancers. These findings hypothesise that CP might be a high-risk state for malignancy that could warrant proactive, risk-based cancer surveillance in this vulnerable population
Speech and motor laterality reassessed: a functional transcranial Doppler follow-up to the online verbal visual half-field task
Get PDFReliable measures of language laterality are essential for understanding relationships between speech and other lateralized functions. In a previous study (Grant et al., 2023. Testing the relationship between lateralization on sequence-based motor tasks and language laterality using an online battery. Laterality, 28(1), 1–31), an online verbal visual half-field (vVHF) task assessed speech production laterality but showed limited reliability and validity. The present study conducted novel analyses linking this measure with functional transcranial Doppler ultrasound (fTCD) data collected from the same sample as part of a separate project (Parker et al., 2022. Inconsistent language lateralisation: Testing the dissociable language laterality hypothesis using behaviour and lateralised cerebral blood flow. Cortex, 154, 105–134). In total, 187 participants completed both the online battery and an in-person fTCD sentence-generation task. Results confirmed robust left lateralization for speech production across handedness groups. However, laterality indices from the vVHF task did not correlate with the fTCD measure, reinforcing concerns about the validity of the online paradigm. Replicating previous findings, no significant association was observed between categorical measures of speech and motor laterality. Exploratory analyses revealed a significant positive correlation between motor laterality indices and fTCD speech laterality
Past and future change in global river flows
No full textRivers are a vital component of the global water cycle. However, human influence on climate and terrestrial systems is increasingly shaping river flow regimes. In this Review, we summarize the current understanding of past and projected changes in global river flow, focusing on annual volumes, seasonal dynamics and sudden changes. River flow observations reveal distinct regional trends, including increased flows in high-latitude regions and decreased flows in parts of the mid-latitudes and subtropics. Snow-dominated regions in particular show shifts in their seasonal cycle towards earlier flows. These patterns align broadly with historical climate model simulations, suggesting an anthropogenic climate change signal. However, attribution is complicated by the interplay of greenhouse gas emissions, CO2-driven vegetation response, land-use change and water management. Future projections indicate continued change, with certain regions experiencing wetter conditions and others intensified drying. Seasonal changes, particularly those due to altered snow dynamics, are also expected to intensify. Despite modelling and observational advances, uncertainties remain regarding the combined effects of anthropogenic climate change and direct human interventions in terrestrial systems. Closing these gaps requires improved monitoring, advances in modelling and robust attribution frameworks, in support of efficiently managing water resources, sustaining ecosystems and adapting to a changing climate
A Switched Reluctance Motor Power Converter with Dual-source Inputs and Multimodal Control Strategy
Get PDFThis paper addresses key technical challenges in switched reluctance motor (SRM) drives, notably significant torque ripple and the inherent trade-off between efficiency and torque performance under varying operating conditions. A novel power converter with dual-source input (PC-DSI) characteristics is proposed, accompanied by a multi-mode control strategy (MCS) for enhanced operational flexibility. At the topological level, the proposed converter seamlessly transitions among four operating modes: low-voltage drive, high-voltage drive, high-voltage demagnetization with low-voltage drive, and a hybrid high/low-voltage drive. The coordinated control of multi-level voltage outputs substantially improves dynamic regulation capability. In terms of control strategy, a multi-level multi-mode cooperative control method based on torque sharing is introduced. This approach establishes a multi-objective optimization model that balances efficiency and torque ripple minimization. By incorporating dynamic weighting coefficients α and β, the system achieves online adaptive switching between efficiency-prioritized and ripple-prioritized control objectives. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed scheme reduces torque ripple by up to 89% under rated operating conditions while improving system efficiency by 10% across a wide speed range
Learning Through Noise
No full textThis book argues that the formation of noise music as a distinctive musical genre (and noise music scenes as distinct musical subcultures) relies on the production of unique learning ecologies and vice versa. Noise music does not exist as a musical form that one learns to reproduce, create within, or appreciate in defined educational contexts (i.e. classrooms) separate from where this music lives (venues, recording studios, practice spaces, etc.). Instead, making and listening to noise music in itself represents the primary method of learning about and within the genre. Because the processes of making, listening to, and learning within noise music are deeply intertwined, the book contends that understanding noise music inherently requires understanding the unique and situated learning processes of the genre
Hiding in the supply chain: Investigating supplier eco-innovations when buyer and supplier have common owners
Get PDFCommon owners along the supply chain (COSC) indicate shareholders who simultaneously hold the equity stakes of upstream suppliers and downstream buyers. Despite the burgeoning interest in COSC's influences on supply chain actors' practices, its impact on supplier eco-innovations remains unexplored. Drawing on resource dependence theory, this paper proposes a set of competing hypotheses to critically investigate the relationship between COSC and supplier eco-innovations and the moderating roles of suppliers' internal environmental awareness and external legitimate pressure. Analysing a unique dataset of 1841 buyer-supplier pair-year observations of Chinese A-share listed firms between 2003 and 2021, we find that COSC functions as a new form of shadow governance within the supply chain to hamper supplier eco-innovations. However, such the negative effect can be converted into positive ones when suppliers obtain higher environmental awareness, encounter more stringent environmental regulations, and receive intensified media coverage. The results remain robust under various robustness checks, yielding important implications for managerial practice and policy development
Offence-supportive cognitions of individuals with a history of using child sexual exploitation materials: The influence of early maladaptive schemas and compulsive sexual behaviours
No full textThis study investigated the mediating role of compulsive sexual behaviours on the relationship between early maladaptive schemas and offence-supportive cognitions to understand the fundamental interpersonal and intrapersonal problems of individuals with a history of using child sexual exploitation materials (CSEM). Ninety-seven adults with a history of CSEM use, who were recruited through the Lucy Faithfull Foundation, completed the quantitative survey online. Structural equation modelling revealed that early maladaptive schemas concerning individuals’ sense of diminished autonomy and interpersonal dependency predicted offence-supportive cognitions through the mediation of compulsive sexual behaviours. Such findings can inform intervention and prevention programmes for child sexual abuse in accounting for such individuals’ fundamental beliefs and cognitions as well as their sexual habits
A Dual-DC-Port Dual-Output Converter for PV-battery Hybrid System and Its Flexible Power Management Strategy Based on Virtual SVPWM
Get PDFThe dual-dc-port dual-output converter for photovoltaic (PV)-battery hybrid system is proposed in this paper. Two dc ports, in which one is interfaced with the battery and other one is interfaced with PV, two outputs, in which can be interfaced with different ac loads, are provided simultaneously by the dual-dc-port dual-output converter, which presents high efficiency and low cost with single-stage power conversion. Firstly, the operating modes of PV and battery for the dual-dc-port dual-output converter are analyzed, and the effective switching states of two sets of outputs are analyzed. Then, to achieve the flexible power management between PV, battery and two sets of ac loads, the virtual space vector pulse width modulation (VSVPWM) is proposed. In order to reduce the voltage vector arrangement combinations between two sets of outputs, the idea of topological decoupling and switch driving signal splicing is proposed, which can greatly reduce computational complexity and program programming. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed scheme is verified through experimental results
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