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Investigating Death by PowerPoint: Do Medical School Lecturers Adhere to the Cognitive Theory of Multimedia Learning in Their Slide Design?
Get PDFBackground: Lecturers in higher education commonly use slide software like Microsoft PowerPoint. Mayer's cognitive theory of multimedia learning (CTML) describes 15 principles for helping people learn better with words and images and is supported by a large number of empirical studies. Medical school curricula are intensive so teaching should be as effective as possible. Though there is existing research into lectures, this does not specifically determine whether CTML principles are being adopted. This study investigated to what extent lecturers incorporated the principles of CTML into lecture slide design at a single UK medical school. Methods: Lectures were observed both live and recorded. Based on CTML principles, this included the time students were exposed to text-heavy (> 10 words) versus text-light (≤ 10 words) slides; whether images were used; the use of outlines, highlighting and pointing; extraneous images; and the labelling and timing of images. Word counts for slide sets were also recorded. Results: Students were exposed to text-heavy slides 84.4% of the time. Forty percent of lectures used outlines at the beginning. Slide sets contained a median of 1531 words and a mean of 38.3 words per slide. Conclusion: Slide design appeared to consistently violate CTML principles; therefore, lecturers should receive training in adhering to these principles. Future research should examine what barriers exist to adopting CTML principles and how such training for teachers on these principles could be delivered
‘Falling down the rabbit hole’: a thematic analysis of young people’s views on TikTok algorithms and eating disorder content
No full textBackground: TikTok’s algorithm is at the centre of its user experience. The platform, which allows users to create and consume short-form content, can enable young people (YP) to feel less alone when experiencing illnesses such as eating disorders (EDs) by encouraging them to build communities around mental health-related content. However, emerging research suggests TikTok’s algorithm might exacerbate ED symptoms by leading YP into spirals of ED content. This paper provides a lived experience perspective on what experiencing high volumes of ED content on TikTok’s For You Page (FYP) can be like for YP. Methods: We conducted 17 semi-structured interviews in which participants (UK-based, aged 18–25, with experience of disordered eating or an ED) described their experiences of using TikTok. We identified three themes that express how participants interact with ED content on TikTok: (1) View One, See More, (2) Morbid Curiosity, and (3) From Helpful to Unhelpful. Theme 1 describes viewing one unhelpful video and then being exposed to more of this content on the FYP. Theme 2 refers to YPs descriptions of a strong impulse to view ED content when it surfaces on their FYP even if it is felt to be unhelpful. Theme 3 recounts YPs experiences of viewing potentially helpful content (e.g., pro-recovery videos) and then being presented with pro-ED content on the FYP. Through a close linguistic analysis, we examine how participants talk about how they feel when viewing ED content on TikTok. Findings: Participants reported engaging regularly with ED content on TikTok. Their interactions with ED content show that the personalised nature of TikTok’s algorithm (which is sensitised to how long a user watches a video) can interact with and exacerbate some ED behaviours and psychologies, leading some YP into what they describe as negative echo-chambers of ED content. Conclusion: Platforms should assume greater responsibility for their algorithms’ roles in intensifying ED symptoms and improve the efficacy of functions that help users control the content they see. A greater awareness of the role of TikTok in exacerbating ED thoughts and behaviours among mental health professionals is also necessary
Prevalence of Opioid Use and Associated Healthcare Outcomes in Rome IV Irritable Bowel Syndrome in the United Kingdom
Get PDFBackground: The United Kingdom (UK) has one of the highest worldwide opioid prescription rates per capita. International guidelines caution against the use of opioids for chronic non-malignant pain, including irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Aims: To study the prevalence and impact of regular opioid use among people with Rome IV IBS in community settings in the UK. Methods: We collected demographic, quality of life (QoL), psychological symptoms, and healthcare utilisation data from 752 people with Rome IV IBS. Participants were recruited via electronic mailshot in July 2021 through ContactME-IBS, a UK registry of persons diagnosed with IBS primarily by a general practitioner or gastroenterologist. Results: Among participants, 148 (19.7%) reported taking an opioid regularly. The prevalence of opioid use did not vary across IBS subtypes (p = 0.10). Disease-specific and generic QoL were lower among opioid users than non-users (p < 0.001, both analyses). Compared with non-users, a greater proportion of opioid users had anxiety or depression (p < 0.001, both analyses) and greater overall activity impairment (p < 0.001). The direct healthcare costs related to investigations (p = 0.003), IBS-related medications (p < 0.001), and unplanned hospital attendances (p < 0.001) were greater among participants who used opioids. Opioid users also expressed a greater willingness to accept the risk of death in return for a cure of IBS symptoms from a hypothetical medication (p = 0.002). Conclusion: Approximately one in five people with Rome IV IBS used opioids on a regular basis. Compared with non-users, opioid users had worse QoL, greater psychological impairment, and higher direct healthcare costs
Extreme cardiac MRI analysis under respiratory motion: Results of the CMRxMotion challenge
Get PDFDeep learning models have achieved state-of-the-art performance in automated Cardiac Magnetic Resonance (CMR) analysis. However, the efficacy of these models is highly dependent on the availability of high-quality, artifact-free images. In clinical practice, CMR acquisitions are frequently degraded by respiratory motion, yet the robustness of deep learning models against such artifacts remains an underexplored problem. To promote research in this domain, we organized the MICCAI CMRxMotion challenge. We curated and publicly released a dataset of 320 CMR cine series from 40 healthy volunteers who performed specific breathing protocols to induce a controlled spectrum of motion artifacts. The challenge comprised two tasks: 1) automated image quality assessment to classify images based on motion severity, and 2) robust myocardial segmentation in the presence of motion artifacts. A total of 22 algorithms were submitted and evaluated on the two designated tasks. This paper presents a comprehensive overview of the challenge design and dataset, reports the evaluation results for the top-performing methods, and further investigates the impact of motion artifacts on five clinically relevant biomarkers. All resources and code are publicly available at: https://github.com/CMRxMotion
General practice veterinarians’ attitudes towards avian influenza: A COM-B analysis of barriers to backyard poultry treatment
No full textBackgroundThe recent expansion of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 to non-avian species in the United States has intensified public health-related concerns. In Great Britain, low veterinarian confidence in seeing and treating birds creates potential barriers to HPAI diagnosis and reporting.MethodsAn online survey explored general practice (GP) veterinarians’ confidence in and barriers to treating avian species and understanding HPAI control measures. The Capability, Opportunity, Motivation - Behaviour (COM-B) behaviour change model was used to identify barriers to treating birds and diagnosing HPAI.ResultsThe survey generated 72 useable responses. Only 6% reported feeling fairly/very confident seeing birds, over 83% lacked confidence in ruling out HPAI as a differential diagnosis and 17.1% were unsure how to advise clients who suspected HPAI in their flocks.LimitationsThe survey required an internet connection and some technical literacy. The sample size is relatively small and may over-represent veterinarians who have more confidence with poultry.ConclusionsGP veterinarians play critical roles in triaging, reporting and controlling HPAI. Behaviour change frameworks such as COM-B can facilitate the identification of interventions with the potential to address barriers to accurate HPAI diagnosis and reporting in Great Britain and beyond. However, these often require national-level rather than (or in addition to) individual-level action
Moral Socialism and Liberal Citizenship
Get PDFThe current crisis of liberal democracy has led to a reconsideration of the idea of socialism. This article seeks to critically compare three different approaches to socialism, all of which draw on specifically moral criteria. The first is a form of liberal socialism that has a long history in critical theory and has most recently been re-imagined by Axel Honneth through a theory of recognition. The second is a conservative version of socialism, which encourages citizens to return to native traditions that can restrain the destructive individualism of liberalism. Finally, I look at a more materialist version of socialism that can be associated with the writing of Marx. In the concluding section, I argue that the return to a materialist vision of moral socialism is long overdue; this is especially the case in the context of the impoverished cultural life of neoliberal capitalism, and the ongoing ecological crisis
Revenge of the Powerless: On the Origins of the Soldiers’ Rampage in 1917
No full textThis article explores the roots of soldiers’ discontent during the Russian Revolution, focusing on their transformation into politically active citizens. It analyses the origins of the soldiers’ unrest in 1917. Poor living conditions, unfair treatment by officers, isolation, and declining morale in reserve regiments fuelled resentment among soldiers, especially against those who avoided front-line service. Soldiers sought dignity and equality, reacting against the social discrimination entrenched in the military hierarchy. The February Revolution marked a turning point where lower ranks symbolically and practically fought against officers’ privileges. Measures like Order No. 1 empowered soldiers, abolishing traditional deference and improving rights. However, the revolution also introduced a complex struggle for equality that sometimes led to overcompensation for previous oppression. The soldiers’ rebellion was not merely anti-officer but a broader challenge to the paternalistic social order that oppressed them. This social revenge reflected their quest for dignity and citizenship, making them key players in the revolutionary process
The role of Al addition on the hydrogen sorption properties of TiVZrNbHf high entropy alloy
Get PDFRefractory BCC high entropy alloy TiVZrNbHf is a promising material for solid-state hydrogen storage with high hydrogen sorption capacity but unfavourable thermodynamics of hydride phase, i.e. too stable hydride that need high temperature to reversibly recover the absorbed hydrogen. As an attempt to destabilize the hydride phase, this study reports on the effect of Al addition (limited concentrations: 5 and 10 at.%) into this alloy on the physicochemical and hydrogen sorption properties. Despite traces of a V-Al secondary phase, the BCC (TiVZrNbHf)1-xAlx alloys are random solid solutions which form high-capacity FCC hydride phases under hydrogen atmosphere at room temperature, as proven by synchrotron and neutron diffraction. Although Al decreases the hydrogen sorption capacity, the presence of a p element destabilizes the FCC hydride phase. A comparison with previous literature data helps understanding the role of Al which strongly depends on the chemical composition of the initial alloys. XANES studies allowed access to details of the electronic structure of the unoccupied levels complemented by density functional theory calculations. Moreover, the addition of Al favours the formation of larger open volume defects during hydride formation than the initial Al-free alloy which might explain the faster absorption kinetics in Al-containing alloys
At the Top of the Mind: Peak Prices and the Disposition Effect
Get PDFThe disposition effect is the reluctance to sell assets at a loss relative to a salient point of reference, typically assumed to be the purchase price. Using data on stocks and housing sales, we show that the peak price achieved by an asset during the investor's period of holding constitutes an additional salient reference point for asset owners that overlaps, and interacts, with the purchase price reference point. Peaks occurring before the investor purchased the asset do not affect future sales, indicating that ownership affects how investors form reference points
Significant improvement in elevated temperature galling resistance of austenitic iron-based hard-facings through heat treatment
Get PDFThis paper describes the development of a novel heat treatment to significantly improve the high temperature galling behaviour of austenitic iron-based hardfacings. The alloy examined in this work is hot isostatically pressed (HIPed) Tristelle 5183 (T-5183) which is comprised of an austenitic matrix with (Cr, Fe)7C3 and NbC hard phases. In the HIPed condition, the galling pressure, σg was bounded as 211 MPa g g 7C3 fraction was significantly smaller than its equilibrium value due to its sluggish nucleation and growth kinetics during HIPing, with this resulting in a commensurate supersaturation of carbon in solution in the austenitic matrix. This carbon supersaturation results in an increase in the austenite stacking fault energy (SFE) and it is suggested that this in turn results in reduced resistance to galling at elevated temperatures. An extended high temperature heat treatment of the alloy has resulted in the following: (i) an increase in the carbide particle size; (ii) an increase in the volume fraction of carbide; (iii) a commensurate reduction in the carbon content of the austenite and thus a reduction in its SFE. Following heat treatment, the room temperature galling pressure remained bounded as 211 MPa g g < 317 MPa at temperatures as high as 300 °C. Given the temperature-sensitivity of the observed improvements in galling behaviour and the temperature-sensitivity of the SFE of the austenitic matrix, it is argued that it is the change in austenite SFE associated with the heat treatment that is the dominant influence in the observed improvement in the galling resistance of this alloy. In light of a review of relevant adjacent literature related to the destabilisation of high chromium cast irons, it is argued that the heat treatment method proposed here for improving high temperature galling capability has general applicability to any ferrous system composed of austenite and complex carbides (including hardfacings) and is generalisable to a variety of methods of manufacture (e.g. HIPing, weld and laser cladding, casting etc)
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