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Effect of medium-chain triglycerides and whey protein isolate preloads on glycaemia in type 2 diabetes: a randomized crossover study
Get PDFBackgroundSmall nutritional preloads can reduce postprandial glucose excursions in individuals with and without metabolic syndrome or type 2 diabetes (T2D). However, most studies have focused on preloads administered before single meals and have predominantly used protein-based preloads.ObjectivesTo investigate the effects of sequential consumption of medium-chain triglycerides (MCT) and whey protein isolate (WPI) preloads before breakfast, lunch, and dinner on postprandial, diurnal, and 24-h glycaemia in individuals with T2D.MethodsParticipants with T2D were studied over 3 randomized 24-h periods. They consumed either water before standardized breakfast, lunch, and dinner (CONTROL), 15 g MCT before breakfast and water before lunch and dinner (MCT), or 15 g MCT before breakfast and 10 g WPI before lunch and dinner (MCT + WPI). Diurnal (08:00–23:00 h) and 24 h (08:00–08:00 h) glycaemia (incremental AUC [iAUC]) and glycaemic variability (%coefficient of variation [%CV]) were evaluated by continuous glucose monitoring. Postprandial glycaemia (PPG) after breakfast and lunch was assessed by arterialized blood glucose iAUC.ResultsIn 21 enrolled patients (8 males/13 females, mean ± standard deviation age 55.1 ± 8.5 y, body mass index 31.7 ± 4.3 kg·m−2, glycated hemoglobin 59 ± 12 mmol·mol−1) diurnal and 24-h iAUC were similar across interventions, whereas 24-h %CV was lower in MCT (16.8 ± 0.8%, P = 0.033) and MCT + WPI (16.1 ± 0.9%, P = 0.0004) than CONTROL (18.7 ± 0.9%). PPG iAUC was ∼17% lower after breakfast in MCT and MCT + WPI compared with CONTROL, but only the MCT + WPI lowered glucose by 20% (P = 0.002) over the entire day (08:30–17:30 h). Gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) (P = 0.00004), peptide YY (PYY) (P = 0.01), and β-hydroxybutyrate (P = 0.0001) were higher in MCT and MCT + WPI than CONTROL. Subjective appetite ratings were lower after breakfast and lunch in MCT + WPI (P = 0.001).ConclusionsSequential consumption of MCT and WPI preloads did not affect diurnal or 24-h glycaemia but lowered PPG and 24-h glycaemic variability in individuals with T2D. These effects were associated with increased circulating β-hydroxybutyrate, PYY, and GIP, and suppression of appetite
Correction to: Drop-Weight Impact of Composite Laminates: Modelling the Effect of a Round-Nosed Versus a Flat-Ended Impactor
Get PDFIn Table 1 of this article, the equation ω = 20−90˚ was incorrect and should have been ω = 2θ-90˚. Also, the labels (P1) to (P4) are not lined up on the right, (P2) needs to be under (P1), and for (P4), the left-hand bracket “(” obscures P. The original article has been corrected
Variations in knee compressive force profiles in patients with osteoarthritis: the absence of the first peak in knee compressive force during walking
Get PDFThis study aims to investigate the gait strategies employed by some individuals with knee osteoarthritis (KOA) who walk without the first peak of the knee contact force (KCF). Additionally, it seeks to analyze the differences between those who walk with and those who walk without the first peak. In this cross-sectional study, 55 individuals with KOA were categorized into two groups (no first peak and two peaks). Gait data were collected with a motion capture system, and individualized musculoskeletal models calculated the KCF. MRI scans were performed to compare knee joint structures and scored using BLOKS. Twenty-two of the participants exhibited a gait pattern without the first KCF peak, while 34 displayed gait patterns with its presence. Those without the first peak pattern had higher body mass and BMI (P = 0.018 and P = 0.002, respectively), greater pain intensity (P = 0.002), worse KOOS scores for pain, daily activities, and sports/recreation (P ≤ 0.003), and walked more slowly (P < 0.001). They showed increased hip adduction early in stance, decreased internal rotation. Joint moments reflected reduced hip extension, increased abduction. Knee contact force was lower during loading response around the 1st peak. No difference in knee structures was observed between the two groups. This study shows that people with KOA walking without the initial KCF peak experience worsened symptoms and distinct kinematic and kinetic adaptations compared to those who exhibit both peaks
Clinical response for 12 months or more to the first advanced therapy is associated with a significant decrease in the long-term risk of hospitalisation: A nation-wide analysis of patients from the UK Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) BioResource
No full textBackground and Aims: It is unclear if sustained response to first advanced therapy effects the long-term risk of hospitalisation in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). We have undertaken a retrospective analysis of clinical outcomes using the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) IBD BioResource database.Methods: We included adult patients (≥18 years) with Crohn’s disease (CD) or ulcerative colitis (UC) who received treatment with at least one advanced therapy. Treatment response was defined as clinical response or remission for 12 months or longer. The outcome was the incidence of IBD-related long-term risk of hospitalisation, defined as admission for IBD-related surgery or disease exacerbation requiring intravenous corticosteroids over the duration of follow-up. Results: A total of 15531 patients (CD:10024, and UC:5507) were included in the analysis. Overall, 82% of CD patients and 75.2% of UC patients experienced treatment response to their first advanced treatment. Treatment response to the first advanced therapy initiated was significantly associated with a lower long-term risk of hospitalisation in both CD (OR 0.826, 95%CI [0.797-0.857]) and UC (OR 0.975, 95%CI [0.954-0.997]). The median (IQR) time (years) for hospitalisation in CD responders was 2 years (1-4), in CD non-responders was 1.17 years (1-3), p<0.0001, while in UC responders was 1.38 years (0.85-3) and UC non-responders was 1 year (0.65-2), p<0.0019. Conclusions: Treatment response to the first advanced treatment initiated is significantly associated with a lower long-term risk of hospitalisation for IBD. Choosing the best therapy the first time may improve long-term outcomes
Optimal Incentives With Other-Regarding Principal and Agents
Get PDFAnalyzing interactions between an other-regarding principal and two other-regarding agents, we show with continuous efforts and outcomes that “team contracts” are optimal if the principal is inequity averse or not “too status seeking.” However, if the principal is sufficiently status seeking and the agents' wages are far apart, relative performance contracts or independent contracts could be the optimal choice of the principal. However, a status-seeking principal will certainly offer relative performance contracts to self-regarding agents. The above results hold when the ‘direct wage incentive’ effect is not too high. With discrete efforts and outcomes, both team contracts and relative performance contracts can be optimal if the principal is “status seeking” or “not too inequity averse.” But an extreme independent contract can also be optimal when the principal is sufficiently inequity averse. Similar results hold when the projects of the agents are correlated. With a “fair” principal, ceteris paribus, team contracts are more likely over relative performance contracts, however, relative performance contracts can also be optimal with other-regarding agents
The Psychological Distance of Modern Slavery Risk
Get PDFModern slavery has become recognized as one of the world's great human rights challenges due to the high prevalence of coercive labor exploitation associated with the production and consumption of many goods and services across the globe. Yet, while its practice is commonly considered to be “unseen” and far removed from many people's everyday lives and working experiences, the micro-level bases of individual perceptions and actions taken in response to this “distal” threat remain poorly understood. In this paper, we develop and test a model linking the “psychological distance of modern slavery risk” to individual concerns, ethical organizational climate, and intentions to engage in mitigating behaviors in the workplace. Results from a survey of 511 working adults from UK businesses show that “closer” psychological distance to modern slavery is associated with higher levels of concern and greater intention to act in response to this risk. We also find that ethical climate moderates the impact of modern slavery risk concerns on intentions to engage in mitigating behaviors. Our study findings, therefore, complement existing research by pinpointing the key roles of psychological distance and ethical climate in modern slavery risk responses and highlighting the potential for micro-level interventions to help promote antislavery action
Gender, masculinity and intersectionality debates in entrepreneurship
No full textThis Virtual Special Issue reviews contemporary debates on gender, acknowledging issues of masculinity and maleness in entrepreneurship, and the growing significance of intersectionality. It draws on publications from the International Small Business Journal to illustrate how diverse forms of masculinity and intersectional identities influence entrepreneurial activities. By challenging traditional gender binaries and exploring non-normative identities, the article calls for further research to understand the complex interplay of gender, intersectionality, and entrepreneurship in a rapidly evolving socio-economic landscape
Local delivery of Doxorubicin and Olaparib loaded injectable hydrogels with adjuvant radiotherapy improves survival in a glioblastoma in vivo model
No full textLocal drug delivery systems (LDDS) are a promising method to overcome challenges associated with chemotherapeutic treatment of brain tumours, namely poor blood-brain barrier penetration. Here we report a poly(ethyleneglycol)-poly(lactide)-poly(caprolactone)-poly(lactide)-poly(ethyleneglycol) based injectable hydrogel, PELCLE, loaded with Doxorubicin (Dox) and Olaparib (Ola) as an LDDS against glioblastoma (GBM), a primary malignant brain tumour with a poor prognosis. The thermoresponsive properties of the hydrogel, which behaved as a liquid at room temperature and formed a gel at elevated temperatures, were not impacted by the inclusion of chemotherapeutics whereby two-week sustained release was recorded for both Dox and Ola. Drug potency was assessed against a panel of GBM cell lines, both a syngeneic mouse line and primary patient-derived lines, and the combination of Dox/Ola demonstrated synergistic effects at a range of drug: drug ratios. The application of radiotherapy (XRT) in combination with Dox/Ola improved treatment efficacy both in vitro and in vivo, with a significant increase in median survival observed when Dox/Ola PELCLE hydrogels were applied against a surgical resection model of GBM (syngeneic mouse model SB28) with and without the addition of adjuvant XRT (28 and 23 days, respectively, p < 0.01). Furthermore, a long-term survivor was noted in the group treated with the drug loaded HG and XRT, which was associated with a very small residual tumour, indicating the efficacy of this treatment against a GBM in vivo model
Building Trust in Decision-Support Artificial Intelligence: A Boundary Spanning Perspective
No full textDecision-support artificial intelligence (AI) has become an essential technology for firms aiming to increase their business development by optimising strategic decisions. However, unlike other information technologies, decision-support AI often operates as a ‘black box’, which can erode trust. The current understanding of information technology trust faces challenges when attempting to explain the role of trust in decision-support AI when formulating business strategies. This study explores how firms can develop trust in decision-support AI for the formulation of business strategies. By adopting a boundary-spanning perspective, the research introduces a three-stage model that outlines specific strategies, processes, and outcomes at each stage to nurture trust in decision-support AI. This study contributes to the existing literature on AI trust by proposing an approach for building organisational trust in decision-support AI and to technology trust theory by emphasising the iterative and concurrent dynamics of trust and usage within the realm of decision-support AI, as well as the interactive capability of organisations with decision-support AI. Additionally, it enriches the boundary-spanning literature by offering a planned view on decision-support AI trust development
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