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Introduction to the Special Thematic Issue "Virtual Reality and Eye Tracking"
Get PDFTechnological advancements have made it possible to integrate eye tracking in virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR). Many new VR/AR headsets already include eye tracking as a standard feature. While its application previously has been mostly limited to research, we now see installations of eye tracking into consumer level VR products in entertainment, training, and therapy.
The combination of eye tracking and VR creates new opportunities for end users, creators, and researchers alike: The high level of immersion – while shielded from visual distractions of the physical environment – leads to natural behavior inside the virtual environment. This enables researchers to study how humans perceive and interact with three-dimensional environments in experimentally controlled, ecologically valid settings. Simultaneously, eye tracking in VR poses new challenges to gaze analyses and requires the establishment of new tools and best practices in gaze interaction and psychological research from controlling influence factors, such as simulator sickness, to adaptations of algorithms in various situations.
This thematic special issue introduces and discusses novel applications, challenges and possibilities of eye tracking and gaze interaction in VR from an interdisciplinary perspective, including contributions from the fields of psychology, human-computer interaction, human factors, engineering, neuroscience, and education. It addresses a variety of issues and topics, such as practical guidelines for VR-based eye tracking technologies, exploring new research avenues, evaluation of gaze-based assessments, and training interventions. 
Prospettive sulle difficoltà di lettura a livello universitario: opinioni divergenti di studenti e insegnanti
No full textDieser Artikel befasst sich mit den Leseschwierigkeiten von Studierenden auf Universitätsniveau. Nach einem kurzen Überblick über die wenigen existierenden Arbeiten zu diesem Thema sowie zum Thema der universitären Literalität, präsentiert unser Beitrag eine empirische Studie zu den Wahrnehmungen – der Studierenden einerseits, der Lehrpersonen andererseits – der Schwierigkeiten, die bei der Lektüre von den Texten an einer Westschweizer Philosophischen Fakultät auftreten. Die Resultate zeigen, dass die Lehrpersonen mehr und auch grössere Schwierigkeiten wahrnehmen als Studierende, und dies sowohl in allgemeinen Beurteilungen als auch in spezifischen Bereichen. Diese Unstimmigkeit sowie der Mangel an vergleichbaren Studien führen uns dazu, für weitere Recherchen und für eine Vereinheitlichung von Definitionen und Methoden zu plädieren.This article focuses on students\u27 difficulties reading at the university level. After summarizing the limited literature on the subject and outlining its links with the literature on academic literacy, our contribution presents an empirical study conducted in the humanities department at a university in the French-speaking part of Switzerland. The study focuses on the difficulties of university level reading as they are perceived by students, on the one hand, and by instructors, on the other. The results indicate that the instructors perceive more difficulties than students, whether these difficulties are considered as a whole or are examined individually. Given the sparse existing literature on the topic, this large discrepancy suggests that further studies as well as a standardization of definitions and methodologies are necessary.L’article s’intéresse aux difficultés de lecture universitaire des étudiant·e·s. Après une synthèse des rares travaux sur la question et l’expression de leurs liens avec ceux sur les littératies universitaires, notre contribution propose un compte-rendu d’une étude empirique portant sur les difficultés perçues d’étudiant·e·s d’une faculté des Lettres de Suisse romande et de celles perçues par leurs enseignant·e·s. Les résultats indiquent que ces dernier·ère·s perçoivent plus de difficultés que les premier·ère·s ; que cela soit dans une évaluation globale, ou spécifique à certains aspects de la lecture. Ce grand écart, couplé à un champ d’étude encore étroit, nous invitent à défendre la réplication de telles études et la systématisation des définitions et méthodologies à utiliser.L’articolo tratta delle difficoltà di lettura accademica da parte di studenti e studentesse. Dopo una sintesi delle rare ricerche che hanno affrontato la tematica e dopo aver indicato il loro legame con quelle che si occupano di literacy in ambito universitario, il nostro contributo presenta il resoconto di una ricerca empirica sulle difficoltà percepite dagli studenti di una facoltà di Lettere della Svizzera romanda e dai loro insegnanti. I risultati mostrano che questi ultimi percepiscono maggiori difficoltà dei primi, sia riguardo a una valutazione globale sia a specifici aspetti della lettura. Questo divario, portato alla luce in un ambito di studio ancora limitato, ci invita a sostenere la replica di tali studi e la sistematizzazione delle definizioni e delle metodologie da usare
Esther’s Power Play: Negotiating Power and Violence in the Ancient Esther Tradition
No full textThe Hebrew and the two Greek Esther narratives are important witnesses to how ancient Jewish scribes in the Hellenistic and Roman periods used fictional storytelling to negotiate the necessity of violent action to assert Jewish power in the face of imperial domination and existential threats. While previous scholarship has most often focused on moral issues concerning the drastic depiction of the battle scenes, this study aims to demonstrate that the passages describing how the Jews violently fight back against their Persian enemies illustrate the scribal interest in reflecting on questions of Jewish power and superiority. In offering an analysis of the concluding chapters of the three oldest Esther narratives, this paper also brings to light previously unnoticed variations in the depiction of violence which show that questions of power and violence were a point of continuous discussion among scribal groups. Furthermore, close attention to these variants allows for important conclusions about the socio-political and historical contexts in which these texts were likely produced.The Hebrew and the two Greek Esther narratives are important witnesses to how ancient Jewish scribes in the Hellenistic and Roman periods used fictional storytelling to negotiate the necessity of violent action to assert Jewish power in the face of imperial domination and existential threats. While previous scholarship has most often focused on moral issues concerning the drastic depiction of the battle scenes, this study aims to demonstrate that the passages describing how the Jews violently fight back against their Persian enemies illustrate the scribal interest in reflecting on questions of Jewish power and superiority. In offering an analysis of the concluding chapters of the three oldest Esther narratives, this paper also brings to light previously unnoticed variations in the depiction of violence which show that questions of power and violence were a point of continuous discussion among scribal groups. Furthermore, close attention to these variants allows for important conclusions about the socio-political and historical contexts in which these texts were likely produced
Decision-making under heat stress: Examining risk-taking and reflection impulsivity dynamics in the context of fatigue and vitality
No full textIntroduction & Purpose
Acute high temperatures and physical activity induce physiological and psychophysiological stress (Périard et al., 2021). In athletes or professions like firefighting, core body temperatures often exceed 38.5 °C (Barr et al. 2010; Schmit et al., 2017). In this hyperthermic state, firefighters must make critical decisions impacting their safety and that of others. This study investigated the effects of heat stress (passive alone or combined with walking) on decision-making, focusing on reflective impulsivity and risk-taking behaviour. Secondly, we examined how both heat stressors (passive and active) impact subjective feelings of fatigue and vitality, and we explored how fatigue and vitality levels moderate these effects.
Methods
A sample of 36 healthy men (age: M = 26.94, SD = 3.25) participated in a repeated measures design with two experimental groups equipped with firefighting clothing. They were exposed to either passive heat stress (EG1) or a combination of passive and active heat stress (EG2), and a control group (CG) receiving no heat and physical stress. The Balloon Analogue Risk Task (BART) for risk-taking behaviour and the Beads Task (BT) for reflection impulsivity were applied to test cognitive performance. Thermal comfort (TC), thermal sensation (TS), rating-of-fatigue (Micklewright et al., 2017) and vitality (Buchner et al., 2022) were recorded every five minutes. Passive heat stress was induced through sauna exposure (30 min, 60 °C; 40% relative humidity). Additionally, the EG2 performed two subsequent walks on the treadmill to reach 38.5 °C body core temperature (à 20 min). Cognitive tests were performed before heat exposure (T1), after sauna (T2) and after subsequent activity in EG2 or after an equally long rest period in EG1 (T3). CG watched a documentary. Linear Mixed Models (LMM) analysed the effects of group and time on reflection impulsivity (Draws to Decision [DTD]), risk-taking behaviour (pumps), fatigue, and vitality.
Results
This study found no significant changes for EG1 and EG2 over time (p = .37, p = .43) in reflection impulsivity (DTD) or risk-taking behaviour (pumps) across different heat conditions (p = .58, p = .84) and interaction (p = .38, p = .93) compared to CG. Including random slopes for random effect of time across fatigue (p < .001) or vitality (p = .001) resulted in a significant deterioration of the model.
EG1 showed a significant increase in fatigue to T2 compared to the CG (p < .001) and to T3 (p < .001). In EG2, fatigue increased significantly to T3 (p = .022). In EG1, vitality decreased significantly to T2 (p = .002), and to T3 (p = .020). Including TC as random effect improved the overall model fit significantly (p = .005).
Discussion and Conclusion
Passive heat stress increased fatigue, and decreased vitality in EG1. However, walking in EG2 prevented this vitality decline, suggesting a protective effect of physical activity. Thermal comfort influenced both fatigue and vitality. Interestingly, neither reflective impulsivity nor risk-taking behaviour were affected by heat stress or changes in fatigue and vitality.
References
Barr, D., Warren, G., & Reilly, T. (2010): The thermal ergonomics of firefighting reviewed. Applied Ergonomics, 41(1), 161–172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2009.07.001
Buchner, L., Amesberger, G., Finkenzeller, T., Moore, S. R., & Würth, S. (2022). The modified German subjective vitality scale (SVS-GM): Psychometric properties and application in daily life. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, Article 948906. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.948906
Micklewright, D., St Clair Gibson, A., Gladwell, V., & Al Salman, A. (2017). Development and validity of the rating-of-fatigue scale. Sports Medicine, 47(11), 2375–2393. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-017-0711-5
Périard, J. D., Eijsvogels, T. M. H., & Daanen, H. A. M. (2021). Exercise under heat stress: Thermoregulation, hydration, performance implications, and mitigation strategies. Physiological Reviews, 101(4), 1873–1979. https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00038.202
Schmit, C., Hausswirth, C., Le Meur, Y., Duffield, R. (2017): Cognitive functioning and heat strain: Performance responses and protective strategies. Sports Medicine, 47, 1289–1302. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-016-0657-
Force-velocity profiling in elite luge athletes during the simulated luge start
No full textIntroduction & Purpose
The idea of some athletes having high strength levels but being too slow for a particular movement while others are fast but not strong enough for the demands of their sport exists among many coaches. Therefore, planning decisions are often based on the measurement results of speed and force capabilities and the interest in the relationships between additional load, force, velocity and power during the required movement is high. The luge start is a ballistic movement that requires both high forces and velocities to reach maximal performance (i.e. fast starting times). Examining the load, force, velocity and power capabilities of elite luge athletes during the luge start could deliver insights for training prescription to improve individual weak points and improve performance.
This study investigated the relationship between the calculated maxima of force-velocity (FV), load-velocity (LV) and power-velocity (PV) profiles during a simulated luge start and on-ice start times in elite luge athletes.
Methods
Eleven Austrian national luge team athletes (1 female, 10 male, 25 [4.4] y, 182.4 [7.3] cm, 86.65 [10.4] kg) participated in this study. Measurements were conducted during a single testing session on a specially designed start simulator. Each athlete performed starts against 5 increasing resistances relative to their bodyweight (0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, 100%). For each pull, relative maximum force (Fmax), maximum power (Pmax) and maximum velocity (Vmax) were calculated using the measurements of a linear position transducer (GymAware PowerTool). An experimental approach was used to create the FV-, LV- and PV-profiles showing the highest R2. On-ice start times [s] were measured by photoelectric sensors (ALGE). A correlation matrix (p < .05) was used to analyze the relationships between the theoretical Pmax, Fmax (i.e. theoretical isometric maximum force), theoretically unloaded Vmax (Vmax(F0)), theoretical relative maximum loads (Lmax(V0)) and starting times obtained from the profiles.
Results
Ten linear FV profiles and 11 exponential LV were created (Figure 1; FV: R2mean = .9532 ± .06; LV: R2mean = .9918 ± .01). There were significant negative relationships between Vmax(F0) and on-ice starting times (r(9) = -.74, p < .05; r(9) = -.71, p < .05; r(9) = -.74, p < .05) and significant positive correlations between Lmax(V0) and ice start times (r(9) = .71, p < .05; r(9) = .71, p < .05; r(9) = .72, p < .05).
Discussion
The FV relationship during a simulated luge start can be represented mostly through a linear regression line, supporting the findings of former studies which showed a quasilinear relationship between force and velocity in multi-joint movements (Bobbert, 2012; Jaric, 2015). In line with earlier approaches, PV relationships could be represented quite accurately by use of second-degree polynomial regressions (Allison et al., 2013; Padulo et al., 2017). Contradictory to the linear LV relationships found in other movements (García-Ramos et al., 2018), the luge start LV profile can be better represented by exponential regression curves which could be due to the minimized friction in the luge start setup.
Conclusion
The abilities of accelerating high external loads and producing high velocities both affect luge start time.
References
Allison, S. J., Brooke-Wavell, K., & Folland, J. P. (2013). Multiple joint muscle function with ageing: The force-velocity and power-velocity relationships in young and older men. Aging Clinical and Experimental Research, 25(2), 159-166. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-013-0024-y
Bobbert, M. F. (2012). Why is the force-velocity relationship in leg press tasks quasi-linear rather than hyperbolic? Journal of Applied Physiology, 112(12), 1975-1983. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00787.2011
García-Ramos, A., Pestaña-Melero, F. L., Pérez-Castilla, A., Rojas, F. J., & Haff, G. G. (2018). Differences in the load–velocity profile between 4 bench-press variants. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 13(3), 326–331. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2017-0158
Jaric, S. (2015). Force-velocity relationship of muscles performing multi-joint maximum performance tasks. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 36(9), 699-704. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0035-1547283
Padulo, J., Migliaccio, G. M., Ardigò, L. P., Leban, B., Cosso, M., & Samozino, P. (2017). Lower limb force, velocity, power capabilities during leg press and squat movements. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 38(14), 1083-1089. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0043-11834
Synergy of exercise and hypoxia for brain health and aging – A narrative review
No full textRegular exercise is a well-established means to improve brain health and prevent age-related neurological diseases, including dementia (Marques-Aleixo et al., 2020). The precise mechanisms how direct exercise effects are transmitted to the brain remain incompletely understood. However, the increased oxygen demand and associated metabolic stress in the primarily affected tissues – the working skeletal muscle, the cardiovascular and the respiratory system – likely play crucial roles in exercise-signalling to the brain (Severinsen & Pedersen, 2020). Besides the mobilization of beneficial circulating factors, the modulation of blood properties and blood-flow, the immune system and the autonomous system are involved. Intriguingly, physiological stress induced by low environmental oxygen availability (hypoxia) can induce the activation of similar processes like exercise. The aim of this contribution is to evaluate the role of hypoxia in the benefits of exercise on the brain.
Accumulating evidence demonstrates the potential of direct modulation of inspired oxygen levels to improve neurological diseases (Burtscher et al., 2021). Reduced all-cause mortality in people living at moderate altitudes (and therefore in chronic, mild hypobaric hypoxia) may also be associated with reduced risk of neurological diseases, including of stroke (Faeh et al., 2009). This is surprising, because the hypoxic stress at moderate altitudes (usually defined as altitudes between 1,500 and 2,500 m) is generally considered too low to induce substantial hypoxia adaptations. It is thus possible that the combination of moderate environmental hypoxia at moderate altitude with the increased oxygen demand during exercise is required to promote protective adaptations, such as of the brain. Considering this possibility, synergistic and complementary molecular and systemic responses and adaptations to exercise and hypoxia may benefit the brain. Among the involved molecular processes are mitochondrial changes following cellular stress that are also linked to the regulation of adaptations by the transcription factor hypoxia inducible factor, which is activated by both hypoxia and exercise. Mitochondria are the main molecular oxygen consumers, respond sensitively to stress and dispose of a wide array of intra- and intercellular communication modes (Memme et al., 2021). Moreover, exerkines, blood-borne factors released in response to exercise, have emerged as important mediators of inter-organ exercise-signalling (Severinsen & Pedersen, 2020) and modulate the autonomic and immune system in response to hypoxic and metabolic stress.
In conclusion, the activation of endogenous responses to hypoxic and metabolic stress are powerful means to improve brain health and healthy aging. Based on the overlapping and distinct physiological responses to hypoxia and exercise, brain benefits of exercising at higher altitudes and advances in the development of customized strategies to improve brain resilience are promising approaches to target neurological diseases. While the safe performance of exercise in moderate altitudes is already considered an impactful way to improve brain health, the optimization of combined exercise and (artificially induced) hypoxia for specific target groups requires further in-depth investigation.
References
Burtscher, J., Mallet, R. T., Burtscher, M., & Millet, G. P. (2021). Hypoxia and brain aging: Neurodegeneration or neuroprotection? Ageing Research Reviews, 68, Article 101343. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arr.2021.101343
Faeh, D., Gutzwiller, F., Bopp, M., & Group, S. N. C. S. (2009). Lower mortality from coronary heart disease and stroke at higher altitudes in Switzerland. Circulation, 120(6), 495-501. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.819250
Marques-Aleixo, I., Beleza, J., Sampaio, A., Stevanović, J., Coxito, P., Gonçalves, I., Ascensão, A., & Magalhães, J. (2020). Preventive and therapeutic potential of physical exercise in neurodegenerative diseases. Antioxidants & Redox Signaling, 34(8), 674–693. https://doi.org/10.1089/ars.2020.8075
Memme, J. M., Erlich, A. T., Phukan, G., & Hood, D. A. (2021). Exercise and mitochondrial health. The Journal of Physiology, 599(3), 803-817. https://doi.org/10.1113/jp278853
Severinsen, M. C. K., & Pedersen, B. K. (2020). Muscle-organ crosstalk: The emerging roles of myokines. Endocrine Reviews, 41(4), 594-609. https://doi.org/10.1210/endrev/bnaa01
Focus on reflective competence: A triangulation to examine youth soccer coaches\u27 reflective competence
No full textIntroduction & Purpose
Coaching is recognized as a complex socio-educational interaction (Jones, 2007), a view supported by the German Football Association (DFB). The DFB emphasizes reflection in the development of football coaches, seeing it as essential for the quality of coaching and the holistic development of youth players. Reflective competence (RC) is seen as a key component of professionalization (DFB, 2022), defined as the ability and willingness to comprehensively deal with one’s own knowledge and actions in breadth and to achieve a certain depth in the reflexive and transformative engagement with issues (Krieg & Kreis, 2014).
Studies show that coaches learn primarily through observation and experience (Cushion, et al., 2012), which risks perpetuating outdated behaviors. Against this background, our study asks: What (breadth) and how (depth) do youth coaches reflect on their knowledge and coaching practice?
Method
Seven coaches from DFB selection centers in Bavaria participated in the study. Their training sessions were videotaped and used for reflection in stimulated recall interviews (Dempsey, 2010). Coaches were asked about their understanding of reflection using narrative prompts and to reflect independently on their training sessions using the video sequences. Analysis included categorizing the understanding and relevance of reflection, as well as the breadth and depth of reflection, taking into account individual differences.
Result
Coaches understood reflection as “thinking about oneself” or “looking back” to consciously justify or improve practices. They showed a high level of willingness to reflect, especially valuing peer feedback. In terms of breadth, coaches mostly reflected on corrective feedback behaviors, error patterns, or training alternatives. However, the depth of reflection was limited; coaches often moved to transformative reflection without deeply analyzing issues, lacking detailed descriptions against related assumptions, previous experiences, or theoretical explanations.
Discussion
Coaches focused primarily on optimizing practices rather than examining issues in depth. The breadth of reflection is consistent with the DFB\u27s shift from coach-dominated to player-dominated training practices.
Conclusion
Our study highlights the critical role of reflection in the professional development of youth soccer coaches at DFB selection centers in Bavaria. While coaches show a significant willingness to engage in reflective practices, there is a notable deficiency in the depth of their reflection. This highlights the need for enhanced reflective training programs that encourage deeper, more comprehensive engagement with coaching practices and theoretical knowledge. By fostering such reflective competence, coaches can contribute to a more nuanced and effective coaching methodology, ultimately benefiting the holistic development of youth players.
References
Cushion, J., Ford, P., & Williams, M. (2012). Coach behaviours and practice structures in youth soccer: Implications for talent development. Journal of Sports Sciences, 30(15), 1631–1641. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2012.721930
Dempsey, N. P. (2010). Stimulated recall interviews in ethnography. Qualitative Sociology, 33(3), 349-367. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11133-010-9157-x
Deutscher Fußball Bund. (05.02.2022). DFB-Akademie startet mit neuem Ausbildungskonzept. https://www.dfb.de/news/detail/dfb-akademie-startet-mit-neuem-ausbildungskonzept-236675/
Jones, R. L. (2007). Coaching redefined: An everyday pedagogical endeavour. Sport, Education and Society, 12(2),159-173. https://doi.org/10.1080/13573320701287486
Krieg, M., & Kreis, A. (2014). Reflexion in Mentoringgesprächen – Ein Mythos? [Reflection in mentoring discussions - A myth?] Zeitschrift für Hochschulentwicklung, 9(1),103-117. https://doi.org/10.3217/zfhe-9-01/1
Do they really return to early? Investigating the causal effect of rehab time on injury risk after return to play in elite football
No full textIn elite football, injury risk is considerable. Consequently, optimal rehabilitation and an adequate time point of return-to-play (RTP) are crucial. The elevated injury risk in the weeks after RTP (e.g. Orchard & Best, 2002; Wangensteen et al., 2016) and the time course of biological healing processes (Orchard & Best, 2002) nourished the speculation that players generally return to early. While the previously reported negative association between rehab time and injury risk after RTP (e.g. Beischer et al., 2020; Della Villa et al., 2021; Orchard & Best, 2002) points in the same direction, the truism “Correlation does not imply causation.” must be considered. To the best of our knowledge, the causal effect of rehab time on injury risk has not been investigated so far. This work aims to contribute towards closing this gap in knowledge. Specifically, to scrutinize if a reduction in injury risk may be expected when RTP is delayed.
Previous time-loss injuries and match exposures of players currently playing in the European top leagues (Germany, Austria, France, Spain, Italy, Netherlands, United Kingdom) were collected from public sources and episodes (index injury-RTP-subsequent injury) constructed. Data analysis was conducted in R. Considering the time dependence of the excess injury risk after RTP, we analyzed injury occurrence after RTP within a fixed time frame (28 days). A robust scaling approach was used for making rehab time comparable between index injury diagnoses. Exposure within the 28-day period was adjusted for eventual time loss due to subsequent injury. The association between rehab time and injury was analyzed using logistic regression. Odds ratios (OR) were calculated from regression coefficients and adjusted for baseline probability to avoid overestimation of relative risk (RR). Two approaches were used to delineate a potential causal effect: (a) sensitivity analysis for the putative confounder (using Cornfield’s inequality) and (b) path analysis which due to the simple causal diagram could be implemented by including exposure in the logistic regression model.
Eight thousand six hundred and forty-four episodes could be included among which 1,245 (14 %) had a subsequent injury within 28 days. There was a highly significant negative association between scaled rehab time and injury risk (RR 0.896), which was more pronounced for recurrences (RR 0.815). Cornfield’s inequality indicates that exposure would have to be lower by at least ~10% for every interquartile range of rehab time of the respective index injury to account for the observed association. While this is substantial, early return is in fact closely associated with higher exposure and this association accounts entirely for the observed association between rehab time and injury risk (Figure 1). Note that Figure 1 also shows that high exposures are observed exclusively after an early return.
We conclude that the negative association between rehab time and injury risk is largely accounted for by higher exposures after early return. However, following from the limitations associated with predicting outside the range of previously observed values, the virtual absence of high exposures after long rehab (for the respective diagnosis) impedes on predicting the effect of prolonging rehab time.
References
Beischer, S., Gustavsson, L., Senorski, E. H., Karlsson, J., Thomee, C., Samuelsson, K., & Thomee, R. (2020). Young athletes who return to sport before 9 months after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction have a rate of new injury 7 times that of those who delay return. Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy, 50(2), 83-90. https://doi.org/10.2519/jospt.2020.9071
Della Villa, F., Hagglund, M., Della Villa, S., Ekstrand, J., & Walden, M. (2021). High rate of second ACL injury following ACL reconstruction in male professional footballers: An updated longitudinal analysis from 118 players in the UEFA Elite Club Injury Study. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 55(23), 1350-1356. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2020-103555
Orchard, J., & Best, T. M. (2002). The management of muscle strain injuries: An early return versus the risk of recurrence. Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine, 12(1), 3-5. https://doi.org/10.1097/00042752-200201000-00004
Wangensteen, A., Tol, J. L., Witvrouw, E., Van Linschoten, R., Almusa, E., Hamilton, B., & Bahr, R. (2016). Hamstring reinjuries occur at the same location and early after return to sport: A descriptive study of MRI-confirmed reinjuries. American Journal of Sports Medicine, 44(8), 2112-2121. https://doi.org/10.1177/036354651664608
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