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Pronombre o adjetivo demostrativo o este… marcador del discurso: El uso del marcador del discurso este en el español de México
Get PDFThis paper aims to present observations on the pragmaticalized use as well as the concomitant functions of the demonstrative este in Mexican Spanish. Este seems to serve an additional range of functions in Mexican Spanish in particular, but also in other Hispanic American varieties, as it has turned into a quite productive discourse marker that can be considered, among other things, as a hesitation element, an outline signal, and probably also as an evidentiality marker. The specific functional domains (especially with regard to possible evidential functions) will be illustrated in more detail in the paper using oral language data from the speaker community of the southern Mexican city of Oaxaca de Juárez. The study also includes a sociolinguistically oriented quantitative analysis, the results of which will also be discussed in the context of language ideological attitudes towards este
Selecting the appropriate speed for rotational elements in human-machine interfaces: A quantitative study
Get PDFThe motion of rotation, which served as a dynamic symbol within human-computer interfaces, has garnered extensive attention in interface and graphic design. This study aimed to establish speed benchmarks for interface design by exploring visual system preferences for the perception of both simple and complex rotating icons within the velocity range of 5-1800 degrees per second. The research conducted two experiments with 12 participants to examine the observers’ just noticeable difference in speed (JNDS) and perceived speed for rotational icons. Experiment one measured the JNDS over eight-speed levels using a constant stimulus method, achieving a range of 14.9-29%. Building on this, experiment two proposed a sequence of speeds within the given range and used a rating scale method to assess observers \u27 subjective perception of the speed series\u27 rapidity. The findings indicated that speed increases impacted the ability to differentiate between speeds; key points for categorizing low, medium, and high speeds were identified at 10, 180, and 720 degrees/s, respectively. Shape complexity was found to modulate the visual system\u27s perception of actual speed, such that at rotation speeds above 180 degrees/s, complex icons appeared to rotate faster than simpler ones. Most importantly, the study applied quantitative methods and metrology to interface design, offering a more scientific approach to the design workflow
Tamás Turán. Ignaz Goldziher as a Jewish Orientalist: Traditional Learning, Critical Scholarship, and Personal Piety. Berlin: De Gruyter Oldenbourg, 2023
No full textGeisterhände – neu belebt: Das Projekt „Magic Piano“ an der Hochschule der Künste Bern ermöglicht neue Zugänge zu historischen Klavierrollen-Aufnahmen
Get PDFSince more than 15 years, the Bern University of the Arts (HKB) has been researching early 20th century piano and organ rolls. In the SNF‑AGORA‑Project "Magic Piano", researchers are seeking ways to make the recordings and related insights accessible to a larger public through the website www.magic-piano.ch.Since more than 15 years, the Bern University of the Arts (HKB) has been researching early 20th century piano and organ rolls. In the SNF‑AGORA‑Project "Magic Piano", researchers are seeking ways to make the recordings and related insights accessible to a larger public through the website www.magic-piano.ch.Since more than 15 years, the Bern University of the Arts (HKB) has been researching early 20th century piano and organ rolls. In the SNF‑AGORA‑Project "Magic Piano", researchers are seeking ways to make the recordings and related insights accessible to a larger public through the website www.magic-piano.ch.Since more than 15 years, the Bern University of the Arts (HKB) has been researching early 20th century piano and organ rolls. In the SNF‑AGORA‑Project "Magic Piano", researchers are seeking ways to make the recordings and related insights accessible to a larger public through the website www.magic-piano.ch
Towards flow field measurements around dynamic cross-country skiers
No full textFlow field measurements around cross-country skiers (xc skiers) are lacking in the literature to date. The aim was therefore to investigate the possibility of using particle tracking velocimetry for visualization and measurement of the flow field around xc skiers roller skiing on a treadmill in a wind tunnel. The airflow was seeded with neutrally buoyant helium-filled soap bubbles as tracer particles, following the flow without affecting it. As illumination, two different approaches were tested: first, a laser in the cameras’ line of sight (sagittal plane), then an LED unit directed vertically in a narrow slice, clearly limiting the depth of the measurement volume in the cameras’ line of sight. The flow field was studied at various speeds (3-7 m/s) around a single skier as well as around two skiers in line with the streaming airflow. It was found that the experimental approach has the potential to provide detailed insights, both qualitatively and quantitatively, into the flow field dynamics. The main challenges regarding setup, illumination, seeding, and cameras were identified, and possible improvements to streamline the experimental methodology were discussed
The puzzle of monitoring training load in winter sports - A hard nut to crack?
No full textElite winter sports have become increasingly professionalized and commercialized, often accompanied by congested competition schedules. This has brought the topic of load management, i.e., planning, monitoring, and adaptation, enormous attention in the scientific community. In this review, we summarize the general knowledge from various sports about training load and its effects on injuries and illnesses. After outlining the fundamentals of load monitoring, we present common monitoring tools, i.e., neuromuscular performance tests, heart rate measures, blood-based biomarkers, and questionnaires and discuss their potentials and pitfalls in application. Studies have identified training load-related variables, but also other factors such as travelling, previous injuries, or age contributing to the occurrence of illness and injury. Based on our findings, the use of monitoring tools must be context-specific and long-term, considering statistical aspects as well. Promising study designs and future perspectives are finally highlighted, with the general conclusion that there is still a clear need for research on this topic in general and in the field of winter sports in particular
Load and recovery monitoring in Swiss top-level youth soccer players: Exploring the associations of a new web application-based score with recognised load measures
No full textIntroduction
Systematic assessment of load and recovery in athletes is essential for effectively adjusting various training demands and their corresponding recovery measures (Kellmann et al., 2018), thereby reducing the risk of nonfunctional overreaching, overtraining, and potential subsequent injuries and illnesses (Bourdon et al., 2017; Kellmann et al., 2018; Taylor et al., 2012). The information obtained from the assessment can support athletes, coaching staff, and their medical teams in the tightrope act between performance optimisation and injury risk reduction. The expert consensus in the field of load and recovery monitoring and other research emphasises the importance of employing a multivariate approach for assessing load and recovery (Bourdon et al., 2017; Kellmann et al., 2018). Various physiological and psychological measures should be used for this purpose (Heidari et al., 2019). In team sports, it is also required that these assessments be carried out quickly, non-invasively, and with minimal added burden on the athletes (Thorpe et al., 2017). In this research project, we developed a web application-based Load and Recovery Score (LRS) and evaluated its relationship with established load parameters. It is assumed that specific training and match load variables correlate negatively with the following day’s LRS when controlled for intra-subject variability.
Methods
78 female and male athletes from the U18, U19 and U21 teams of the Swiss soccer club “BSC Young Boys” were selectively recruited. 71 players (32.4% female) with an average age of 17.9 years (SD = 1.2) were monitored over a minimum period of 35 days. A repeated-measure design by means of a five-to-seven-week prospective longitudinal data collection was used in this study. The dependent variable (LRS) and four other independent load variables were repeatedly measured over time in the same athletes. The LRS comprises eight subscales integrated into an interval-scaled score ranging from 0 to 120. A higher score indicates a better recovery state and lower loads. The players recorded values for these eight different subscales daily using the web application. The subscales include questions drawn from various previously validated questionnaires related to the player’s 1) Physical capability, 2) General state of regeneration, 3) Muscular stress, 4) Fatigue, 5) Mood, and 6) Sleep quality, contributing to the recovery component of the score. Additionally, there are two load subscales pertaining to the player’s 7) Heart Rate Variability (HRV) and their 8) Acute:Chronic Workload Ratio (ACWR). The entries are either directly recorded on an ordinal scale (0-6) or are converted to conform to this scale level. Daily logs are incorporated into the different subscale values using a specific algorithm. The algorithm is informed by current research recommendations and is a proprietary business secret. The independent variables included the subjective Player- and Trainer – Session Rating of Perceived Exertion (PSRPE/TSRPE), as well as two GPS and accelerometry-based parameters: Total distance covered (TD) and Total distance > 20km/h (TD20). To examine direction and strength of the relationship between the LRS and the above-mentioned measures of training and match load, various linear mixed-effects models (LMM) were fitted via restricted maximum likelihood (REML). Random intercepts were defined for each player to account for the repeated within-subject measurements (Fisher et al., 2018; Molenaar & Campbell, 2009; Neumann et al., 2021), and the demographic control variables Height, Body mass and Sex were included in the models. Furthermore, the variance explained by the random effects was calculated using Nakagawa’s marginal and conditional R2 for mixed models.
Results
All training and match load parameters demonstrated significant negative correlations with the subsequent day’s LRS. In the linear mixed-effects model analysis PSRPE and TSRPE showed similar fixed effects (-0.013, 95% CI [-0.017, -0.010], p < .001 versus -0.008, 95% CI [-0.011, -0.006], p < .001), while TD exhibited stronger associations (-0.668, 95% CI [-0.979, -0.355], p < .001) than TD20 (-0.009, 95% CI [-0.012, -0.006], p < .001). The addition of control variables did not significantly influence direction or magnitude of the model’s effects. Variance explained by the residual factor ID (defining each individual) was high (≥ 0.444) in all of the analyses and post-hoc analyses on the influence of the variables Playing position and Sex showed high variation between these subgroups.
Discussion/Conclusion
The results show that the LRS has significant negative associations when controlled for repeated within-subject measurements with different subjective and objective training and match load measures, such as the PSRPE, the TSRPE, TD, and TD20. Therefore, it can track the effect of those variables whilst also being an indicator of different recovery parameters.
All training and match load variables behave according to the a priori assumption and correlate negatively with the following day’s LRS. This is in line with the available literature, where it has already been shown that certain parameters, which are also part of the score, show good moderate to strong evidence for associations with different load indicators. The fact that the variance explained by the residual factor ID and the influence of grouping variables (Playing position/Sex) was high in all the analyses is consistent with current research (Hader et al., 2019; Neumann et al., 2021), where the impact of the different load parameters on recovery varied across groups and individuals.
No single marker can provide global information (Temm et al., 2022) regarding an athlete’s recovery. The comprehensive LRS offers a solution to that problem because it can track different load parameters in elite youth soccer players and present multiple accepted recovery and load measures separately and on an individual level so that athletes, coaches and staff can use it to enhance their knowledge of responses (Bourdon et al., 2017) and determine future training and match load as well as suited means of recovery. By doing this, injury risk could be reduced and performance optimised. The ultimate decision of which monitoring tools to work with should remain with the sports professionals. It is essential that the protocol has reasonable practicability and uses an individualised (Temm et al., 2022), and multimodal approach, including biological and social aspects (Heidari et al., 2019).
References
Bourdon, P. C., Cardinale, M., Murray, A., Gastin, P., Kellmann, M., Varley, M. C., Gabbett, T. J., Coutts, A. J., Burgess, D. J., Gregson, W., & Cable, N. T. (2017). Monitoring athlete training loads: Consensus statement. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 12(Suppl 2), S2161–S2170. https://doi.org/10.1123/IJSPP.2017-0208
Fisher, A. J., Medaglia, J. D., & Jeronimus, B. F. (2018). Lack of group-to-individual generalizability is a threat to human subjects research. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 115(27), E6106–E6115. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1711978115
Hader, K., Rumpf, M. C., Hertzog, M., Kilduff, L. P., Girard, O., & Silva, J. R. (2019). Monitoring the athlete match response: Can external load variables predict post-match acute and residual fatigue in soccer? A systematic review with meta-analysis. Sports Medicine - Open, 5(1), Article 48. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40798-019-0219-7
Heidari, J., Beckmann, J., Bertollo, M., Brink, M., Kallus, W., Robazza, C., & Kellmann, M. (2019). Multidimensional monitoring of recovery status and implications for performance. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 14(1), 2-8. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2017-0669
Kellmann, M., Bertollo, M., Bosquet, L., Brink, M., Coutts, A. J., Duffield, R., Erlacher, D., Halson, S. L., Hecksteden, A., Heidari, J., Kallus, K. W., Meeusen, R., Mujika, I., Robazza, C., Skorski, S., Venter, R., & Beckmann, J. (2018). Recovery and performance in sport: Consensus statement. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 13(2), 240–245. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2017-0759
Molenaar, P. C. M., & Campbell, C. G. (2009). The new person-specific paradigm in psychology. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 18(2), 112–117. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8721.2009.01619.x
Neumann, N. D., Van Yperen, N. W., Brauers, J. J., Frencken, W., Brink, M. S., Lemmink, K. A. P. M., Meerhoff, L. A., & Den Hartigh, R. J. R. (2021). Nonergodicity in load and recovery: Group results do not generalize to individuals. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 17(3), 391–399. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2021-0126
Taylor, K.-L., Chapman, D., Cronin, J., Newton, M., & Gill, N. (2012). Fatigue monitoring in high performance sport: A survey of current trends. Journal of Australian Strength and Conditioning, 20, 12–23.
Temm, D. A., Standing, R. J., & Best, R. (2022). Training, wellbeing and recovery load monitoring in female youth athletes. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(18), 11463. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191811463
Thorpe, R. T., Atkinson, G., Drust, B., & Gregson, W. (2017). Monitoring fatigue status in elite team-sport athletes: Implications for practice. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 12(Suppl 2), S227–S234. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2016-043
The effects of eccentric arm crank training on upper body performance in elite athletes with a spinal cord injury
No full textIntroduction
Eccentric strength training is a promising approach to improving upper body strength in athletes, as this type of training has several advantages over training that involves concentric or isometric muscle action (Hoppeler, 2016). Eccentric training shows greater gains in muscle strength and mass with lower cardiovascular and metabolic demands (Douglas et al., 2017; Roig et al., 2009). This, combined with the time-efficient components, makes eccentric training particularly attractive for use in athletes with spinal cord injury (SCI). Despite an increasing number of studies focusing on eccentric training in the lower extremities, little is known about the effects in upper body extremities. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to investigate the feasibility of an eccentric arm-crank training protocol and its effects on upper body performance in elite athletes with SCI.
Methods
Nine strength training experienced elite athletes (median (Q1-Q3) age 29 (25–35) years) 6 men, 6 (3-10) years active as elite athlete, 12 (10-13) hours of weekly training) with SCI were recruited. The athletes were active in various wheelchair sports including basketball, cycling and athletics. The athletes performed twenty eccentric arm-crank training sessions (2-3 sessions/week for 10-12 weeks), during which intensity (74-182% of predetermined maximal aerobic power) and duration (8-14 min) were progressively increased. The following parameters were assessed before and after the intervention: maximal strength (one repetition maximum (1RM) bench press, grip strength), anaerobic performance (Wingate test), aerobic performance (V̇O2peak-ramp test), arm circumferences. The normal training routine was continued during the study.
Results
Nine athletes with paraplegia successfully completed the eccentric arm-cranking protocol. The cardiometabolic demands of the training sessions were relatively low at an intensity of 69% (66-76) of maximum heart rate. The athletes improved their maximal aerobic power (+3%, p = 0.047) and increased their arm circumferences (+1-3%, p ≤ 0.027). The further parameters showed no significant improvements, nevertheless most athletes showed individual improvements in all parameters.
Discussion/Conclusion
Twenty sessions of progressive eccentric arm-cranking, added on top of the normal training routine, improved performance in elite athletes with SCI. The individual improvements found in the athletes are clinically relevant as in this well-trained population, any further gains in upper body performance can be difficult to reach. Nevertheless, such progress can make a critical difference in competition. These preliminary data suggest that our protocol is a feasible method for improving upper body performance in elite athletes using eccentric strength training. A future study will assess the effects of eccentric training during primary SCI rehabilitation.
References
Douglas, J., Pearson, S., Ross, A., & McGuigan, M. (2017). Chronic adaptations to eccentric training: A systematic review. Sports Medicine, 47(5), 917-941. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-016-0628-4
Hoppeler, H. (2016). Moderate load eccentric exercise; A distinct novel training modality. Frontiers in Physiology, 7, Article 483. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2016.00483
Roig, M., O’Brien, K., Kirk, G., Murray, R., McKinnon, P., Shadgan, B., & Reid, W. D. (2009). The effects of eccentric versus concentric resistance training on muscle strength and mass in healthy adults: A systematic review with meta-analysis. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 43(8), 556-568. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2008.05141
Inventing safe sport: Comparing Swiss and global strategies
No full textThe revelations from the Magglingen Protocols article (Gertsch & Krogerus, 2020) brought a spotlight of Switzerland’s national attention to the issues concerning safeguarding against maltreatment in sport. The experiences of the athletes featured in the article were certainly not the first, nor the last, of their kind in Switzerland, and much less in the world. While the International Olympic Committee provided guidelines for international federations and national Olympic committees to follow in the development of their own safeguarding programs (Burrows, 2017), the implementation of such programs varies considerably. Few, if any, in the emerging field would claim to have found the “right” way to handle the many facets of safeguarding, which are complexified by sociocultural norms and definitions, sport-specific practices, and local jurisprudence. Questions about who within the sports ecosystem is responsible, and for what, in the safeguarding process lack consensus, and countries have answered them in their own ways. Fundamentally, the philosophical notions of what constitutes “abuse,” “maltreatment,” “care,” and “wellbeing” (among others) underpin any attempt to understand the safeguarding problem and respond to it with policy. The cultural differences in the meanings behind these notions leads consequently to the dissimilar implementation of efforts to address them. This presentation proposes a critical reflection on the strategic efforts globally and within Switzerland to understand and frame the issue of safeguarding to create a unified approach in policy making. While not an exhaustive comparison of every nation’s approach, the reflection will compare the Swiss strategy with certain notable examples, highlighting what pressing moral and philosophical questions the Swiss strategy has yet to answer.
References
Burrows, K. (2017). IOC Safeguarding Toolkit for IFs and NOCs. International Olympic Committee. https://d2g8uwgn11fzhj.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/18105952/IOC_Safeguarding_Toolkit_ENG_Screen_Full1.pdf
Gertsch, C., & Krogerus, M. (2020, October 31). Die Magglingen Protokolle. Tages-Anzeiger Das Magazin. https://www.tagesanzeiger.ch/wie-turnerinnen-in-magglingen-gebrochen-werden-17052560471
Hypoxic, blood flow restriction, or eccentric cycling: Which training intervention is the most effective in elderly individuals?
No full textIntroduction
The global rise in the elderly population is accompanied by an increased incidence of non-communicable diseases, including cancers, cardiovascular conditions, or sarcopenia. Therefore, it becomes crucial to find effective strategies to delay the onset or slow down the progression of these diseases. Hypoxic (HYP), blood flow restriction (BFR), and eccentric (ECC) training are promising modalities to mitigate the effects of aging. However, these training strategies have never been compared. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate whether moderate-intensity intermittent training (MIIT) combined with HYP, BFR, or ECC can induce similar or greater effects in strength and muscle mass in the elderly, compared to traditional cycling training (CON).
Methods
Fifty-five elderly participants completed a four-week MIIT protocol on cycle ergometers, divided into HYP, BFR, ECC, and CON groups. The HYP group trained under hypoxic conditions (inspired oxygen fraction ~14%), BFR group used occlusion cuffs applied proximally on thighs (~350 mmHg occlusion pressure), ECC group trained with an eccentric cycle-ergometer, and the CON group underwent standard cycling training. The first week consisted of 3 sets of 5 min exercise followed by 5 min rest and an additional set was added each week. All groups maintained a 60-rpm cadence, with intensity set at a 14-perceived exertion level on the 6-20 Borg scale.
Strength parameters were assessed via isokinetic tests at angular velocities of 30°/s, 90°/s, and 180°/s, as well as isometric and endurance tests. Endurance strength was calculated as a percentage decrement score during 30 repetitions at 180°/s and the rate of force development was calculated on the isometric test.
Muscle-bone cross-sectional area (CSA) was measured by integrating thigh circumference measured using a measuring tape, and anterior and posterior adipose tissue thickness assessed with a B-mode ultrasound.
Results
Post-training, all groups showed increased isometric quadriceps strength (14 ± 15%, p < 0.001) and strength at all angular velocities: 18 ± 17% and 15 ± 21% (30°/s), 17 ± 20% and 20 ± 26% (90°/s), 10 ± 14% and 10 ± 16% (180°/s) for quadriceps and hamstrings respectively, all P < 0.001. No significant group interaction effects were noted, except for hamstring strength at 30°/s (P = 0.038), with no improvements in the ECC group. No changes in the rate of force development or dynamic endurance post-training were noted. Thigh circumference increased (1 ± 2%, p = 0.008), without difference between training modalities.
No significant variations in adipose tissue thickness or muscle-bone CSA occurred. The ECC group had higher training intensity (173.2 ± 7.5 W) than HYP (169.6 ± 9.8 W), BFR (169.9 ± 11.6 W), and CON (169.6 ± 8.4 W) groups (p < 0.001). Training heart rate was lower in ECC (104.5 ± 6.6 bpm) compared to BFR (117.5 ± 10.5 bpm; p = 0.007) and CON (122.2 ± 12.3 bpm; p = 0.001), but similar to HYP (112.2 ± 9.4 bpm).
Discussion/Conclusion
MIIT, regardless of modality, effectively improves muscle strength in the elderly. Unexpectedly, no single training method was superior. Power output reduction has been proposed as an advantage of HYP and BFR modalities but was not observed in the present study. These results advocate for a personalized approach to training prescriptions, considering individual preferences and health conditions. Future research should explore longer training durations and impacts on other health outcomes such as cardiovascular and respiratory health
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