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Review of Umberto Livadiotti. SOGNANDO IL PASSATO. Archeologia, storia antica e immaginario nazionalista
No full textRecensione a Umberto Livadiotti. SOGNANDO IL PASSATO. Archeologia, storia antica e immaginario nazionalistaReview of Umberto Livadiotti. SOGNANDO IL PASSATO. Archeologia, storia antica e immaginario nazionalist
Eine vergessene Konjektur J. G. Frazers zu Ov. Fast. 5, 74
Get PDFIn Ov. Fast. 5, 74 the paradosis offers tangor, otherwise unattested as verbum dicendi governing an accusative with infinitive. Comparing Ov. Fast. 5, 625 f. and Verg. Aen. 7, 144, this note argues for reading rumor (proposed but then rejected by J. G. Frazer) instead of tangor explaining the corruption as a melting of a former gloss fama (perhaps corrupted into tam) into the original rumor producing the non-latin *famor or *tamor then emended by a scribe or corrector into the tangor of the manuscripts. Reconstructed rumor in 5, 74 allows for an interesting comparison between 5, 69–76 and 2, 491–508 showing how Ovid criticizes both the selfish senate of the late republic and the princeps who removed power from the republican institution in an arbitrary manner.В рукописном чтении Ov. Fast. 5, 74 глагол tangor выступает как verbum dicendi, от которого зависит acc. cum inf. Однако такое значение больше нигде не засвидетельствовано. Опираясь на параллели Ov. Fast. 5, 625 f. и Verg. Aen. 7, 144, автор защищает конъектуру rumor, предложенную, но затем отвергнутую Дж. Фрезером. Он предполагает, что глосса fama (очевидно, в искаженной форме tam) слилась со словом rumor, которое она была призвана объяснять, в виде *famor или *tamor, что было затем исправлено на tangor. Чтение rumor в 5, 74 позволяет сопоставить 5, 69–76 с 2, 491–508 и проследить, как Овидий критикует эгоизм позднереспубликанского сената и принцепса, по своему произволу лишившего власти республиканские установления
Safeguarding in Sport: The Performative Compliance of International Sports Federations
No full textIntroduction
For decades, cases of sexual abuse and harassment of athletes have been ignored or minimised due to silence, collusion, fear of reputational damage and ignorance (Mountjoy, 2016). Sports authorities have often avoided or shown reluctance to address these issues (Brackenridge, 1994; Lang & Hartill, 2016). This work provides a systematic overview of the measures implemented by 40 Olympic IFs: preventive and protective mechanisms, procedures, and documentation that define or explain safeguarding frameworks and reporting systems. Beyond the objective aspects of these actions, symbolic dimensions are included, leading to introduce the concept of “performative compliance”. It refers to the phenomenon where IFs implement safeguarding measures to demonstrate their adherence to emerging standards in the field of international sport and convince other stakeholders that they are meeting these good governance criteria.
Methods To develop the concept of performative compliance through the exam of 40 IFs, the “7P model” developed by Mergaert et al. (2023) was used to provide a systematic inventory of the safeguarding policies, decisions, and measures implemented. To support this concept, Bourdieu’s Theory of Fields and Goffman’s Interactionist Sociology were used.
Results
Safeguarding has emerged as a new standard in the field of international sports, marked by the proliferation of measures implemented by IFs. This shift is accompanied by a growing alignment of terminology and definitions, reflecting a consensus on the approach to safeguarding in international sports. The pivotal role of the IOC in defining this standard is key, demonstrating how IFs converge toward these expectations. They tend to prioritize initiatives with strong symbolic value: safeguarding measures implemented often prioritize structural changes to foster deeper cultural shifts; they opt for highly visible and easily communicable actions. Moreover, safeguarding is frequently conflated with broader integrity issues.
Discussion/Conclusion
In response to external pressures and heightened expectations from stakeholders, IFs—guided by IOC—have actively crafted policies aimed at athlete protection. Beyond the sheer proliferation of these measures, there is a clear convergence in terms of types, timelines, and language. This movement underscores the prioritization by IFs of actions that are highly effective in signaling compliance with emerging safeguarding norms. However, the superficial nature of certain measures taken by some IFs highlights the need for clearer guidelines and standards. IFs tend to focus on structural changes but neglect cultural shifts. This highlights the critical absence of a broad long-term strategy.
References
Brackenridge, C. H. (1994). Fair play or fair game? Child sexual abuse in sport organisations. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 29(3), 287–298.
Lang, M., & Hartill, M. (2016). Safeguarding, child protection and abuse in sport: International perspectives in research, policy and practice (1st ed.). Routledge.
Mergaert, L., Linková, M., & Strid, S. (2023). Theorising gender-based violence policies: A 7P framework. Social Sciences, 12(7), 385.
Mountjoy, M., Brackenridge, C., Arrington, M., Blauwet, C., Carska-Sheppard, A., Fasting, K., Kirby, S., Leahy, T., Marks, S., Martin, K., Starr, K., Tiivas, A., & Budgett, R. (2016). International Olympic Committee consensus statement: Harassment and abuse (non-accidental violence) in sport. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 50(17), 1019–1029
Deciphering the effect of exercise timing on glucose metabolism: a randomised controlled trial
No full textIntroduction Impaired glycaemic control is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease, the leading cause of death worldwide (Roth et al., 2020). Reducing sedentary behaviour and increasing physical activity are key strategies for improving glycaemic control (Sparks et al., 2021). An intrinsic circadian system influences glucose metabolism, resulting in predictable 24-hour plasma glucose fluctuations, peaking during the biological night (Qian & Scheer, 2016). Relying on these fluctuations, the metabolic response might vary depending on when in the day an individual exercises. Guidelines providing evidence-based recommendations for physical activity emphasise frequency, intensity, time (duration), and type of exercise as the four foundational pillars for promoting health and well-being (DeSimone, 2019) but fail to address the potential role of exercise timing within the day. However, the established effects of the timing of behavioural factors such as sleep (Qian & Scheer, 2016) and nutrition (Wang et al., 2014), combined with evidence of diurnal variations in physical performance (Knaier et al., 2022), suggest that exercise timing might additionally influence exercise adaptations and associated health outcomes. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of exercise timing on glycaemic control and to provide evidence to refine exercise recommendations and optimise metabolic health outcomes.
Methods Thirty-nine (34% female) non-diabetic adults (mean [standard deviation] age 68 [5] years) and body mass index 24.0 [2.6] kg/m2) participated in this double-blind, randomised controlled trial. Participants were allocated to one of five groups: control group (Con) or exercise at either 8:00, 12:00, 16:00 or 20:00 o\u27clock (i.e. E-08, E-12, E-16, E-20), which performed two strength and one endurance session per week across 12 weeks. A two-hour oral glucose tolerance test was performed after overnight fasting before and after the 12-week intervention or control condition. After ingestion of a solution containing 75 g of dextrose, serum glucose was measured at fasting and subsequently after 10, 20, 30, 60, 90, and 120 min. Serum glucose response was quantified over 120 min by calculating the area under the curve (AUC) using the trapezoidal method. To analyse the effect of treatment over time, linear mixed effects models were used, adjusting for sex, age and body mass index. The effect sizes were calculated using the baseline standard deviation of the parameter to provide a standardised measure. Their magnitudes were classified as follows: negligible (<0.2), small (0.2–0.49), moderate (0.5–0.79), large (0.8–1.19), and very large (>1.2) (Hopkins et al., 2009).
Results Thirty-two participants were analysed (Con: n=4, E08: n=6, E-12: n=7, E-16: n=3, E-20: n=12), with most dropouts due to missing more than two serum glucose values. Exercise adherence rate was excellent with 95% of all sessions. The exercise intervention reduced the AUC in all groups compared to Con with small to moderate effect sizes (95% confidence interval), being E-08: -0.47 (-1.31 to 0.37); E-12: -0.51, (-1.32 to 0.31); E-16: -0.54 (-1.53 to 0.46); and E-20: -0.64 (-1.38 to 0.11), respectively. Negative effect sizes (e.g., reduction in AUC) are considered beneficial for metabolic health. Yet, these effects were accompanied by considerable uncertainty. Pairwise comparisons of the exercise groups showed varying magnitudes of differences in AUC, likewise accompanied by considerable uncertainty. All comparisons including E-08 showed that AUC decreased more in E-08 than in the other groups, with effect sizes being E-12: 0.004 (-1.11 to 1.12), E-16: 0.39 (-1.20 to 1.99) and E-20: 0.16 (-0.86 to 1.17), classified as negligible or small. Similarly, comparisons including E-12 demonstrated greater reductions in AUC, with effect sizes classified as small for E-16: 0.39 (-2.00 to 1.22) and negligible for E-20: 0.15 (-1.15 to 0.85). The comparison of E-20 with E-16: 0.24 (-1.16 to 1.63) indicated a small effect size, suggesting that E-20 achieved a greater reduction in AUC.
Discussion/Conclusion Exercise at any time of day has the potential to improve glycaemic control in adults. Exercise timing may have a notable influence on metabolic adaptations, as distinct patterns were observed between exercise groups. This is possibly due to the influence of circadian rhythms on metabolic mechanisms. However, further in-depth understanding of the underlying metabolic mechanisms is needed to establish a robust scientific foundation for this approach. The inclusion of time of day as a potential fifth pillar in the guidelines for physical activity remains a worthwhile consideration.
References
DeSimone, G. T. (2019). The tortoise factor – get FITT. ACSM\u27s Health & Fitness Journal, 23(2), 3–4. https://doi.org/10.1249/FIT.0000000000000456
Hopkins, W. G., Marshall, S. W., Batterham, A. M., & Hanin, J. (2009). Progressive statistics for studies in sports medicine and exercise science. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 41(1), 3–12. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e31818cb278
Knaier, R., Qian, J., Roth, R., Infanger, D., Notter, T., Wang, W., Cajochen, C., & Scheer, F. A. (2022). Diurnal variation in maximum endurance and maximum strength performance: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 54(1), 169–180. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000002773
Qian, J., & Scheer, F. A. J. L. (2016). Circadian system and glucose metabolism: Implications for physiology and disease. Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism, 27(5), 282–293. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tem.2016.03.005
Roth, G. A., Mensah, G. A., Johnson, C. O., Addolorato, G., Ammirati, E., Baddour, L. M., Barengo, N. C., Beaton, A. Z., Benjamin, E. J., Benziger, C. P., Bonny, A., Brauer, M., Brodmann, M., Cahill, T. J., Carapetis, J., Catapano, A. L., Chugh, S. S., Cooper, L. T., Coresh, J., … Fuster, V. (2020). Global burden of cardiovascular diseases and risk factors, 1990–2019: Update from the GBD 2019 study. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 76(25), 2982–3021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2020.11.010
Sparks, J. R., Kishman, E. E., Sarzynski, M. A., Davis, J. M., Grandjean, P. W., Durstine, J. L., & Wang, X. (2021). Glycemic variability: Importance, relationship with physical activity, and the influence of exercise. Sports Medicine and Health Science, 3(4), 183–193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smhs.2021.09.004
Wang, J. B., Patterson, R. E., Ang, A., Emond, J. A., Shetty, N., & Arab, L. (2014). Timing of energy intake during the day is associated with the risk of obesity in adults. Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, 27(s2), 255–262. https://doi.org/10.1111/jhn.1214
The Role of Human Agency in Global Urban Health
No full textIntroduction Global health is facing critical challenges (e.g., climate change, environmental degradation, biodiversity loss, increasing non-communicable diseases), particularly within urban settings (e.g., cities) where over half of the global population resides (Romanello et al., 2024). As rapid urbanization continues, pressures of current global health challenges increasingly threaten both human and nature health. Drawing upon previous health concepts (e.g., Global Health, Planetary Health, Biodiversity-Health-Nexus), this research postulates a new multi-dimensional approach to health indicators. This research emphasises human agency (i.e., ability of individuals to make choices and take action; Bandura, 2006) as core tenet and – grounded in a socio-ecological perspective (see Hagger, 2024) – both the recent driver of and the potential solution to global health challenges within urban settings, resulting in a novel concept of Global Urban Health.
Methods Conceptualization was done through iterative literature reviews, including citation tracking of key papers, which informed a Delphy study to reach consensus with the expert consortium of the EU-Horizon project “GoGreenNext” on key socio-ecological components (SECs). Following the socio-ecological perspective, the Global Urban Health concept situates individuals within social and physical surroundings, which are overarched by government national and regional (e.g. urban) policies. Various health indicators and concrete measurement modalities to assess certain SECs are identified. The health indicators and measurement modalities are illustrated with example interventions that use nature-based solutions (e.g., green infrastructure) and emerging technologies (e.g., artificial intelligence) within urban settings to mitigate adverse health impacts of global health challenges.
Results As core SEC in the Global Urban Health concept, every individual brings certain biological (e.g., genes, age, sex, physiology), sociodemographic (e.g., cultural background, education level, socioeconomic status), psychosocial (e.g., motivations, attitudes, self-efficacy, intentions, emotions, stress), and behavioral (e.g., physical activity, diet, pro-environmental actions) factors with them. Further SECs in individuals’ social surroundings contain close relatives (e.g., family, peers), (online) social networks, health care services as well as communities (e.g., neighbourhood, organisations) and the culture individuals live in; SECs in physical surroundings are the (built) environment (e.g., streets, housing blocks, parks), the biodiversity and climate of the specific area an individual is located in. Both surroundings are embedded in policies that govern the urban setting an individual resides. Each SEC and its associated health indicators potentially interact with each other. Human agency acts as the central force within Global Urban Health, linking individual actions to SECs and shaping transformative efforts against global health challenges.
Discussion/Conclusion The Global Urban Health concept focuses on an interrelated multi-dimensional approach to health indicators that includes key SECs within urban settings. Considering urban settings as hubs for innovation and long-term sustainability (Nieuwenhuijsen, 2024), the concept of Global Urban Health underscores the need for transdisciplinary strategies to address pressing global health challenges and mitigate their adverse health impacts. By encouraging policy makers, urban planners, ecologists, and public health professionals as well as individuals in communities to adopt sustainable practices that benefit both human and nature health, the Global Urban Health concept provides a potential pathway for sustainable development of the entire globe (Brundtland, 1987)
Effect of maturity status on lower-limb strength testing reliability in academy football players from an elite professional club
No full textIntroduction: In top-level football, clubs seek to identify young talent. This identification requires using tests to notably evaluate the lower-limb strength, which is a decisive physical quality in football performance. However, the tests used are not always highly reliable to interpret results meaningfully, particularly among age categories since their reliability could differ according to maturity status (Ferrari et al., 2023). In addition, lower-limb strength testing reliability may also vary according to movements performed, whether these are mono- or poly-articular. In this sense, it is possible to suggest that pre-pubertal players exhibit lower scores of test-retest reliability during poly-articular movements than their older counterparts because of their poorer motor coordination due to immaturity of cerebellum. However, this remains to be further clarified. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine the test-retest reliability of dominant lower-limb strength on abduction, adduction, anterior or posterior chain movements in football players from an elite professional club academy, and to compare the results depending on maturity status and movement performed. Our hypothesis is that strength testing reliability will be lower for pre-pubertal than pubertal and post-pubertal players, more particularly for poly- than mono-articular movements in pre-pubertal players.
Methods: Seventy players from a professional club academy were recruited and divided into 3 groups : 24 pre-pubertal (Pre; 12.8±0.5 years, -1.9±0.5 years from Age at the Peak Height Velocity or APHV), 18 pubertal (Pub; 15.2±0.6 years, +0.3±0.5 years from APHV), and 28 post-pubertal (Post; 16.6±1.6 years, +2.4±1.1 years from APHV). After at least two familiarization sessions, they performed five maximum strength tests involving adductor, abductor, posterior or anterior chain muscles, each twice, one week apart. Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and coefficient of variation (CV) were calculated for each test.
Results: Most test-retest evaluations showed good statistical reliability for each group (CV<10% and ICC>0.90) (see Table below). However, the post-pubertal players systematically exhibited lower CV and higher ICC values than their pre-pubertal and pubertal counterparts.
Discussion/Conclusion: Lower-limb strength testing reliability is influenced by the players’ maturity status, with pre-pubertal players showing higher CV and lower ICC than their older counterparts, notably for polyarticular movements involving posterior chain muscles in a standing position. Therefore, in young elite soccer players, lower-limb strength testing reliability is not interchangeable between age categories, and caution should be done when interpreting strength results for talent identification and long-term player development purposes.
References
Ferrari, A., Baquet, G., Blazevich, A. J., & Ratel, S. (2023). Influence of recovery time after warm-up on vertical jump performance in trained prepubertal and postpubertal male athletes. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 37(10), 1985–1992. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.000000000000448
Unveiling the shadows - substance use among para-athletes: a qualitative study with Swiss elite para-athletes
No full textThis qualitative study investigated non-doping-related substance use among Swiss elite para-athletes, an area with limited existing research. Through in-depth semi-structured interviews conducted at the beginning of 2023 with 15 elite para-athletes (N=15) from diverse sports and language regions, the study explores athletes\u27 perceptions and experiences of substance use, including both legal (alcohol, nicotine, supplements, medications) and illegal non-doping-related substances (illicit drugs). Overall, interviewed para-athletes reported low levels of non-doping-related substance use, but with differences related to on/off-season, sports, or time of the entrance in professional sports. The findings indicate a complex relationship between non-doping-related substance use and para-sports, highlighting both negative impacts on athletic performance and health, and the role of non-doping-related substances in coping with physical pain and stress. Professionalization and doping controls are seen to reduce non-doping-related substance use, promoting healthier lifestyles and heightened awareness of performance and health. The study underscored the need for comprehensive mental and physical health support systems and enhanced educational resources to address substance use within this vulnerable population. The insights gained aim to inform targeted interventions to support the health and well-being of para-athletes, contributing positively to their sporting careers and overall quality of life
Der Übergang in die eigenverantwortliche Berufstätigkeit nach Regelstudiengängen – Schweiz, Deutschland und Österreich im Vergleich
No full textDer Einstieg in die eigenverantwortliche Berufstätigkeit stellt auch qualifizierte Lehrpersonen vor Herausforderungen, die es zu bewältigen gilt. Angebote einer institutionellen, länderspezifisch gestalteten Berufseinführung begleiten diesen Übergang. Ergebnisse aus zusammengeführten länderspezifischen Studien mit quantitativen und qualitativen Daten zeigen, dass sich die Lehrpersonen der drei Länder im ersten Berufsjahr in der Wahrnehmung und der Deutung der Berufsanforderungen und im Erleben ihrer Kompetenz trotz unterschiedlicher Modelle der Qualifikation nicht unterscheiden. Deutlich wird jedoch, dass sich die länderdifferenten Modelle im Rollenverständnis des Mentorings niederschlagen
Individuelle Unterstützung von Grundstufenkindern. Studierende erkennen pädagogisch-psychologische Theorien in der Praxis. Eine Praxis-Theorie-Verknüpfung anhand von Videoanalysen
No full textDieser Beitrag befasst sich mit dem Kompetenzaufbau bei Studieren den in Form einer Praxis-Theorie-Verknüpfung im Rahmen der Ausbildung zur Vorschullehrperson am Institut Unterstrass an der PHZH. Er zeigt die Annäherung der Studierenden an pädagogisch-psychologische Theorien mittels Videoaufnahmen ihrer individuellen Unterstützung von 4- bis 8-jährigen Kindern der Grundstufe der Gesamtschule Unterstrass. Weiter werden die subjektiv wahrgenommenen Lernmöglichkeiten der Studierenden bei Videoanalysen dargestellt
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