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Méthodes (enseignement) basées sur l\u27art comme performance dans l\u27ethnographie, la restitution, la diffusion
No full textTrotz der Dringlichkeit, Reflexivität sowie innovative, kunst-basierte Methoden als Alternative zur Text-Zentriertheit der Wissenschaft im Allgemeinen und der Anthropologie im Besonderen zu entwickeln und zu fördern – als Mittel zur Datenerhebung und zur Verbreitung-, stoßen sich wunderbare, kreative Ansätze oft an institutionellen und wissenschaftspolitischen Hindernissen. In diesem Text werden gelungene Beispiele aus der aktuellen Forschungspraxis vorgestellt, welche in einem inter-generationellen Dialog über Reflexivität und die Darstellung von Migration mittels audio-visueller Ausdrucksmittel nachdenken: insbesondere Filme, Performances und graphische Werke.Despite the urgency of developing and promoting reflexivity and innovative, art-based methods as an alternative to the text-centredness of science in general and anthropology in particular – as a means of data collection and dissemination – wonderful, creative approaches often come up against institutional and science policy obstacles. This text presents successful examples from current research practice that discuss reflexivity and the representation of migration through audio-visual means of expression in an inter-generational dialogue: in particular films, performances, and graphic works.Malgré l\u27urgence de développer et de promouvoir la réflexivité ainsi que des méthodes innovantes basées sur l\u27art - en tant que moyen de collecte et de diffusion des données-comme une alternative à l\u27approche scientifique centrée sur le texte, notamment en anthropologie, des approches merveilleuses et créatives se heurtent à des obstacles institutionnels et de politique scientifique. Ce texte présente des exemples réussis de pratiques de recherche actuelles qui discutent, dans un dialogue intergénérationnel, la réflexivité et la représentation de la migration par le biais de moyens d\u27expression audio-visuels : notamment des films, des performances et des œuvres graphiques
How motivation influence physical activity engagement among active older adults? The contribution of identity and habit
No full textObjective: Using a moderated mediation model, the present study investigated whether the mediation of physical activity (PA) habit into PA level via PA identity depends on the levels of both autonomous and controlled motivation among active older adults.Method: A one-month prospective study was conducted among 220 French physically active older adults. They were administrated measures of sociodemographic variables, self-determination, habit, and identity at baseline aswell as PA level one month later.Results: PA identity partially mediated the positive relationship between PA habit and PA level. In addition, moderated mediation analysis revealed that PA identity and the interaction between habit and motivation were positively and significantly associated with PA level. More precisely, PA habit was related to PA level only for older adults with both high level of controlled motivation and moderated or high level of autonomous motivation.Conclusion: The results highlighted the crucial role of PA identity in the prediction of PA level among physically active older adults. They also revealed the importance to consider various types of motivations in the maintenance of PA
A Team’s human capital and its sporting success. An analysis of the first and second German soccer league
No full textThis article analyses whether professional soccer clubs are more successful in sporting terms the greater the human capital of their players. Using the Transfer-markt.de values as a proxy for human capital and the final table positions, as well as the points scored, as a proxy for sporting success, we show for the German 1st and 2nd Bundesliga with the help of a random-intersect model that those clubs achieve greater sporting success that have a higher human capital value. In addition, an analysis of the human capital allocated to the player positions based on the LASSO method shows that investment in human capital in the goal and mid-field positions in the 1st Bundesliga and in defence in the 2nd Bundesliga has the strongest impact on sporting success. Thus, this study makes an important contribution to identifying the success factors of professional soccer clubs
Innovations in hypoxic training
No full textAltitude training is persistently of high interest among athletes, coaches and sport scientists trying to optimize performance at sea level or at altitude.
The effects of hypoxic conditions have been investigated for more than 150 years after the initial experiments on simulated altitude by Paul Bert. From a sporting perspective, the requirement to perform at altitude in the challenging context of the 1968 Mexico Olympics triggered numerous research initiatives back then.
A first symposium on sport at moderate altitude was held in 1965 in Magglingen before a Swiss delegation headed by Dr. Kaspar Wolf sojourned in Mexico in November 1966 to explore the strong discrepancies in the athletes’ individual responses to altitude during their prolonged stay at 2300 m.
60 years later in Magglingen, the knowledge around physiological mechanisms underpinning responses to exercise and training in various low (or high) oxygen environments has increased tremendously with a wide range of recommendations available for altitude training camps or the use of hyperoxia to stimulate specific adaptations. However, numerous questions remain open or under debate to date.
This symposium proposes to explore a few recent scientific findings to further our understanding on hypoxic/hypertoxic training for sporting performance
Unpacking gender-based violence in sport: How can the sport sector effectively respond to the need for safe sporting contexts?
No full textThis symposium proposes to illustrate three pertinent elements of the ongoing process of knowledge creation, analysis and transfer in the field of safe sport. The first presentation introduces an empirical study of the diffusion of terminology and practical policy at the level of international sport federations. The results highlight how implementation of policy around the sensitive and ethically laden issue of safeguarding is often performative at this level of sport governance. The second presentation questions how knowledge produced prevalence studies on abuse in sport is created, how it is used and by whom. The multi-method research unveils fervently political and personally beneficial motivations for studies that produce results showing high rates of abuse. The final presentation details the Global Observatory for Gender Equality & Sport as an organisation situated between academia and practitioners tasked with knowledge collation and diffusion. Explaining the organisation’s operation in this space illustrates the challenges and opportunities for knowledge transfer, and offers 4S researchers a chance to broaden the reach of their work
Optimizing Scanning in Youth Female Football: The Role of Verbal Instructions
No full textIntroduction In dynamic sports like football, where game situations change rapidly, gathering information through visual exploration is essential for expert performance (Aksum et al., 2021; Pokolm et al., 2022). While the importance of visual exploration for subsequent action performance is well-documented in men’s football (Aksum et al., 2021; Jordet et al., 2020), recent research highlights its equally critical role in women’s football (Hintermann et al., 2024). Despite coaches acknowledge the importance of visual exploration training, they often lack knowledge about effective training and developing methods (Eldridge et al., 2022). Verbal instructions, such as ‘check your shoulder’ or ‘head up’, are commonly used to encourage scanning during practice sessions and games (Pulling et al., 2018), however, their specific impact on scanning behavior and subsequent performance remains unclear. Therefore, this study examines the immediate effects of verbal instructions on scanning behaviour and subsequent performance during 4v4 small-sided games (SSG) among elite youth female football players. Specifically, it addresses two research questions: 1) Do verbal instructions increase the number of scans performed before receiving the ball? 2) Do players improve their performance in response to verbal instructions fostering scanning behavior?
Methods Twenty-five elite female football players (mean ± SD age : 17.6 ± 0.7 years) from two Swiss U19 women’s national league teams participated in this study. Each player participated in two 4v4 SSG sessions: one without verbal instructions (control, CON) and one with verbal instructions (intervention, INT). Verbal instructions encouraged players to scan their environment to locate teammates, opponents, and free spaces relevant to the subsequent action. A total of 1867 game situations, defined as the period beginning 5 seconds before the first ball contact and ending when the ball was released through a subsequent action, were analyzed (Hintermann et al., 2024). A scan was defined as an active movement of a player’s head in which the face was temporarily directed away from the ball, with the assumed intention of assessing the position of teammates, opponents, or available space relevant to subsequent actions (Jordet et al., 2020). The performance of subsequent actions was considered successful if the intentionally played ball reached a teammate and ball-possession was maintained. Conversely, if the intentionally played ball resulted in a loss of ball-possession, the action was classified as unsuccessful. SSG were video captured and manually tagged by two experts. Due to clustered data and binary dependent variables, logistic regression models allowing random intercepts for participants were applied (Bates et al., 2015).
Results On average, players performed 1.0 ± 1.1 scans per game situation in CON and 1.2 ± 1.1 scans in INT. Verbal instructions significantly increased the mean number of scans per player (t(24); p = .007; d = ‒0.59, 95% CI [‒1.09, ‒0.23]), with a 27% increase in number of scans compared to CON (RR = 1.27, 95% CI [1.12, 1.44]). Additionally, differences in the number of scans were observed between the two teams (RR = 1.36, 95% CI [1.10, 1.68]), but these differences were consistent across conditions, as no interaction effect was found (RR = 0.85, 95% CI [0.71, 1.01]). Secondly, the logistic mixed model showed that scanning before ball reception positively influenced the success of the subsequent action, with a threefold increase in successful outcomes compared to no scanning (OR = 3.31, 95% CI [2.71, 4.09]). This finding was independent of conditions CON versus INT (OR = 0.89, 95% CI [0.67, 1.14]).
Discussion/Conclusion Verbal instructions significantly enhanced the number of scans performed before ball reception, demonstrating that elite youth female players can actively adjust scanning behavior in response to verbal instructions from the coach. Clear differences in scanning behavior are evident between the two teams, suggesting influences from factors such as coaching style, team culture, coach-player relationship, and prior training experiences. Since these team differences remained consistent across conditions, verbal instruction was similar effective in both teams. The findings of this study confirm the importance of scanning in enhancing the success rate of subsequent actions (Aksum et al., 2021; Jordet et al., 2020). Notably, the additionally conducted scans through verbal instructions did not negatively impact the relationship between scanning and the success of subsequent actions, indicating no evidence of cognitive overload. Therefore, verbal instructions can be considered a promising coaching tool to increase the number of scans and potentially enhance performance.
In conclusion, this study underscores the potential of verbal instructions to improve scanning behavior in youth female football players, offering valuable insights into the development of perceptual skills. The findings highlight the importance of adopting integrated training approaches that address both scanning behavior and action execution. Future research should investigate long-term effects of verbal instructions and their influence on performance outcomes to further optimize training methods for young football players.
References
Aksum, K. M., Pokolm, M., Bjorndal, C. T., Rein, R., Memmert, D., & Jordet, G. (2021). Scanning activity in elite youth football players. Journal of Sports Sciences, 39(21), 2401–2410. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2021.1935115
Bates, D., Mächler, M., Bolker, B., & Walker, S. (2015). Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4. Journal of Statistical Software, 67(1), 1–48. https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v067.i01
Eldridge, D., Pocock, C., Pulling, C., Kearney, P., & Dicks, M. (2022). Visual exploratory activity and practice design: Perceptions of experienced coaches in professional football academies. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, 18(2), 370–381. https://doi.org/10.1177/17479541221122412
Hintermann, M., Romann, M., Schmid, J., Taube, W., & Fuchslocher, J. (2024). The influence of scanning behaviour on performance during 4v4 small-sided games in youth female football. Journal of Sports Sciences, 42(21), 1977–1985. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2024.2421662
Jordet, G., Aksum, K. M., Pedersen, D. N., Walvekar, A., Trivedi, A., McCall, A., Ivarsson, A., & Priestley, D. (2020). Scanning, contextual factors, and association with performance in English Premier League footballers: An investigation across a season. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 553813. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.553813
Pokolm, M., Rein, R., Muller, D., Nopp, S., Kirchhain, M., Aksum, K. M., Jordet, G., & Memmert, D. (2022). Modeling players\u27 scanning activity in football. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 44(4), 263–271. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.2020-0299
Pulling, C., Kearney, P., Eldridge, D., & Dicks, M. (2018). Football coaches\u27 perceptions of the introduction, delivery and evaluation of visual exploratory activity. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 39, 81–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2018.08.00
600 meters to VO2max: Predicting Cardiorespiratory Fitness with an Uphill Run
No full textIntroduction Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) is used to assess the body\u27s ability to perform daily activities and is a criterion of overall health besides endurance performance. There is an inverse relationship between CRF and heart diseases or mortality due to any potential cause in healthy individuals [1]. Therefore, an estimation of CRF can yield relevant information for healthy people to assess their risk of developing coronary diseases, as well as for athletes to design tailored training programs to optimize their performance. The gold standard for assessing CRF is a direct measurement of maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) in laboratory settings, which quantifies oxygen consumption mostly during graded maximal exercise tests [2]. In spite of the high accuracy provided by direct measurements, they are time-consuming, costly, and require expertise. At the same time, multiple indirect methods have been developed to estimate VO2max, most of which are field tests. While these tests are more accessible, they often still require technical knowledge or specialized equipment, as most of them are designed primarily for athletes and administered by experts. Therefore, performing these tests and interpreting the results can be challenging for recreational individuals. As technology has been advancing, wearable devices are increasingly used for physical activity monitoring with proper accuracy [3, 4]. This advancement further provided access to data for specialists, enabling the development and comparison of field tests and predictive models. Subsequently, various studies have shown that deep learning models outperform linear regression models in predicting VO2max values [5]. Previous studies also showed that, to accurately predict VO2max in a laboratory or through indirect tests, individuals need to reach their maximal effort rather than performing submaximal exercises [6]. In this study, we present an approach to predict VO2max from data collected during a maximal effort test on a 600-meter uphill course, using both linear regression and machine learning models.
Methods The subjects consisted of 10 men and 8 women between the ages of 20 and 39 years. All participants provided informed consent before participating in the study and they were given detailed information about the objectives of the study, procedures, and potential risks. Then, a maximal incremental treadmill test was completed by the 18 participants to assess VO2max values. The treadmill test began at an initial speed of 7 km·h-1 with a 7% incline and the speed was increased by 0.5 km·h-1 every 30 seconds until volitional exhaustion [7]. Gas analysis was recorded using the mixing chamber module of the Quark cardiopulmonary exercise testing system (COSMED Srl, Rome, Italy). After a rest period of 3 to 7 days, participants performed an all-out test on a 600-meter uphill track with a mean gradient of 9.7%. Data were collected during this field test with participants wearing a Polar Vantage V2 watch and a Polar H10 chest belt (Polar Electro Oy, Finland). In addition to the user’s anthropometric data (age, gender, body mass index) and time, we also used the speed to heart rate (HR) ratio as a predictor variable, since a previous study has shown its importance [8]. Multiple linear regression (MLR), XGboost, and a multilayer perceptron (MLP) were used to develop models to predict VO2max. The data set was randomly split into 80% and 20% as training and test set, respectively. For the purpose of overcoming multicollinearity among the predictor variables speed to HR ratio, time, and gender, principal component analysis with two components was applied before we fed the data into the multiple linear regression model.
Results The mean measured VO2max scores were 44.1 ± 4.7 mL·kg-1·min-1 and 55.8 ± 5.8 mL·kg-1·min-1 for women and men, respectively. The total distance was covered in an average time of 3:08 ± 0:41 minutes, with an average speed of 11.7 ± 2.5 km·h-1. Regarding the performance of VO2max estimation, the MLR model achieved an R2 of 0.77 with a standard error of the estimate (SEE) of 3.4 mL·kg-1·min-1, the XGBoost model an R2 of 0.82 with a SEE of 3.0 mL·kg-1·min-1, and the MLP model an R2 of 0.94 with a SEE of 1.6 mL·kg-1·min-1.
Discussion/Conclusion These results suggest that our short, high-intensity field test, when combined with a neural network model, can provide accurate predictions of VO2max. This method can be applied by healthy individuals without requiring assistance from an expert since it is simple and inexpensive. Therefore, our approach to estimate CRF level may be adopted by a wide range of people. Within our data, we have uncovered a non-linear, complex relationship between VO2max and the predictor variables that a feed-forward neural network with one hidden layer can reliably approximate. This is consistent with the findings of the previous research that emphasizes the power of deep learning models to predict VO2max accurately [5]. One potential limitation of this study is the size of the data, for having more data could unveil other relationships between VO2max and the predictor variables. Furthermore, the performance of the models may also suffer from overfitting due to the small and homogeneous sample population and potential discrepancies between the distributions of the training and the test data. Thus, future work should include increasing the sample size and exploring probabilistic models for VO2max prediction.
References
Kodama, S., Saito, K., Tanaka, S., Maki, M., Yachi, Y., Asumi, M., ... & Sone, H. (2009). Cardiorespiratory fitness as a quantitative predictor of all-cause mortality and cardiovascular events in healthy men and women: A meta-analysis. JAMA, 301(19), 2024–2035.
Beltz, N. M., Gibson, A. L., Janot, J. M., Kravitz, L., Mermier, C. M., & Dalleck, L. C. (2016). Graded exercise testing protocols for the determination of VO₂max: Historical perspectives, progress, and future considerations. Journal of Sports Medicine, 2016(1), 3968393.
Tang, M. S. S., Moore, K., McGavigan, A., Clark, R. A., & Ganesan, A. N. (2020). Effectiveness of wearable trackers on physical activity in healthy adults: Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. JMIR mHealth and uHealth, 8(7), e15576.
Nuuttila, O. P., Korhonen, E., Laukkanen, J., & Kyröläinen, H. (2021). Validity of the wrist-worn polar vantage V2 to measure heart rate and heart rate variability at rest. Sensors, 22(1), 137.
Ashfaq, A., Cronin, N., & Müller, P. (2022). Recent advances in machine learning for maximal oxygen uptake (VO₂ max) prediction: A review. Informatics in Medicine Unlocked, 28, 100863.
Buckley, D. J., & Rowe Jr, J. R. (2018). Actual versus predicted VO₂max: A comparison of 4 different methods. International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings, 2(10), 41.
Maier, T., Gross, M., Trösch, S., Steiner, T., Müller, B., Bourban, P., ... & Seidel, R. (2016). Manual Leistungsdiagnostik. Swiss Olympic.
Altini, M., Van Hoof, C., & Amft, O. (2017, February). Relation between estimated cardiorespiratory fitness and running performance in free-living: An analysis of HRV4Training data. In 2017 IEEE EMBS International Conference on Biomedical & Health Informatics (BHI) (pp. 249–252). IEEE
Sequential use of low-load-blood-flow-restricted vs. high-load resistance training on neuromuscular activation, hypertrophy and neuromuscular performance
No full textIntroduction Low-load Blood Flow Restriction training (BFRT) is a viable alternative to high-load resistance training (HLT), especially for clinical populations, due to its lower mechanical tension (Centner et al., 2019). Despite using lower loads, BFRT achieves comparable or slightly lower gains in muscle hypertrophy and strength than HLT. However, neural adaptations after low-load BFRT remain poorly understood and are hypothesized to be less pronounced (Centner & Lauber, 2020). Thus, this study aimed to compare the effects of BFRT and HLT, as well as the sequential application of HLT following BFRT, to address potential gaps in neuromuscular adaptation (Duchateau et al., 2021).
Methods In this 10-week randomized controlled trial, 37 healthy male and female adults (35-60 years) completed progressive resistance training for knee extensors either 8 weeks with low-load BFRT followed by 2 weeks of HLT, or exclusively HLT. Measurements at baseline including familiarization (PRE1 and PRE2), 8 weeks (MID) and 10 weeks (POST) included maximal voluntary contraction of knee extensors (MVC), leg press strength (LP), voluntary activation (VA, via electrical muscle stimulation) and vastus lateralis muscle volume (V_VL, via ultrasound at 30-70% femur length). Linear mixed models were used to analyze group differences over time, with Cohen’s d effect sizes. Here, we report the preliminary data of 20 participants.
Results Reliability between PRE1 and PRE2 was excellent for MVC and V_VL (ICC>0.98) and good for LP (ICC=0.88). From PRE2 to POST, MVC showed a moderate overall increase (+14.7%, d=0.49), while from MID to POST the BFRT group benefited slightly more (d=-0.14). LP increased similarly in both groups at MID (+5.9), but at POST, the HLT group demonstrated a greater increase compared to the BFRT group (+14.8%, d=0.32). No meaningful differences in VA changes were observed between groups or across timepoint, however, the interaction at POST favored more change in BFRT compared to HLT (d=-0.3). Both groups showed comparable increases in V_VL, with negligible differences between groups (+3.4%, d=0.05).
Discussion/Conclusion The results of the analyzed sub-sample imply that BFRT and HLT lead to similar changes in maximal force, neural adaptation, and muscle size, however, a large variability was found. The greater increase in VA and MVC in the BFRT group at POST suggests that sequential HLT training after BFRT may enhance performance more than HLT alone (Duchateau et al., 2021). The analysis of the remaining participants may help clarify these effects and enlighten, how mechanical tension and metabolic stress contribute to neural adaptations.
References
Centner, C., & Lauber, B. (2020). A systematic review and meta-analysis on neural adaptations following blood flow restriction training: What we know and what we don’t know. Frontiers in Physiology, 11, Article 887. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2020.00887
Centner, C., Wiegel, P., Gollhofer, A., & König, D. (2019). Effects of blood flow restriction training on muscular strength and hypertrophy in older individuals: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Medicine, 49(1), 95–108. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-018-0994-1
Duchateau, J., Stragier, S., Baudry, S., & Carpentier, A. (2021). Strength training: In search of optimal strategies to maximize neuromuscular performance. Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews, 49(1), 2. https://doi.org/10.1249/JES.000000000000023
Initiatives to Enhance Research-Practice Integration in the Swiss Sport System
No full textThe integration of research and practice remains a challenge in elite sport. While scientific insights are increasingly valued, their implementation lags behind. Bridging this gap requires targeted funding programs, well-defined roles, and innovative projects that connect research and practice. This symposium highlights three distinct approaches aimed at fostering this integration.
The first presentation by Swiss Olympic provides an overview of funding structures designed to strengthen the connection between science and practice. It outlines the objectives and criteria of these initiatives and discusses the challenges encountered in their implementation.
The second presentation focuses on the concept of "embedded scientists," professionals embedded within sport organizations who address scientific questions closely aligned with the organizations\u27 needs. This offers insights into practical challenges and success factors for achieving effective research-practice integration.
The third presentation introduces the "power to win" project, a collaborative initiative between Swiss Olympic and multiple federations. The project leader reflects on the outcomes and evaluates the project in terms of its contribution to bridging the gap between research and practice.
This symposium provides insights into strategies and models that enhance collaboration between research and practice in sport. It invites discussion on how such initiatives can be further developed and implemented
Evaluation of the Education Plan and Activities of Swiss Sport Integrity. A report of a science-practice co-operation.
No full textIntroduction The WADA requires the National Antidoping Organisations (NADOs) to annually evaluate its education plan and activities to accomplish the International Standard for Education of the WADA Code (2021), preferably done in cooperation with an independent external partner from the field of science and research. Therefore, Swiss Sport Integrity (SSI) and Institute of Sport Science (ISPW) entered into a cooperation agreement in 2020 for annual evaluating SSI’s education plan and activities from 2021 to 2024. This contribution aims to reporting the process of such a science-practice cooperation and identifying factors that are critical for effective cooperative evaluation.
Methods The evaluation concept was developed on sound theoretical considerations following evaluation critieria guidelines (e.g., Sander, 2006). The evaluation focus of SSI’s education plan and activities covers three aspects: basic principles, long-term aims, and key areas for action according to WADA Code. For data gathering, a questionnaire to Swiss elite athletes (Swiss Olympic Card holder) and a questionnaire to their respective coaches as instruments were applied. The questionnaires were conducted during the year as part of the SSI education courses, which are mandatory for all Swiss elite athletes. Additionally, internal data from SSI and Swiss Olympic were gathered. The analysed data were merged and summarised in the annual management report for WADA. The process of cooperation was then reflected among the actors involved in the evaluation with identifying phases approached and assessing critical factors, both restricting and promoting, for effective cooperation.
Results As large part of the results – the athletes’ responses – are confidential and limited to internal use of SSI and reporting to WADA, the presentation is limited to displaying the athletes’ and coaches’ questionnaires and pointing to the methodological challenges and limitations faced. The presentation’s focus is on reporting the cooperation process and determing factors. Results reveal that accepting and including external perspectives, understanding of the framework conditions, mutual trust and engagement, dedicated task specification and distrubition, knowledge and data sharing are perceived beneficial for co-operating.
Discussion/Conclusion The discussion highlights the identified key points for effective processing in a science-practice co-cooperation and point to how to ensure this (good practice). Then transferability to other science-practice co-operations is briefly discussed. Concluding, the continuation and expansion of the existing cooperation with the entry into force of the new WADA Code 2027 will be briefly outlined.
References
WADA. (2021). World Anti-Doping Code 2021 (Art. 18 Education). Montreal: WADA. https://www.wada-ama.org
Sanders, J. R. (Ed.). (2006). Handbuch der Evaluationsstandards: Die Standards des "Joint Committee on Standards for Educational Evaluation". VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften
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