Journal of Applied and Natural Science
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A review on conventional and modern breeding approaches for developing climate resilient crop varieties: NA
Get PDFThe escalating threat of climate change is a major challenge to global food security. One of the ways to mitigate its impact is by developing crops that can withstand environmental stresses such as drought, heat, and salinity. Plant breeders have been employing conventional and modern approaches to achieve climate-resilient crops. Climate-resilient crops refer to both crop and crop varieties that exhibit improved tolerance towards biotic and abiotic stresses. These crops possess the capacity to maintain or even increase their yields when exposed to various stress conditions, such as drought, flood, heat, chilling, freezing and salinity. Conventional breeding entails selecting and crossing plants with desirable traits, while modern breeding deploys molecular techniques to identify and transfer specific genes associated with stress tolerance. However, the effectiveness of both methods is contingent on the crop species and the targeted stress. Advancements in gene editing, such as CRISPER-cas9 and genomics-assisted breeding, offer new opportunities to hasten the development of climate-resilient crops. These new technologies include Marker Assisted Selection, Genome-Wide Association Studies, Mutation breeding, Transcriptomics, Genomics, and more. The review concludes that these cutting-edge techniques have the potential to enhance the speed and precision of developing crops that can endure the challenges posed by climate change
Salt stress and its impact on rice physiology with special reference to India- A review
Get PDFWith the increasing population, by 2030, the population of India will have seen an unprecedented rise of 1.43 billion and require food grains of around 311 million tones. Of the total area, nearly 5% of the area in India is affected by soil salinity. It is said that about 10% of soil is salinized every year. At this rate, 50% of the land area will be salinized by 2050.These repercussions challenge us to expand the area under cultivation or to increase the yield per unit area to maintain food security and sustainability. In order to meet the growing demands of the increased population, two major approaches can be met. Firstly, the available area under cultivation must be increased, which can be done by the reclamation of various problematic soils and making them suitable for cultivation. The second and holistic approach is to employ various biotechnological and breeding aspects in the development of resistant varieties surviving the harsh and unfavourable environment and showing no subsequent reduction in the yield parameters. For this, one must understand the various physiological aspects of tolerance for screening the elite varieties suited for a particular ecosystem or environment. Thus, the present study vividly explains the various physiological aspects of salt stress on rice. Employing these techniques, one can screen superior genotypes resistant to various stresses, thus keeping the Malthus predictions at bay
Light interception and radiation use efficiency (RUE) in maize (Zea mays. L) intercropping with greengram (Vigna radiata L.)
Get PDFIntercropping is growing two or more crop species simultaneously, different canopy architectures by row configuration, changing light interception, radiation utilisation, and increased yield. The present study aimed to evaluate different intercropping systems affected light interception per cent and radiation use efficiency in maize (Zea mays L.) intercropping with greengram (Vigna radiata L.) different ratios. Field experiments were conducted for Kharif 2022 and Rabi 2022-2023 seasons, which were laid out in a split-plot design and replicated three times. Three Nitrogen levels viz., N1 - 75 % RDN (Recommended dose of Nitrogen), N2 – 100% RDN, N3-125% RDN had taken as the main plot and three intercropping treatments were taken as subplot viz., M2G2- replacement series (two row of maize and two row of Greengram), M4G2- replacement series (four rows of maize and two row of Greengram), M2G3-paired row system (two rows of maize and three rows of Greengram), and sole maize. Both light interception and radiation use efficiency were significantly affected by intercropping systems. Light interception per cent of the main crop (maize) was significantly higher (69.0, 75.5 and 71.0 % during Kharif and 60.1, 78.1 and 76.6 during rabi) at vegetative, flowering and maturity phases, respectively. The Kharif 2022 and Rabi 2022-2023 maximum Radiation Use Efficiency (RUE) of Maize intercropping with green gram (maize + greengram) was higher in T12 (M2G3 paired row with 125 % Recommended Dose of Nitrogen) recorded as 2.46 (Kharif) and 1.43 (rabi). The outcome might be utilised to optimise the row configuration of intercropping design, explain the mechanism of intercropping on light utilisation, and improve radiation use efficiency
Screening and evaluation of phenol utilization and growth in Acinetobacter baumannii W29 of wastewater
Get PDFPhenols are ubiquitous pollutants, mainly from industrial effluent, causing pollution of natural water resources. The research focused on screening efficient phenol-degrading bacteria and kinetic modelling of phenol biodegradation and growth. Membrane filtration was used for the isolation of bacteria from the wastewater sample. The screening of phenol-degrading bacteria was based on the efficiency of phenol utilization. The strain with efficient phenol degradation capacity was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and designated Acinetobacter baumannii W29. Biomass growth and phenol utilization rate of the strain were evaluated at different initial phenol concentrations (100-800 mgL-1). Specific growth rate data were fitted to five models, i.e. Monod, Haldane, Aiba, Teisser, and Webb model. The yield coefficient at different initial phenol concentrations was calculated from the slope of the specific growth rate (μ) versus the specific phenol utilization rate (q). The strain showed complete phenol degradation potential up to 1000 mgL-1. The maximal growth rate was achieved at 400 mgL-1 , which coincided with the maximum substrate utilization rate at the same concentration. The specific growth rate showed the best fit with the Haldane model. The strain had a yield coefficient of 0.70 (mg cell mg-1 phenol). The value of µ and Ks revealed the affinity of the strain for high-concentration phenol and the its ability to withstand high phenol concentrations. The kinetic growth behaviour of the strain fitted well with the Haldane model. The findings of the study could be applied to wastewater treatment with a high phenol load
Response of preservative chemicals on the shelf life of cut lilium (Lilium spp.) flower cv. ‘Pavia’
Get PDFLilium cut flowers have commercial importance and extending their vase life is vital. An increase in the vase life quality and quantity can directly increase the viability and price realization of commercially important flowers like lilium. Shelf life of cut lilium flower is influenced by using different preservative chemicals and sucrose added in vase solution. Such an extension of vase life can be achieved via chemical treatment. The trial was carried out to examine the effect of various concentration of two chemicals, AgNO3 (silver nitrate) and 8-HQC (8-Hydroxyquinoline citrate) along with sucrose on the shelf life of lilium cut flower cv. ‘Pavia’ (cross between Asiatic and Longiflorum lilies). In the experiment, sucrose (20%), 8-HQC at 3 concentrations (100, 150, 200 ppm) and AgNO3 at 3 concentrations (50, 75, 100 ppm) and water (distilled) as control were tested alone and with combinations. Cut flowers of lilium were treated at one bud opening stage. The trial was carried out in a completely randomized design (CRD) having 16 treatments and one control in three (3) replications. The fresh weight and relative fresh weight of the cut flower spike, opening of all flowers on a spike, vase solution uptake on a day, total vase solution uptake and vase life of lilium cut flower spike showed the best outcome with AgNO3 (50 ppm) and 20% sucrose treatment combination. Out of the two chemicals, silver nitrate showed better results than 8-HQC as a preservative in enhancing the shelf life of cut Lilium flower cv. ‘Pavia’. Analysis of this new and exciting method will be useful to research institutes, commercial producers, wholesalers, retailers, consumers or anyone to choose right chemical and concentration of holding solution to maximize the post-harvest life of lilium cut flowers
Effect of organic mulches and foliar spray of kaolin on NPK uptake in enhancing yield and economics of dry land maize (Zea mays L.)
Get PDFThe hot and semi-arid region is prone to meteorological droughts; the lack of rain is frequently accompanied by hot temperatures, strong winds, and low humidity, which has the impact of limiting nutrient uptake and agricultural yields. To overcome this problem a field study conducted during June, 2020 kharif season at farmers field, Chinna Dudyala village, Muddanur, Kadapa district, Andhra Pradesh aimed to determine the effect of organic mulches and foliar spray of kaolin on NPK uptake in enhancing yield and economics of dry land maize (Zea mays). One of the most important techniques for preserving soil moisture was mulching, which also reduces evapotranspiration when anti-transpirants are used. The experiment comprised nine treatments (T1 to T9) with four types of organic mulches viz., Paddy straw, Ground-nut haulm, Coir-pith, and Sugarcane trash, with foliar spray of kaolin intervals on 40 DAS, 20 & 40 DAS and farmers practice to minimize water stress and improve the nutrient uptake by plant. Among the application of the treatments, coir-pith mulch + foliar spray of kaolin @ 3.0% (T6) on 20 DAS & 40 DAS had significant effect on NPK uptake with N (187.15 kg ha-1), P (69.60 kg ha-1) and K (156.22 kg ha-1) and enhanced grain yield (6976 kg ha-1) and stover yield (10980 kg ha-1), highest gross returns (138034 ₹. ha-1) and BCR (2.63) and was superior to all the other treatments. The present study would help to effectively utilise the available resources, enhance growth and productivity in maize crop and to make economically viable to the farmers of semi-arid regions
Molecular typing and integron detection of multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae clinical isolates recovered from Baquba Teaching Hospital in Iraq
Get PDFKlebsiella pneumoniae is a gram-negative bacterium that causes severe illnesses and is antibiotic-resistant. This study aimed to determine the antibiotic resistance profile and prevalence of classII and III Iintegrons and ERIC -PCR among clinical isolates of K. pneumoniae. The study was conducted between September 2022 and January 2023. Fifty isolates were obtained from 230 specimens (wounds, burns, blood, fluid, ears,urine and sputum). Macroscopic, microscopic, and biochemical assays were used to identify all K.pneumoniae isolates, which were confirmed with the genetically by 16S rRNA. All isolates were examined for various types of clinically significant antibiotic drugs. The results of resistance to antibiotics indicated resistance to Amoxilline-clavulanc acid(98%), Meropenem (38%), Ceftazidime (96%), Amikacin (48%), Trimethopri-sulfamethoxazole (58.62%) and Levofloxacin (46%).The testing for antibiotic susceptibility of the K.pneumoniaeisolate showed that 24 (48%) of the isolates were multi-drug resistant (MDR). K.pneumoniae β-lactamase producers (ESBL) appeared33(66%). Enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus (ERIC) amplification of 16 clinical K. pneumoniae isolates showed 14 (87.5 %) of Each of them revealed at least one amplification band. ERIC-PCR typing found two groups, A and B, with identical antimicrobial resistance patterns within the same group. While IntegronII showed that 1(6.25 %) of K. pneumoniae isolates was integrase gene positive. Class III integrons were seen in all isolates at a rate of 16 (100%).Continuous monitoring and characterization of integrons and their associated gene cassettes could be helpful in controlling the rate of antibiotic resistance by planning to take preventive measures to hinder the spread of resistant strains
Analysis of mangrove ecosystem sustainability in the Biringkassi mangrove area, Pangkep District, Indonesia
Get PDFMangrove forests are found on coastlines in tropical and subtropical areas. The mangrove tree looks strange because its roots are partially above water, making it look like it is standing. Mangrove forests are coastal forests and critical habitats that act as nurseries and protect coasts from erosion. Determining the current status of sustainable management of mangroves is very important as a basis for planning future policies. The purpose of this study was to review the current status of mangroves and analyze the sustainability value of the mangrove ecosystem sustainability in the Biringkassi mangrove area, Pangkep district, Indonesia. This study is descriptive with a quantitative approach to conducting an inventory of mangrove ecosystems, including biophysical, social, economic and institutional data. Analysis of the sustainability of mangrove management The sustainability of the mangrove ecosystem was analyzed using the Rapid Assessment Fisheries (RAPFISH) software with the Multidimensional Scaling Method (MDS) method. The four aspects assessed were ecological, economic, social and institutional. The results of the sustainability analysis from the four dimensions showed that the ecological and institutional aspects have a moderate state of sustainability, but the economic and social aspects have a less sustainable state. Multidimensional analysis showed less sustainable management. Leverage analysis of 24 multidimensional attributes revealed eight highly influential attributes that can lead to change in management if not implemented correctly. Meanwhile, the analysis results should be maintained for properties that achieve low leverage so that the management value does not decrease.
Combined absorbent of corn husks and eggshells activated by sodium hydroxide as an adsorbent for Remazol Yellow FG dye in textile waste
Get PDFReactive dyes such as Remazol Yellow FG are contaminants that are difficult to degrade in the environment. The adsorption method is an alternative to overcome this problem. Corn husk and eggshells can be adsorbents in adsorption. Corn husk contains an organic compound called cellulose, while eggshells have the main component of calcium carbonate. Corn husks and eggshells have the potential to be adsorbents with different characteristics. This research aimed to determine the optimum conditions for the combined adsorbent of corn husks and eggshells, which included composition comparison, contact time, pH, and application in dye waste. The interactions between Remazol Yellow FG dye in solution and combined adsorbent were conducted in batch method. Based on the research results, the optimum composition of corn husks and eggshells was 1:2, with an optimum contact time of 80 minutes at a pH of 2, resulting in an adsorption capacity of 0.559 mg/g, with an adsorption percentage of 33.95%. Adsorption of Remazol Yellow FG in sewage using combined adsorbents under optimal conditions obtained an adsorption capacity of 36.6579 mg/g with an adsorption percentage of 27.87%. The results demonstrate that the combined adsorbent of corn husks and eggshells is a potentially useful for removing Remazol Yellow FG dye from textile wastewater.
Monitoring of Land use/ land cover changes of Daying Ering Wildlife Sanctuary, Arunachal Pradesh, India, using Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System
Get PDFThe advent of geospatial technology plays a vital role in identifying environmental problems and provides solutions to good decision-making. In India, much of wildlife research and management occurs in protected areas. Therefore, it is imperative to study the landscape dynamics of such areas. The present study aimed to investigate the spatio-temporal of land use/land cover (LULC) changes that occurred in Daying Ering wildlife sanctuary, East Siang District, Arunachal Pradesh, for 10 years (2012-2022). The LULC were categorized into vegetation, water body, marsh, riverbed, and grassland. Supervised classification was used with the maximum likelihood algorithm in ERDAS 15.0 software. Post-assessment of the study area images revealed that there had been some major land changes whereby grassland has decreased by 25.10 %, an increase in the river bed (16.73%), and an increase in the water body (16.16%). The findings of the present study call for attention from researchers, environmentalists, policymakers, government officials and local villagers to study the consequences of LULC changes on vulnerable species and form mitigation/management measures accordingly