Journal of Applied and Natural Science
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Harnessing spectral reflectance as novel approach to estimate photosynthetic capacity in nutrient-deficient immature rubber saplings
Full text linkMeasuring photosynthetic capacity using gas exchange systems such as the LI-COR 6400XT is time-consuming and limited by stomatal dynamics, particularly in large-scale field applications. Spectral reflectance-based tools, such as the PolyPen 400 UV-VIS, offer a rapid and non-destructive alternative. The present study aimed to develop predictive models for estimating photosynthetic parameters from spectral reflectance data, using immature rubber trees (Hevea brasiliensis) grown under nutrient omission treatments. Five treatments Treatment A: NPK (5.29-8.01-5.34 g plants-1 month-1); Treatment B: -K (5.29-8.01-0 g plants-1 month-1); Treatment C: -P (5.29-0-5.34 g plants-1 month-1); Treatment D: -N (0-8.01-5.34 g plants-1 month-1); Treatment E: Control (-NPK 0-0-0 g plants-1) were applied in a completely randomized design with five replications. Photosynthetic parameters—maximum carboxylation rate (Vcmₐₓ), maximum electron transport rate (Jmₐₓ), and triose phosphate utilization (TPU)—were measured using the LI-COR 6400XT, while spectral reflectance was recorded using the PolyPen 400 UV-VIS during the second and third leaf flushes. Multiple linear regression models were developed and validated using root mean square error (RMSE). Key wavelengths for estimating photosynthetic parameters were identified in the ultraviolet and near-infrared regions: Vcmₐₓ (R324, R329, R334, R349, R379, R384, R394), Jmₐₓ (R339, R785), and TPU (R324, R339, R404, R785). Model accuracies under self-validation were 90% (Vcmₐₓ), 55% (Jmₐₓ), and 75% (TPU), and under cross-validation were 84%, 47%, and 64%, respectively. These results demonstrated the potential of reflectance-based models as efficient tools for estimating photosynthetic capacity in immature rubber trees, particularly in resource-limited environments
Liver protective effect of Indonesian bay leaf on liver injury in alloxan-induced diabetic Wistar rats
Full text linkProlonged hyperglycemia can cause microvascular damage and lead to various microvascular complications. One of these complications is liver injury. Various natural products have been investigated for the treatment and prevention of this condition. One of these natural products is Indonesia bay leaf. Due to this reason, this study was conducted to investigate the liver-protective effect of Indonesian bay leaf extract against liver injury in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. This experimental study used thirty-two diabetic male Wistar rats that were grouped into four groups: Group I as control (distilled water), II as normal (non-diabetic), III as Indonesia bay leaf -1 (100 mg/ kg BW), and IV as Indonesia bay leaf -2 (200 mg/ kg BW). The diabetic condition was induced by intraperitoneal injection of 150 mg/ kg BW 5% Alloxan solution. This study evaluated some parameters, including blood glucose levels on the 7th and 14th days, as well as liver tissue histology. Administration of Indonesia bay leaf extract significantly decreased blood glucose levels on the 7th and 14th days (P-Value < 0.05). On the other hand, the histological study of liver tissue showed that the increase in Indonesian bay leaf significantly improved diabetic-induced liver injury, as demonstrated by the improvement in hepatocyte structure and size, a decrease in necrosis, and reduced inflammatory cell infiltration. Thus, it can be concluded that both Indonesian bay leaf extract doses can significantly improve liver tissue injury by keeping the blood glucose level within the normal range.
Borassus aethiopum (Arecaceae, Mart.) ripe fruits\u27 dried peels and pulps as fibre and energy source for locally growing rabbits
Full text linkIndustrial feeds for rabbits are expensive in Cote d’Ivoire because the fibre sources are imported. So, in the aim to promote rabbit farming and decrease their feed cost, Borassus aethiopum ripe fruits’ dried peels and fibrous pulp (B.a) were used as fibre sources in the local growing rabbits’ diet. The essay assumed that B.a could be accepted by growing rabbits, and could positively impact their growth and immune system. Then, obtained from nulliparous does, one hundred and twenty (120) local growing rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus), weaned at week-5, were selected to form a homogeneous group regarding the weights. Following this, four diets were created, with a control without B.a (0%B.a), and three test diets named 20%B.a, 25%B.a and 30%B.a accordingly. The growing rabbits were randomly allotted in groups of 30 between the 4 diets. The experiment lasted 9 weeks. In week 14, 6 animals with homogeneous weights were slaughtered per diet, comprising 3 females and 3 males. Beginning with an overall mean weight of 775,2 g on the weaning day, at week-9, the overall weight reached 1,828.06 g. In detail, diet 20%B.a got the highest weight for 2,090.62 g while diet 0%B.a allowed 1,557.12 g (p<0.0001). Moreover, the corresponding consumption indexes were 5 and 7.74 for 20%B.a and 0%B.a diets, respectively. Following the red blood cells’ count was improved from 4.05*106/µL with diet 0%B.a to 4.8*106/µL (p=0.011) with diet 20%B.a. So, B.a ripe fruits’ dried peels and pulps can be used as fibre sources for local growing rabbits\u27 feeding.
Computational identification of microbial metabolites as potential inhibitors of mosquito juvenile hormone binding protein for vector control
Full text linkA group of acyclic sesquiterpenoids, that form the Juvenile hormone is crucial in the developmental physiology of insects. Aedes aegypti is crucial in spreading fatal diseases such as dengue, and dengue hemorrhagic fever. The mosquito undergoes several stages of development, from the egg to the adult stage, utilizing its innate immunity system and juvenile hormone proteins. Thus, targeting the juvenile hormone-binding proteins can potentially inhibit the developmental stages of the mosquito. The mosquito juvenile hormone binding protein (mJHBP) of Aedes aegypti was obtained from the RCSB (PDB). The study identified that Talaromyces islandicus and Bacillus velezensis produced secondary metabolites that act as efficient ligand complexes. The secondary metabolites were procured from PubChem and docked to the binding sites of mJHBP. Among the 26 listed ligand compounds, oxalic acid, decyl 3,5-difluorophenyl ester, oxalic acid 3,5-difluorophenyl undecyl ester, and p-octylacetophenone were found to have higher binding affinity, marking their efficiency in inhibiting the protein. Normal mode analysis studies were performed using iMODs to analyze the B-factor, variance, covariance, and Eigenvalues of the docked protein-ligand complexes. The Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism and Excretion (ADME) properties of the efficient ligand molecules were analyzed using the Swiss ADME tool to segregate potential drug candidates. Targeting the mJHBP complex using the microbial metabolite ligand molecules can inhibit the development of the mosquitoes. The work enlightens the futuristic development of potential candidates in the production of insecticides. The literature confirms it is the first of its type to utilize microbial bio compounds as ligands targeting the mJHB protein complex.
A study on Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy for polygalacturonase production by four fungal strains from mangrove soils Krishna district, Andhra Pradesh
Full text linkMangrove ecosystems are rich sources of diverse microbial communities, including fungi capable of producing industrially significant enzymes such as polygalacturonase. Identifying potent fungal strains with high enzymatic activity is crucial for biotechnological applications. This study aimed to isolate, identify, and characterize fungal strains from mangrove soils in Gilakaladhindi and Malakayalanka, Krishna District, with a focus on their polygalacturonase production potential. A total of 57 fungal strains were isolated from soil samples using serial dilution and pectin agar plating. The strain exhibiting the highest polygalacturonase activity was selected for further study. Identification of the potent strains was performed through 18S rRNA sequencing, and the sequences were deposited in the NCBI GenBank with accession numbers MK192017, MG271916, KU613360, and KU613362. Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy was conducted to analyze the structural composition of the enzyme, identifying functional groups responsible for its activity. Four fungal strains Aspergillus nomius, Aspergillus terreus, Penicillium citrinum, and Penicillium griseofulvum were confirmed as potent polygalacturonase producers. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) analysis detected hydroxyl, carboxyl, acetyl, and pyruvyl groups, indicating the presence of essential biochemical components. The chemical composition of polygalacturonase consisted primarily of neutral sugars, uronic acids, and proteins. These findings provide valuable insights into fungal polygalacturonase production and its potential applications in various industrial processes.
An eco-friendly adsorption process for the removal lead ions [Pb (II)] from aqueous solutions using wetland macrophytes Nymphaea pubescens as natural adsorbent
Full text linkHeavy metal pollution is acknowledged as a major issue at hazardous waste sites. Lead, like other heavy metals, is particularly dangerous at low quantities. The aim of the present study was to explore the potential of Nymphaea pubescens leaves (NPL) as a biosorbent for the removal of lead ions (Pb (II)) from aqueous solutions. Energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX), zeta potential, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were used to evaluate the adsorbent. The batch experiment was conducted to investigate the impact of several variables, including initial metal ion concentration, pH, adsorbent dose, contact time, and temperature. The nonlinear isotherm models of Toth, Langmuir, Temkin, Freundlich, and Dubinin-Radushkevich were implemented to analyze the equilibrium adsorption data. The batch results indicated that NPL can remove 99.58% Pb (II) from an aqueous solution. With the highest correlation coefficient, (R2 = 0.994), lowest error function (χ2 = 2.18), and the highest adsorption capacity (qm = 50.09 mg g-¹), Langmuir was determined to be the most suitable model for the experimental data. According to kinetic studies, the Elovich model effectively described the adsorption kinetics (R2= 0.995 and χ2= 0.111). With a positive value for ΔH0 (5.72 kJ mol-¹) and a negative value for ΔG0 (-11.44 to -12.57 kJ mol-¹), the adsorption is an endothermic and a spontaneous process. This study offers a sustainable approach with practical potential, providing useful insights to enhance strategies to counteract lead pollution in water resources.
Characterization and quantitative assessment of lactic acid bacteria in fermented finger millet (Eleusine coracana) Variety-ML365
Full text linkFinger millet (Eleusine coracana), a nutrient-rich cereal, is traditionally consumed in India and Africa, particularly among low-income populations. It is a great source of proteins, fibres, carbohydrates, and minerals, including calcium, making it a viable substrate for the development of functional meals. The aim was to separate and molecularly characterize lactic acid bacteria (LAB) from the fermented flour of the Indian finger millet variety ML365. Twelve bacterial isolates were isolated on MRS (de Man Rogosa and Sharpe) agar after fermentation. Based on morphological, biochemical, and preliminary probiotic screening tests, five isolates (EC01–EC05) were selected for detailed study. Biochemical characterization revealed traits typical of LAB, including positive lactose utilization, starch hydrolysis, and negative catalase and oxidase activities. For molecular identification, the 16S rRNA gene was amplified and sequenced. Sequence analysis using BLAST revealed that the isolates were similar to species belonging to the Bacillus and Brevibacterium genera. In particular, isolates closely resembled Brevibacterium sp., Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, and Bacillus pumilus. Their genetic ties were further validated by phylogenetic analysis. The accession numbers for the nucleotide sequences that were put into the GenBank database were PQ606366.1, PQ606365.1, PQ606371.1, PQ606367.1, and PQ606372.1. The study found that fermented finger millet flour is a good source of LAB and may possess probiotic qualities. Isolates like these may be utilized in the development of innovative probiotic formulations and functional foods. It is recommended that further in vivo research be conducted to investigate their safety profiles, potential technical applications in the food industry, and health-promoting properties.
Identification and quantification of bioactive compounds from locally Isolated Candolleomyces candolleanus basidio fungus using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and evaluation of their antimicrobial activity
Full text linkThe continuous growth in antimicrobial resistance demands the identification of new antimicrobial substances, particularly those of natural origin, such as those derived from fungi. The Basidiomycetes are a significant source of bioactive secondary metabolites with high therapeutic potential. The study aimed to investigate the chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of Candolleomyces candolleanus, a basidiomycete fungus isolated from natural sources in Mosul, Iraq. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis detected three prime bioactive compounds: Trihexadecyl Borate, Cyclohexyl Propyl Phosphonofluoridate, and Borane Diethyl(decyloxy). High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) analysis verified which the fungal extract of C. candolleanus contained a very high content of bioactive compounds, specifically Cyclohexyl Propyl Phosphonofluoridate, Borane Diethyl(decyloxy), and Trihexadecyl Borate. The antimicrobial efficacy of like compounds was determined using a microplate assay against a variety of clinically important pathogens: Bacillus cereus (ATCC 11778), Pseudomonas fluorescens(ATCC 13525) , Escherichia coli(ATCC 25922) , Staphylococcus aureus(ATCC 29213) ,and fungal strains, Candida albicans( ATCC 10231) , and Aspergillus niger ( ATCC 6275). Cyclohexyl Propyl Phosphonofluoridate showed the highest potency among distinct metabolites, with considerable microbial growth inhibition for both bacterial and fungal test species. The broad-spectrum activity means high drug-like potential. Whereas Borane Diethyl(decyloxy) and Trihexadecyl Borate had moderate antimicrobial activity, with observable but less intense inhibition, compared to Cyclohexyl Propyl Phosphonofluoridate. Their effectiveness against different pathogens varied, but was consistent across them, indicating that they may act as supporting or synergistic antimicrobial agents. The combination of biochemical characterization and antimicrobial screening provides a sound basis for ongoing research to explore new medicines with activity against drug-resistant microbes.
Monitoring adaptation and productivity of teak plantations in the Guinean Zone of Togo: A comparative study of historical and newly introduced provenances
Full text linkTeak (Tectona grandis), introduced to Togo in 1905, remains the main species for reforestation. However, the low productivity and poor wood quality of existing plantations, largely due to limited genetic diversity, have prompted the establishment of provenance trials at the Zogbépimé forest station in Togo. This study evaluated the growth performance of seven teak provenances (Avétonou, Indian, Tanzanian, Ivorian, and three Malaysian sources: Luasong, Perlis, and Taliwas) planted in a 3 × 3 m grid in the Guinean zone. Dendrometric parameters including total height, dominant height, diameter at breast height, basal area, and spacing factors were measured. ANOVA and Weibull distribution modelling, were used to assess growth differences and diameter structures. Productivity was estimated using a site index based on dominant height and stand age. Monitoring in 2022 (pre-thinning) and 2024 (post-thinning) showed that the Indian provenance had the best overall performance, with mean diameter increasing from 12.87 ± 3.85 cm to 17.91 ± 2.51 cm. Luasong exhibited superior height growth (16.85 ± 2.88 m) and high basal area (18.94 ± 0.13 m²/ha), while Tanzanian provenance reached the highest basal area (22.27 ± 0.14 m²/ha) and responded strongly to thinning. Avétonou maintained a large diameter (17.22 ± 2.92 cm) but lower height growth. Luasong achieved the highest site index (44.28), followed by Tanzanian and Indian provenances.The study emphasizes the importance of selecting high-performing provenances and implementing timely thinning to minimize competition and enhance resource utilization. Further research will assess the influence of wood quality and site on provenance performance.
Hepatoprotective, antioxidant and amylase-inhibitory activities of silver nanoparticles synthesized from leaf extract of Pedilanthus (Euphorbia) tithymaloides
Full text linkDuring the past one or two decades, the biosynthesis of metal nanoparticles especially the silver nanoparticles, using plant extracts, and their diverse biomedical applications, including antioxidant and hepatoprotective, has gained the attention of researchers. The present work includes the green synthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) from the aqueous leaf extract of Pedilanthus (Euphorbia) tithymaloides. The biosynthesis employed a bottom-up approach, in which the secondary metabolites of the leaf extract served as reducing, stabilizing and capping agents. The characterization was performed using various techniques, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) coupled with energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), Dynamic light scattering (DLS), and Zeta potential analysis. The biosynthesized silver nanoparticles were further evaluated for their in-vitro antioxidant and amylase-inhibitory properties, as well as their in-vivo hepatoprotective efficacy in albino Wistar rats. The findings demonstrated that the biosynthesized silver nanoparticles exhibit strong antioxidant and amylase-inhibitory properties, and significantly reduce the oxidative stress-induced hepatotoxicity, reflected by improved liver function parameters, such as serum levels of bilirubin (from 2.86±0.38 mg/dL in hepatotoxic to 1.34±0.18 mg/dL in treated rats), total protein (from 7.44±0.96 to 12.63±2.14 g/dL), albumin (from 2.22±0.57 g/dL to 3.14±0.46 g/dL), key enzymes like alanine aminotransferase [ALT] (from 172.38±14.97 IU/L to 85.19±11.63 IU/L), aspartate aminotransferase [AST] (from 144.29±8.93 IU/L to 61.57±11.26 IU/L), serum alkaline phosphatase [ALP] (from 154.78±16.92 IU/L to 114±13.57 IU/L), and key antioxidant enzymes in hepatic tissues, such as reduced glutathione (GSH), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and oxidative stress parameter like malondialdehyde (MDA).