Journal of Applied and Natural Science
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Combined effect of land preparation methods and planting geometry on the performance of machine transplanted rice (Oryza sativa L.)
Get PDFField experiment on effect of land preparation methods and planting geometry on growth and yield of machine transplanted rice (Oryza sativa L.) was conducted at Agricultural Research Station, Gangavathi, University of Agricultural Sciences, Raichur, Karnataka during kharif, 2012 and 2013 in clay soil under irrigated condition.Pooled mean indicated that, among the different land preparation methods and planting geometry puddling with rotovator fb levelling with spike tooth harrow and planting geometry of 30 x 21 cm recorded significantly higher growth parameters viz., Leaf area index ( 2.87 and 1.56, respectively) , dry matter accumulation in leaves (13.44 and 14.43 g plant-1, respectively), dry matter accumulation in stem (26.25 and 29.31 g plant-1 , respectively), dry matter accumulation in panicles ( 37.21 and 41.38 g plant-1 , respectively), total dry matter accumulation in plant (73.82 and 85.12 g plant-1, respectively), thousand grain weight (18.17 and 18.71,g respectively), grain yield (4906 and 5192 kg ha-1 , respectively), straw yield (6247 and 6508 kg ha-1, respectively), gross returns (Rs. 87,733 and 92779 ha-1, respectively), net returns (Rs. 46329 and 50007 ha-1) and benefit cost ratio (2.14 and 2.20 ). Puddling with rotovator fb levelling with spike tooth harrow and 30 x 21 cm spacing were found better for transplanting of rice by self propelled mechanical transplanter. Land preparation would be helpful as one of the important pre requirement in machine transplanting of rice, which in turn will decide the time (time required for settling of soil particle) and type of machine to be used for transplanting of rice
Development and integration of soil moisture sensor with drip system for precise irrigation scheduling through mobile phone
Get PDFSoil moisture sensor is an instrument for quick measurements of soil moisture content in the crop root zone on real time basis. The main objective of this research was development and evaluation of an indigenous sensor for precise irrigation scheduling. The various parts of sensor developed were ceramic cup, acrylic pipe, level sensor, tee, reducer, gland, cork, and end cap. The designed system was successfully tested on okra crop and calibrated with frequency domain reflectometry (FDR) by three methods of irrigation, i.e. check basin, furrow and drip, respectively. The average depth of water depletion in modified tensiometer by these methods was 27 to 35 cm at 50% management allowable depletion (MAD) of field capacity. This depth was useful for the level sensor to be installed inside modified tensiometer for real time irrigation scheduling. The correlation coefficient (R2) between soil moisture content obtained from the developed sensor and FDR was 0.963. Sensor network was integrated with global system for mobile communication (GSM), short message service (SMS) and drip head work to develop an automated irrigation system. This would enable farmers to effectively monitor and control water application in the field by sending command through SMS and receiving pumping status through the mobile phone
Extractability and availability index of sulphur in selected soils of Odisha
Get PDFWe aimed to evaluate the extractability of two reagents viz.0.15% CaCl2 & 0.01M Ca (H2PO4) for sulphur along with the sulphur availability index of mixed red and black soils. For this 86 soil samples were collected from mixed red and black soil regions and extracted with these solutions. Results showed that both these solutions ex-tracted nearly similar amount of sulphur in black soils while the Ca phosphate solution extracted higher amount (13.9mgkg-1) compared to Ca chloride solution (11.5mgkg-1) in red soil regions. Considering all the 86 soil samples tested, there was an excellent correlation between the extractable sulphur, the highest correlation being reported from black soils (R2= 0.97). Sulphur availability index was found to be higher in black soils (mean 6.6) compared to red soils (mean 5.1). Also the content of adsorbed sulphur was found to be high in red soils (2.4mgkg-1) compared to black soils (1.5mgkg-1). Correlation matrix and regression equations (Ca phosphate S= 5.00+ 0.77 Ca chloride S) were worked out between the extractable sulphur and soil properties to justify the results
Inter-relationship and path analysis of different traits of two line hybrid in rice (Oryza sativa L.)
Get PDFThe present study was undertaken with the objective to determine the nature and magnitude of variability, degree of association between yield and it`s component characters and their direct and indirect effects on grain yield in rice. The experiment was conducted on rice in year 2013-14 at Borlaug Crop Research Center of G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand. All the traits had positive correlation to seed yield per plant of rice except days to flowering at genotypic level and at the phenotypic level. At phenotypic level panicle length (0.2145) and harvest index (0.4713) had highly significant level and positive correlation to seed yield per plant. Grain number per panicle (0.1550) and panicle number per plant (0.1398) showed positive and level of significant correlation with seed yield per plant. The days to flowering (-0.1879) have highly significant level with negative correlation to seed yield per plant. Path analysis showed the positive and direct effect on seed yield per plant at genotypic and phenotypic level for panicle number per plant (0.393 and 0.380 respectively), panicle length (0.236 and 0.198), grain number per panicle (0.646 and 0.112) and harvest index (0.443 and 0.448). While days to flowering (-0.175 and -0.167) and plant height (-0.037 and -0.008) had negative direct effect. The traits which showed positive correlation and positive direct effect on seed yield per plant can be used to increase seed yield for further breeding programs and may be given due importance in selection during rice breeding programme
Repellant effect of neem formulation and aqeuous extract of Melia azedarach on greenhouse whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum Westwood, Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)
Get PDFThe present study assessed the repellence activities of two biopesticides viz. a formulation of neem, neem baan and aqueous extract of Melia azedarach (Dharek) kernels against crawlers of greenhouse whitefly Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae). The maximum repellency (22.07%) was recorded at 10 % concentration of dharek extract followed by Neem Baan at 0.0025 % concentration (18.33%). The minimum repellency (4.71%) was observed at 0.0005 % concentration of Neem baan. These results indicate a potential use of neem baan and aqueous dharek kernel extracts in management of greenhouse whitefly
A study on geospatial technology for detecting and mapping of Solenopsis mealybug (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) in cotton crop
Get PDFDetection of crop stress is one of the major applications of remote sensing in agriculture. Many researchers have confirmed the ability of remote sensing techniques for detection of pest/disease on cotton. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the relation between the mealybug severity and remote sensing indices and development of a model for mapping of mealybug damage using remote sensing indices. The mealybug-infested cotton crop had a significantly lower reflectance (33%) in the near infrared region and higher (14%) in the visible range of the spectrum when compared with the non-infested cotton crop having near infrared and visible region reflectance of 48 % and 9% respectively. Multiple Linear regression analysis showed that there were varying relationships between mealybug severity and spectral vegetation indices, with coefficients of determination (r2) ranging from 0.63 to0.31. Model developed in this study for the mealybug damage assessment in cotton crop yielded significant relationship (r2=0.863) and was applied on satellite data of 21st September 2009 which revealed high severity of mealybug and it was low on 24th September 2010 which confirmed the significance of the model and can be used in the identification of mealybug infested cotton zones. These results indicate that remote sensing data have the potential to distinguish damage by mealybug and quantify its abundance in cotton
Farmer led gross root level entrepreneurial initiatives for sustainable sugarcane production system in Tamil Nadu, India
Get PDFThe major objective of the study was to explore the rural entrepreneurial initiatives and its socio- economic impact among the sugarcane farmers across Tamil Nadu. Exploratory surveys, Focused Group Discussions (FDGs) and case study methods have been adopted. A total of seven successful entrepreneurial activities initiated by cane farmers, across different districts of Tamil Nadu were selected, purposively. The study revealed that entrepreneurial initiatives accomplished the needs of farmers and these either were developed by farmers themselves or with collaboration of sugar factories. Among seven entrepreneurial initiatives; ‘two wheeler sprayer’, ‘tractor mounted sprayer’, ‘trichogramma production’ and ‘Agricultural Service Provider (ASP)’ were initiated by the sugar factories under the Entrepreneurship Development Programme (EDP) in participatory mode. The other initiatives viz., organic jaggery powder and trash based vermi-compost production were initiated by farmers themselves. Budchip settling production was practiced by individual farmers as well as promoted by factories in participatory mode. It is also found that all seven entrepreneurial initiatives are profitable and sustainable. Further, the study found that the production cost for 1 cc trichogramma is Rs. 16 and selling cost is Rs. 23/cc, thus farmer getting a net profit of Rs. 7/cc of Trico card. In case of budchip settling production, total cost incurred for production of one settling is around 60-85 paisa. Selling cost of one-month old settling is Rs. 1.25. Thus, a farmer gains a net profit of 40 paisa per settling
Genetic variability and divergence analysis for yield and yield contributing traits in released varieties of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) under partially reclaimed saline sodic soil
Get PDFGenetic variability is the back bone of crop improvement programme, effectiveness of selection depends upon nature and magnitude of genetic variability present in the genetic material. The aim of the present study was that to identify the potential genotypes performing well under partially reclaimed saline- sodic soil (pH 8.6-8.9, EC = 4-4.2 dSm-1, ESP = > 15). Sixty four released varieties of barley collected from Directorate of Wheat Research, Karnal were grown during rabi season 2010-11, showing wide spectrum of variation for various characters. The characters studied were yield and yield contributing traits; namely plant height, days to maturity, fertile tillers / plant, length of main spike, grains per main spike, 1000-grains weight, grain yield per plant. The data on 7 characters was utilized for estimation of mean, range and least significant differences. The varieties RD-2552(8.52), HBL-276(8.35), RD- 2592(8.17), PL-419(8.15), Kedar(8.11), PL-751(8.10), JB-58(8.06), K-508(7.96) produced higher grain yield per plant and showed high to very high mean performance for several other yield component also. These selected varieties can be used in breeding program and can be recommended direct cultivation under partially reclaimed salinesodic soil
Sclerotinia rot of rapeseed mustard: A comprehensive review
Get PDFIndian mustard [Brassica juncea (L.) Czern & Coss.] is one of the major oilseed crops cultivated in India and around the world. It is extensively grown traditionally as a pure crop as well as intercrop (mixed crop) in marginal and sub-marginal soils in the eastern, northern and north western states of India. Cool and moist climate of winter months is the major factor for luxuriant growth and productivity of mustard in these states. Despite considerable increase in productivity and production, a wide gap exists between yield potential and yield realized at farmer’s field, which is largely due to biotic and abiotic stresses. The destructive diseases of rapeseed-mustard include those caused by fungi, bacteria, viruses and phytoplasma. Among them, Sclerotinia stem rot is the most serious fungal disease that causes maximum damage in Indian mustard. This paper reviews the research and development of Sclerotinia rot in rapeseed-mustard during the past years in relation to pathogen taxonomy, biology, epidemiology, disease cycle and management. The paper also attempts to present future outlook and strategy for Sclerotinia rot of rapeseed mustard research
Combining ability analysis in linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) for improvement of seed yield and its component traits
Get PDFTwenty eight hybrids developed from eight genotypes of linseed through diallel mating design (excluding reciprocal) along with one checks viz., Shekhar were evaluated in randomized block design with three replications for eleven distinct morphological traits during rabi season of 2012-13, to estimate the general combining ability (GCA) of the parents and specific combining ability (SCA) of hybrids considered for the development of high yielding varieties. The analysis of variance for combining ability revealed significant mean sum of squares due to GCA and SCA for all the traits under study. Genotype EC-1392 (0.50) and TL-11 (0.45) has been found good general combiner with highest magnitude of GCA effects for seed yield per plant. In addition to above, EC-1392 and TL-11 also showed good GCA effects for plant height, secondary branches per plant, capsules per plant and biological yield per plant. Hybrids A.95.B x Shekhar (2.43), TL-11 x EC-1392 (1.71) and NDL-2004-05 x GS-234 (1.53) showed higher positive significant SCA effects for seed yield per plant. These hybrids also exhibited positive significant SCA effects for plant height, secondary brances per plant, capsules per plant, indicating potential for exploiting hybrid vigour in breeding programme