Journal of Applied and Natural Science
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Plant secondary metabolites (PSMs) of Brassicaceae and their role in plant defense against insect herbivores – A review
Get PDFThe genus Brassica includes economically important oilseed and vegetable plants. A number of insect pests are known to infest these crops and cause significant losses in yield. The plants in the family Brassicaceae have multiple defense mechanisms to overcome or reduce the damage by these pests including defensive biochemicals. These Plant Secondary Metabolites (PSMs) involve myrosinase-glucosinolate system, different volatile com-pounds, lectins, phytoalexins and phytoanticipins. While some of the compounds are always present in the plant system, the others are synthesized after herbivore attack. These compounds can either directly protect the plant by having effect(s) on insects’ biology/behaviour or indirectly by attracting the natural enemies of the pests. Because of these secondary compounds, Brassicas have the potential to be used in pest management such as biofumigation against soil pests, as trap crops and cover crops and hence, can be a part of push-pull strategy. An attempt has been made to review these compounds in Brassicas, their role in defense against insects and potential in pest management
Impact of integrated nutrient management on some important physical and chemical attributes of soil vis-a-vis performance of bitter gourd
Get PDFAn experiment has been conducted under AICRP on Soil Test Crop Response (STCR) at the Central Research Farm (Gayeshpur), Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, West Bengal to find out the effect of integrated nutrient management in ArkaHarit variety of bitter gourd. The treatments contain different organic and inorganic fertilizer viz. Control (T1), NPK @ 90:60:60 kg/ha (T2), Vermicompost @ 12t/ha (T3), NPK+ Vermicompost @ 3t/ha (T4), FYM @ 25t/ha (T5), NPK+FYM @ 6.25t/ha (T6), Mustard oil cake (MOC) @ 7t/ha (T7), NPK+MOC @ 1.75t/ha (T8). Application of organic and inorganic sources in an integrated manner has resulted higher in yield, physical and chemical parameter such as seed yield (2815 kg/ha), aggregate ratio (0.69), mean weight diameter (0.593 mm), geometric mean weight diameter (0.679 mm), organic carbon (1.28 %), CEC (12.88 meq/100g), available nitrogen (208 kg/ha), phosphorus (62 kg/ha), potassium (167 kg/ha) in higher magnitude as compare to the single application of inorganic fertilizer. In maximum cases, the chemical parameters is highest in harvesting stage rather than other stage. Quality characters such as Vitamin A, C, crude fibre are nourished in favourable way due to integrated appli-cation of organic and inorganic fertilizers. Based on the performance, it was found that treatment combination of NPK+MOC @ 1.75t/ha (T8) was best among all treatments in most cases for yield, productivity and nutritional as-pects of ArkaHarit variety of bitter gourd
Analysis of seed protein diversity in Cicer arietinum L. genotypes with different seed coat colour using SDS-PAGE
Get PDFSDS-PAGE technique was used for the study of seed protein polymorphism among three genotypes of Cicer arietinum with different seed coat colour. A total of 24 polypeptide bands were recorded. Out of these 20 were common among all three genotypes and 4 (16.66%) were polymorphic. The data analysis using UPGMA clustering revealed that genotypes with C2 (dark brown) and C3 (black) were closer as compared to genotype with C1 (light brown) coat colour. Jaccard similarity coefficient value ranged from 0.87 to 0.92. The similarity matrix was subjected to UPGMA clustering to generate dendrogram. The most closely revealed genotypes were C2 (dark brown) and C3 (black) with the highest similarity index 0.92 whereas, C1 (light brown) showed minimum similarity index with C3 (black) genotype 0.87. Each of three genotypes of C.arietinum had some polypeptide bands which were peculiar to them only. This enabled distinguishing all three genotypes on the basis of specific polypeptide fragments using SDS-PAGE analysis
Effect of water dipping on separation techniques of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) arils
Get PDFFor easy separation of arils, pomegranate fruits were subjected to hot water dipping and normal water dipping treatments. Minimum time of separation as 4.10 min/kg of fruit was observed in case of hot water (80±2°C) dip for 2 min which was at par with hot water (80±2°C) dip for 1 min as 4.7 min/kg. All treatments saved time over the traditional method but only hot water dipping was significant without any significant adverse effect on aril quality in comparison with traditional method except anthocyanin and phenols. Anthocyanin content reduced and phenols content increased in comparison to traditional method
Assessment on performance and variability in different sweet orange (Citrus sinensis Obseck) cultivars under Punjab conditions
Get PDFBased on morphological characterization, the performance of eighteen sweet orange, (Citrus sinensis Obseck) cultivars were evaluated. On the basis of two year data, the maximum mean fruit weight (316.25 gm) was recorded in Moro, while the maximum mean fruit diameter and mean fruit length was recorded in Mosambi and Olinda Valencia (87.32 mm and 81.33 mm, respectively). Albedo thickness was recorded maximum in Ruby Nucellar (3.42 mm). Highest total soluble solids was recorded in cultivar Moro (11.450 brix), while the titratable acidity was recorded maximum in Valencia Calizonida (1.21 %). Fruit axis diameter and Fruit rind thickness were recorded maximum in Rhode Red Valencia and Vernia (15.12 mm and 8.11 mm, respectively). In the variability studies, the maximum genotypic coefficient of variance (GCV) and phenotypic coefficient of variance (PCV) was recorded maximum for titratable acidity (27.88 and 27.94, respectively) followed by albedo thickness (23.77 and 23.78, respectively) and fruit weight (21.52 and 21.67, respectively). Genetic advance per cent of mean was recorded for titratable acidity (57.31%) followed by albedo thickness (48.96 %) and fruit weight (44.03 %) suggesting that further selection will be effective for improvement in these traits
First report of tar spot of Toona (Toona ciliata) in India
Get PDFA new foliar disease of toona tree has been reported during continuous surveys conducted at Solan district of Himachal Pradesh during August, 2015 to December, 2015. On the basis of morphological characteristics of the fungus, the fungus was identified as Rhytisma acerinum, which produces symptoms on upper surface of the leaves as numerous small, superficial and blackish lesion which later gives the similar appearance as given by tar. Tar spot of the toona tree produces the ascomata whose size ranges from 14-16 µm with average of 15µm, asci length varied from 60-80 x 9.5-10.2 µm and size of ascospores varied from 52-58 x 1.8-2.0 µm. Tar Spot disease of leaves of Toona in Himachal Pradesh is the first report of its occurrence and more work is needed so that the disease could remain in manageable level
Standardization of mixed fruit cheese from Guava (Psidiumguajava cv. Hisar Safeda) and Mango (Mangiferaindica var. Safeda) and its quality evaluation during storage
Get PDFThe present investigation was carried out to prepare fruit cheese, a fruit confectionery prepared by combining fruit pulp with sugar, pectin and acid from blended fruit pulp of guava (Psidiumguajava) and mango (Mangiferaindica). The storage studies of mixed fruit cheese packed in HDPE bags showed significant changes in chemical properties during three months storage. Total sugars, reducing sugars and browning increased significantly from 66.8 to 68.7 %, 21.1 to 23.4 % and 0.25 to 0.37, while carotenoids and total phenols decreased significantly from 1.2 to 0.7 mg/100g and 39.1 to 35.2 mg/100g in guava-mango cheese during storage. Carotenoids was maximum (2.5 mg/100g) in guava-mango cheese containing highest mango pulp content, while ascorbic acid and total phenols was maximum (13.0 and 54.7 mg/100g) in cheese with highest guava pulp content. The cost of production was found minimum (Rs. 140/kg) in guava-mango cheese with 100 guava: 0 mango pulp ratio and increasing concentration of mango pulp showed a increasing trend in the cost of production of fruit cheese
Effect of EMS on morpho-physiological characters of wheat in reference to stay green trait
Get PDFTo feed the ever growing world population, the demand of food supply must be increased by 70 % of major cereal crops like wheat, rice etc. It was predicted that the detrimental effect of abiotic stresses like drought, heat, salt etc. on yield would be decreased by genetic improvement in terms of photosynthetic response, long green leaf duration and delayed leaf senescence. ‘Stay green’ is a vital trait of all crops which is directly associated with the capacity of the plant to maintain CO2 assimilation, photosynthesis and chlorophyll content. The present study was conducted to develop the stay green mutants genotype by using 1.5 % Ethyl Methane Sulphonate (EMS). The variety K 7410 showed highest leaf area 37.34 cm2, seeds per spike 65.47, 1000 grain weight 62.03 g after treatment of EMS among morphological characters observed. Among physiological characters of wheat variety Sonalik showed lowest RWC (21.48 %), HD 2135 showed lowest chlorophyll content (33.53 µg/cm2) and C 306 showed lowest photosynthetic rate (15.05 µmol/m2sec) after treatment of EMS. But varieties K 7410, VL 401 and RAJ 3765 varieties showed higher value of physiological characters after the treatment. The results suggested that the stay green trait had been developed by mutation (EMS) in these three wheat varieties and they can exhibit better tolerance under abiotic stress conditions like drought, high temperature. Such results would prove useful for further research and crop management in stress affected areas or under unfavourable climatic conditions
Biochemical assessment of nutritional status in Indian mustard
Get PDFThe present investigation was carried out to evaluate the nutritional potential of five different Indian mustard genotypes. Fatty acid composition was determined in the oil, whereas seed meal was analyzed for limiting amino acids (tryptophan and methionine), protein content, glucosinolate content and antioxidant potential (DPPH free radical scavenging activity, total antioxidant activity and iron chelating activity). The monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) were found to be maximum in RH 0749 (58.70 %) followed by RH (OE) 0801 (48.91 %), JM 6011 (47.03 %), EC 597328 and EC 597340 (45.77 %). Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) were observed maximum in EC 597340 (47.45 %).Glucosinolate content ranged from 42.80 (EC 597328) to 79.79 ?mole/g defatted seed meal (EC 597340). The methanolic seed meal extract exhibited a concentration dependent elimination of DPPH free radicals. All the five genotypes showed about 50 % inhibition in 3.0 mg of dry seed meal. The highest total antioxidant activity (20.41mg/g) and metal ion chelating activity (32.58 %) was observed in RH 0749. Protein content varied from 33.57 [RH (OE) 0801] to 38.01 % (RH 0749). Maximum methionine and tryptophan content were recorded in RH 0749 (0.99 and 1.01 g/100g protein, respectively). Thus, RH 0749 was observed as a potent variety in terms of total antioxidant activity, metal ion chelating activity, protein content, methionine and tryptophan content
Validation of integrated pest management module against insect pests of pigeonpea, Cajanus cajan in Tarai region of Uttarakhand
Get PDFExperiments on validation of integrated pest management (IPM) module against insect pest of pigeonpea in comparison with the Non-IPM (farmer’s practices) were conducted at N.E.B. Crop Research Centre, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar during Kharif 2014 and 2015. Adopted IPM module contained Seed treatment with Trichoderma spp. @10g/kg of seed, Sole crop, Bird perches @ 50/ha, need based insecticides spray (Chlorantraniliprole 18.5SC @ 30 g a. i./ha; Neem soap@10g/lit; Acetamiprid 20SP @ 20 g a. i./ha). The results indicated that minimum population of pod borers (Helicoverpa armigera,Maruca vitrata and podfly) and sucking insects (aphids, jassids, pod bug) was reported in IPM plots and maximum population of insects was observed in Non-IPM plots. Percent insect control over non-IPM was 50.98 % for H. armigera, 44.69 % for M. vitrata and 19.17 % for Maruca webbing were recorded. While, for sucking pest complex, insect control over non-IPM was 51.59 %, 40.36 % and 36.17 % against jassids, aphids and tur pod bug, respectively. Similarly, minimum pod borer damage (6.48 and 7.71 %) was recorded in IPM plots as compared to maximum pod borer damage (8.37 and 8.22 %) in non-IPM plots, respectively during 2014 and 2015. Whereas, pooled grain yield for IPM plots was 1286.5 kg/ha for both seasons as against 888 kg/ha in non-IPM plots with 1:2.89 benefit cost ratio. Hence, It is apparent that studied IPM module was able to increase the yield of pigeonepea with lower cost of production as against non-IPM thus it would be benefiting the farmers