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Nanoparticle-Mediated Modulation of Bulk and Selective Autophagy: From Mechanistic Activation to Clinical Perspectives
No full textAutophagy is an evolutionarily conserved catabolic process essential for maintaining cellular homeostasis in physiological and pathological conditions. Dysregulation of autophagy can lead to various diseases, including neurodegenerative disorders, cancer, and infections. Given its critical role in cellular health, autophagy modulation has emerged as a promising therapeutic strategy to prevent disease onset, slow progression, or mitigate severity. Over the past decade, nanoparticles have shown significant potential in autophagy modulation due to their ability to facilitate targeted delivery, enhance the stability of therapeutic agents, and enable the controlled release of autophagy-inducing molecules. Additionally, certain nanoparticles, such as lipid-based, polymeric, and metallic systems, can directly influence autophagic pathways. This review provides a detailed analysis of the molecular mechanisms through which nanoparticles induce bulk autophagy and their role in facilitating selective autophagy by targeting specific cellular cargo for degradation. It highlights the importance of nanoparticle design in the induction of autophagy. It also discusses the challenges associated with nanoparticle-mediated autophagy induction in clinical translation. Future perspectives focus on optimizing nanoparticle systems to achieve targeted and effective autophagy modulation, advancing their clinical utility for therapeutic interventions in autophagy-related diseases
Nanodiamonds as Emerging Biomaterials for Biomedical Applications
No full textNanodiamonds (NDs) have unique optical and mechanical characteristics, surface chemistry, extensive surface area and biocompatibility, and they are nontoxic, rendering them suitable for a diverse range of applications. Recently, NDs have received significant attention in nano-biomedical engineering. This review discusses the recent advancement of NDs' biomedical engineering, historical background, basic introduction to nanoparticles and development. We summarize NDs' synthesis technique, properties and applications. Two methodologies are used in ND synthesis: bottom-up and top-down. We cover synthesis methods, including detonation, ball milling, laser ablation, chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and high pressure and high temperature (HPHT); discuss the properties of NDs, such as fluorescence and biocompatibility. Due to these properties, NDs have potential applications in biomedical engineering, including bioimaging, biosensing, drug delivery, tissue engineering and protein mimics. Further, it provides an outlook for future progress, development and application of NDs in biological and biomedical areas
A MRF based segmentatiom approach to classification using Dempster Shafer fusion for multisensor imagery
No full textA technique has been suggested for multisensor data fusion to obtain landcover classification. It takes care of feature level fusion with Dempster-Shafer rule and data level fusion with Markov Random Field model based approach vis-a-vis for determining the optimal segmentation. Subsequently, segments are validated and classification accuracy for the test data is evaluated. Two illustrations of data fusion of optical images and a Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) image is presented and accuracy results are compared with those of some recent techniques in literature for the same image data
Self-Assembled DNA-Collagen Bioactive Scaffolds Promote Cellular Uptake and Neuronal Differentiation
No full textDifferent modalities of DNA/collagen complexes have been utilized primarily for gene delivery studies. However, very few studies have investigated the potential of these complexes as bioactive scaffolds. Further, no studies have characterized the DNA/collagen complex formed from the interaction of the self-assembled DNA macrostructure and collagen. Toward this investigation, we report herein the fabrication of novel bioactive scaffolds formed from the interaction of sequence-specific, self-assembled DNA macrostructure and collagen type I. Varying molar ratios of DNA and collagen resulted in highly intertwined fibrous scaffolds with different fibrillar thicknesses. The formed scaffolds were biocompatible and presented as a soft matrix for cell growth and proliferation. Cells cultured on DNA/collagen scaffolds promoted the enhanced cellular uptake of transferrin, and the potential of DNA/collagen scaffolds to induce neuronal cell differentiation was further investigated. The DNA/collagen scaffolds promoted neuronal differentiation of precursor cells with extensive neurite growth in comparison to the control groups. These novel, self-assembled DNA/collagen scaffolds could serve as a platform for the development of various bioactive scaffolds with potential applications in neuroscience, drug delivery, tissue engineering, and in vitro cell culture
Chip design for digital CIM architectures and efficient realization of 2D-DWT on Versal AI engine
No full textLow complexity adaptive signal processing algorithms and architectures for audio signal processing
No full textModeling the Interaction of Active Cilia with Species in Solution: From Chemical Reagents to Microscopic Particles
No full text3D printed metamaterials: properties, fabrication, and drug delivery applications
No full textDrug delivery is a process to deliver the required amount of a drug to a target site within an appropriate timeframe, while minimizing possible side effects and maximizing efficiency. This is accomplished by drug delivery systems (DDSs), which are platforms composed of natural and/or synthetic materials that carry drugs or bioactive agents at a particular site or throughout a patient's body via oral, transdermal, topical, intravenous, or intramuscular routes to minimize the drug's toxicity and provide desired therapeutic effects without affecting the patient's healthy cells, tissues or organs. Despite significant advancements, drug delivery still faces numerous scientific, technological, and clinical challenges, such as poor drug bioavailability, unstable loading efficiency, lack of site-specificity, undesired prolonged delivery of drugs. Issues such as drug stability, limitations in achieving controlled and sustained release, long-term unwanted toxicity, and patient compliance are also common challenges in the field. In recent years, researchers have created 'Metamaterials', which exploit the advancements in fabrication and 3D printing technology to exhibit complex characteristics and customizable architecture that are not otherwise naturally present in a material. These properties provide a precision control over drug release kinetics, targeting, and efficiency by precise manipulation of interactions at the nanoscale. This review explores the potential of metamaterials in developing advanced DDSs with exceptional precision and efficacy, via materials selection, design considerations, fabrication challenges, and optimization strategies for 3D printing of these materials. We provide an overview of their recent application in drug delivery tackling the challenges associated with release systems, including sustained, pulsatile, and on-demand delivery modalities. Targeted delivery, theranostic applications, and regenerative medicine, are also explored. We believe this review will inspire further research and development in this burgeoning field by highlighting the challenges associated with their biocompatibility, scalability, manufacturing considerations, and hurdles or opportunities in translation, ultimately leading to transformative advancements in personalized medicine and healthcare
