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Growth of single crystalline GeSn alloy epilayer on Gd2O3/Si (111) engineered insulating substrate using RF sputtering and solid phase epitaxy
No full textThe article showcases a low-cost, low-temperature deposition and HVM technique to develop single crystalline GeSn alloy epilayers on Gd2O3/Si (111) substrate. First, GeSn alloy amorphous layer is deposited on the insulating substrates using an Radio Frequency (RF) sputtering apparatus. Subsequently, an inductively coupled plasma-assisted chemical vapor deposition (ICP-CVD) process is used to deposit a SiO2 capping layer to protect against Sn out-diffusion during heat treatment. The samples are then subjected to solid phase epitaxy (SPE) at 450 °C, 550 °C, and 650 °C. Sample processed for SPE at 450 °C has weak crystallinity and only shows Type-A stacking. Those processed for SPE at 550 °C and 650 °C, on the other hand, have revealed formation of the single-crystalline GeSn alloy epilayer with Type-A and Type-B stacking. However, SPE at 650 °C revealed tin out-diffusion and segregation effects. This work is significant for enabling the preparation of high-Sn-content GeSn alloy epilayers on insulating Gd2O3/Si (111) substrates, as it requires the initial deposition of a GeSn amorphous alloy epilayer using RF sputtering. This advancement promises benefits which includes advantages such as lower operating voltage, reduced leakage current, and minimized parasitic and short-channel effects, making it ideal for advancing RF technology
Shear Strength, Excess Pore Water Pressure, and Durability Response of Class F Fly Ash Treated with Hydrated Lime
No full textMany researchers have suggested lime treatment of class F fly ash to achieve the desired strength and durability for its use as fill material in geotechnical applications. However, stress-strain and pore pressure response of lime-Treated fly ash under a saturated state has not been explored. In this study, shear strength, pore water pressure response, and durability of lime-Treated class-F fly ash have been evaluated. Unconfined compressive strength of lime-Treated fly ash was determined for different curing time periods (7-84 days). A series of consolidated undrained (CU) triaxial tests were performed, and a new procedure for saturation of lime-Treated specimens was developed to ensure its B (saturation value) to be 0.95. This study was further extended to conduct the durability analysis for two cases: soaking under water and wetting-drying cycles. Lime-Treated specimens exhibited improved strength and durability response. In addition, lime-Treated specimens under saturated state showed higher dilative behavior and brittle response than untreated fly ash. � 2023 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved
An application of multicomponent directional-cum-modal combination rule: routine seismic design and performance assessment
No full textA framework is proposed for incorporating the multi-component directional-cum-modal combination rule within the practice of seismic design/performance assessment. Target spectrum is assumed to be available in the seismic performance assessment practice for a given single component representation of the orthogonal pair of horizontal components. With this available information, first, a suite of ground motion is selected matching the horizontal target spectrum through amplitude scaling. Next, under the assumption of hazard consistency, the same amplitude scale factor is used for other components also in the respective seismic events. Average of the resulting spectra in the respective directions leads to the multicomponent target spectra consistent with the horizontal seismic hazard. Apart from these multicomponent target spectra, directional-cum-modal combination rule also requires additional inputs such as, (a) one-sided power spectral shape for all components of ground motion; and (b) cross-spectral density functions (normalized) for all directional pairs of ground motions. This paper also proposes the construction of each of these additional inputs using the same selected and scaled ground motion suite matching the target spectrum. A total of three examples are presented as sample illustrations of the proposed framework using a couple of buildings and different representative suites of ground motions. The framework performs reasonably well for all practical purposes when compared with the response history analysis. The proposed framework can also be extended to the seismic design practice given multicomponent target spectra as the available input but with a nominal modification in the selection and scaling of the suite
On a characterization of Spartan graphs
No full textThe eternal vertex cover game is played between an attacker and a defender on an undirected graph G. The defender identifies k vertices to position guards on to begin with. The attacker, on their turn, attacks an edge e, and the defender must move a guard along e to defend the attack. The defender may move other guards as well, under the constraint that every guard moves at most once and to a neighboring vertex. The smallest number of guards required to defend attacks forever is called the eternal vertex cover number of G, denoted evc(G).
For any graph G, evc(G) is at least the vertex cover number of G, denoted mvc(G). A graph is Spartan if evc(G)=mvc(G). It is known that a bipartite graph is Spartan if and only if every edge belongs to a perfect matching. We show that the only K�nig graphs that are Spartan are the bipartite Spartan graphs. We also give new lower bounds for evc(G), generalizing a known lower bound based on cut vertices. We finally show a new matching-based characterization of all Spartan graphs
Exploring the Multifaceted Health Benefits of Natural Dietary Sources: Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, Anticancer, and Antidiabetic Properties
No full textThe lifestyle of today's generation contributes to various health issues like cancer, diabetes, obesity, heart disease, and high blood pressure. A significant factor contributing to these harmful lifestyle choices is the overconsumption of highly processed, energy-dense foods that are rich in saturated and trans fats, sodium, and added sugars, Conversely, adopting healthier dietary patterns that prioritize the intake of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and healthy fats has been shown to protect against these chronic health conditions. Investigating the diverse health benefits of natural food sources requires a holistic approach encompassing dietary intake evaluations, laboratory and animal studies, and human clinical research. These investigations examine the antimicrobial, antioxidant, cancer-fighting, and blood sugar-regulating properties of compounds derived from plants. Studies indicate that diets abundant in whole grains, fruits, and vegetables supply crucial nutrients and biologically active substances such as polyphenols and flavonoids, which provide protective benefits against long-term disease conditions, including heart disease, cancer, and diabetes. Consequently, it is imperative to adjust our dietary practices and lifestyle choices to mitigate the risk of various ailments. Naturally occurring compounds such as curcumin, quercetin, kaempferol, and resveratrol, which are found in diverse food sources, have the potential to combat numerous diseases when incorporated into our diets. This review explores an array of compounds present in dietary sources and their associated biomedical properties, including their anticancer, antidiabetic, antioxidant, and antimicrobial effects. Furthermore, it explores various diet-related strategies designed to promote a healthier lifestyle, including the incorporation of a diverse range of fruits, vegetables, and spices rich in polyphenolic compounds into one's daily nutritional intake. In addition, this review also examines recent patents related to these bioactive food compounds, highlighting their potential applications in disease prevention and therapy
Rapid parameter estimation with the full symphony of compact binary mergers using meshfree approximation
No full textMeso-functionalized 21-thiaporphyrins: Synthesis, DFT and phototoxicity studies in cancer cells
No full textThe synthesis of meso-functionalized 21-thiaporphyrins with N3S core was carried out by one pot reaction of thiophene diol, pyrrole and aromatic aldehyde. The active pharmacophoric groups occupied the 5,10-positions of 21-thiaporphyrins, whereas the other two meso-positions were substituted by p-tolyl or p-bromophenyl moieties. The meso-pharmacophoric groups substantially altered the optical properties of 21-thiaporphyrins, with 20–36 nm red shifts in their absorption and emission maxima as compared to the standard compound. The singlet oxygen quantum yields were 68-71% in DMSO for these 21-thiaporphyrins. The in-vitro cellular uptake and cytotoxicity studies of 21-thiaporphyrins were performed on HeLa cells. Both the 21-thiaporphyrins were found to be significantly phototoxic to cervical cancer cells with 1.9 to 2.9 µM IC50 values, suggesting their potential application in photodynamic therapy
Long-Term Trend in Clouds and Precipitation Over an Urban City Ahmedabad in the Western-Indian Region
No full textThis study analyzes the cloud base height (CBH) and precipitation patterns over Ahmedabad, a semi-arid urban city in the Western-Indian region, over the period 2000 to 2021. The study compares ERA5 precipitation product with GSMaP_ISRO precipitation data during the Indian Summer Monsoon (ISM) period and examines trends in cloud frequency across different altitude levels over the Ahmedabad region. Results indicate that the ERA5 is able to represent the monthly rainfall patterns over the study region. The findings reveal that clouds accounting for significant rainfall during ISM typically have a cloud base height (CBH) below 1 km, with the highest frequency observed between 200 m and 250 m. A notable increasing trend in the frequency of rainy clouds (rain > 0.5 mm/hour) is observed during September (withdrawal monsoon) with an increase of (0.49 ± 0.23) % per year. Also, a significant increase in low (0–2 km) and mid-level (2–6 km) cloud frequency is observed during September, which correlates with an annual rise in September rainfall by approximately 5.37 ± 3.52 mm from 2000 to 2021. These changes are linked to alterations in lower and upper tropospheric temperatures, influenced by aerosols, reflecting the impact of anthropogenic activities on cloud properties and precipitation patterns
