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Multifaceted roles of U-box E3 ligases in plant development
No full textPost-translational modifications (PTMs) are crucial for providing plants with the metabolic flexibility needed to regulate cellular signaling during development and stress responses. Ubiquitination, a key post-translational modifications, is mediated by E3 ubiquitin ligases, including the plant U-box (PUB) protein family. PUBs have been implicated in diverse processes such as development, self-incompatibility, cell cycle regulation, and stress and immune responses in various plant species. This review highlights the functional diversity of PUBs, exploring their mechanisms of action, classification based on domains, and tissue-specific expression. By synthesizing current knowledge, this review aims to enhance understanding of how PUBs integrate environmental signals with internal regulatory systems to support plant growth and reproduction
Delta characters and crystalline cohomology
No full textThe first part of the paper develops the theory of m-shifted π- typicalWitt vectors which can be viewed as subobjects of the usual π-typical Witt vectors. We show that the shifted Witt vectors admit a delta structure that satisfy a canonical identity with the delta structure of the usual π-typical Witt vectors. Using this theory, we prove that the generalized kernels of arithmetic jet spaces are jet spaces of the kernel at the first level. This also allows us to interpret the arithmetic Picard-Fuchs operator geometrically. For a π-formal group scheme G, by a previous construction, associated to the arithmetic jet spaces of G one attaches a canonical filtered module Hδ(G) with a semilinear operator on it. In the second half of our paper, we show that Hδ(A) is of finite rank if A is an abelian scheme. We also prove a strengthened version of a result of Buium on delta characters on abelian schemes. As an application, for an elliptic curve A defined over Zp, we show that our canonical filtered isocrystal Hδ(A) (Formula Presented) Qp is weakly admissible. In particular, if A does not admit a lift of Frobenius, we show that Hδ(A) (Formula Presented) Qp is isomorphic to the first crystalline cohomology (Formula Presented) Qp in the category of filtered isocrystals. On the other hand, if A admits a lift of Frobenius, then Hδ(A)(Formula Presented)Qp is isomorphic to the sub-isocrystal H0(A,ΩA) (Formula Presented) Qp of (Formula Presented). The above result can be viewed as a character theoretic interpretation of the crystalline cohomology. The difference between the integral structures of Hδ(A) and (Formula Presented) is measured by a delta modular form f1 constructed by Buium
High-Performance Polyacrylamide Hydrogel-Based Wearable Sensors for Electrocardiography Monitoring and Motion Sensing
No full textConductive hydrogels have gained significant attention due to their remarkable properties, including stretchability, self-adhesiveness, deformability, and cost-effectiveness. However, existing hydrogel-based sensors often suffer from limited biocompatibility, poor mechanical strength, and inadequate adhesion, limiting their suitability for wearable electronics. Herein, we report a highly conductive, skin-friendly hydrogel electrode for real-time electrocardiography (ECG) and motion monitoring. The hydrogel is based on a polyacrylamide (PAM) network incorporated with the conductive polymer poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrenesulfonate (PEDOT:PSS). The PAM-PEDOT:PSS hydrogel exhibited exceptional mechanical properties, with tensile strengths of 5-68 kPa at corresponding strains of 142 to 646%. It also demonstrated excellent biocompatibility, gentle skin adhesion, and optimized mechanical performance by tailoring the cross-linker concentration (N,N-methylene Bis(acrylamide)) in the PAM matrix. Notably, the hydrogel exhibited low hysteresis (<3%) under stress-strain cycling, ensuring reliable performance during repeated deformation. Wearable hydrogel electrode testing showed a strong correlation (99.6%) between recorded ECG signals and those from commercial electrodes. Additionally, the fabricated strain sensors exhibited high sensitivity, an extensive sensing range (0-646% strain), rapid response, and outstanding stability. These features enable precise monitoring of diverse physical signals, from large-scale joint movements to subtle muscle contractions. This work presents a promising approach for developing flexible strain sensors and electronic skins, advancing next-generation wearable devices
Active cooling load design for buildings in hot and dry climate: modelling and experimentation
No full textAnalysis of Wind Flow around Major Buildings in the Campus of College of Engineering Trivandrum
No full textEver-increasing demand for energy, particularly in developing nations, has accentuated the urgency to explore renewable energy sources. Wind energy is a promising avenue for sustainable power generation. To harness wind energy efficiently, understanding local wind flow patterns is crucial, especially in urban environments where buildings can significantly influence wind dynamics. This study delves into the analysis of wind flow around major buildings within the campus of the College of Engineering Trivandrum, focusing on the optimization of wind energy generation through mini and micro wind turbines. Using numerical simulations, the wind flow patterns surrounding tall buildings within the campus are investigated. A three-dimensional computational model is constructed to replicate the complex interactions between wind and the built environment. The simulations are conducted with inlet velocities ranging from 3 m/s to 8 m/s, the wind conditions typically encountered in the region. By leveraging the insights gained from the wind flow analysis, optimal locations for installing wind turbines to maximize power generation are identified. The strategic placement of these turbines takes into account factors such as wind speed, direction, and turbulence, as well as the presence of obstructions such as buildings. The methodology employed can be adapted and applied to similar urban settings, aiding planners, architects, and engineers in designing sustainable energy solutions that harness the untapped potential of wind resources. Integration of mini and micro wind turbines into urban landscapes not only contributes to renewable energy generation but also promotes environmental sustainability and resilience to climate change. In conclusion, this study offers insights into wind flow dynamics around major buildings in an urban campus setting and demonstrates how such knowledge can be harnessed to optimize wind energy generation
Factors controlling basalt weathering in the Deccan traps: A small catchment perspective
No full textChemical weathering fluxes from small basalt catchments, the Ambika and the Girna in the Deccan Traps, have been compared. The two catchments are characterized by distinct climates: humid in the Ambika and semi-arid in the Girna River. We collected water samples at the sub- catchment scale of these basins and analysed concentrations of major ions and dissolved Sr in them to estimate the weathering rates and to assess their controlling factors. The catchment area, slope and relief of the catchments were derived using Digital Elevation Model (DEM) on ArcGIS platform whereas the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) was used to derive the sub-catchment scale runoffs. The SWAT simulated annual discharge shows a nearly three times larger discharge in the Ambika River compared to the Girna River. The various sources, viz., basalt, carbonates, sea-salts and saline alkaline soils (SAS) contributing to major ions in dissolved load, were quantified using inverse modelling approach. The total chemical denudation rates (TCDR*) during monsoon, 1033 ± 512 tons km−2 y-1, is ∼ 12 times higher compared to non-monsoon (82 ± 42 tons km−2 y-1) in the Ambika River, and ∼ 3 times higher in the Girna River (monsoon: 185 ± 155 tons km−2 y-1 vs. non-monsoon: 51 ± 25 tons km−2 y-1). Annually, TCDR* is around 6-fold higher in the Ambika River (∼683 tons km−2 y-1) than in the Girna River (∼113 tons km−2 y-1) at their outlets. Basalt (silicate) weathering rates (BasWR) in the Ambika and the Girna rivers are 88 ± 19 and 12 ± 3 tons km−2 y-1, respectively. The chemical weathering rates in the two adjacent catchments is primarily controlled by rainfall/runoff, while relief plays secondary control. CO2 consumption rates (CCR) of the Ambika with higher rainfall are much higher ((13 ± 4) × 105 mol km−2 y-1) compared to most of the inactive basalt cathchments globally
Global Stability Analysis of Axisymmetric Boundary Layer with Uniform Suction and Injection
No full textThe global stability analysis is presented for the boundary layer on a thin, long circular cylinder aligned with a free-stream under the effect of suction and injection. A steady, two-dimensional laminar base flow solution is obtained by OpenFOAM software. The two-dimensional temporal stability equations are obtained by standard procedure from the equation of motions for incompressible flow in cylindrical coordinates. The spectral method is employed for spatial discretization of the stability equations. The eigenvalue problem (EVP) is established by formulating the stability equations along with appropriate boundary conditions in both the streamwise (x) and radial (r) directions. The EVP is solved using the Arnoldi iteration method, specifically implemented through the ARPACK package. The findings of an axisymmetric boundary layer (ABL) and a flat-plate boundary layer (FBL) are compared and found that transverse curvature strongly stabilizes the cylinder boundary layer. Also, ABL is found modally stable due to suction, while the boundary layer instability occurs because of injection even though Reynolds number (195) and intensity (0.5% of U∞) are very small. The 2D spatial framework of temporal modes shows the wave packets are suppressed due to the suction and amplified due to the injection
