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Using one-to-one interviews and group interviews in sport studies research
No full textThis chapter is designed to provide readers with the essential knowledge and skills needed to effectively use qualitative interviewing as a data collection method in sport studies research. It is organised into six key sections to facilitate this learning. First, we introduce the fundamentals of one-to-one interviewing and explain the distinctions among structured, semi-structured and unstructured approaches. Next, we delve into the nuances of group interviewing. The third section offers guidance on crafting effective interview questions and employing various probes to obtain rich, detailed responses. In the fourth section, we explore purposive sampling techniques for selecting participants. The fifth section provides practical advice for managing the interview, covering the phases before, during and after the interview to ensure a smooth and successful process. Finally, the chapter concludes with the first author’s insights on collecting interview data, and we offer an interview checklist and end-of-chapter questions to reinforce your understanding of qualitative interviewing
Tourism, Protest, and Vandalism at the Memorial to Robert Gould Shaw and the Massachusetts Fifty-Fourth Regiment
No full textOver the past decade, heated public debates and waves of protest have resulted in the defacement, destruction, and removal of numerous monuments to the Confederate States of America. However, the northern memory of the American Civil War is equally contested, as continuing disagreements over the meaning of memorials to the victorious Union dead reveal. Augustus Saint-Gaudens’s memorial to Colonel Robert Gould Shaw and the 54th Massachusetts (1897), located on Boston Common, elicits contradictory readings and responses. It positions the war as a war to end slavery, and highlights the role of Black soldiers in making freedom real and permanent; yet, in centring the regiment’s martyred white officer, it reinforces paternalistic racial hierarchies and betrays the conflicted political priorities of the statue’s champions, funders, and designers. Despite its frequent celebration in popular culture, successive generations of Bostonians have responded to the statue with anger, confusion, and indifference. This chapter explores how, by reinterpreting, repurposing, or even rejecting the Shaw memorial, citizens of Boston—a northern city with a long and interwoven history of fraught race relations and powerful civil rights activism—have attempted to wrest control of Civil War memory in public spaces from authorised channels
The Benefits of Socialising Outside of Work for Team Morale of Nurses
No full textNurses often experience high-stress situations, dealing with long hours and emotionally challenging situations. These pressures can lead to a decrease in team morale and a decline in performance. This article discusses how socialising outside of work can significantly enhance the morale and cohesion of nursing teams. By examining recent studies and theoretical frameworks, we explore the potential of social interactions outside the workplace to improve communication, reduce stress, foster a sense of community, and ultimately enhance patient care. Furthermore, it will provide practical recommendations for integrating social activities within nursing teams
Ageing causes calcium handling dysfunction in the SAN
No full textWith advancing age, the intrinsic function of the sinoatrial node (SAN) declines, due to structural changes and changes in electrical regulation within the constitutive cells of the nodal tissue. This study examined changes to proteins involved in regulating calcium flux balance in the atria and SAN of male rats used as a model of ageing throughout their lifespan at 6, 12 and 24 months of age. Using immunohistochemistry and western blot, we determined a significant age-dependent decline in the levels of key calcium regulatory proteins within the SAN: Cav1.2, PMCA4, RYR2, SERCA2a, and phospholamban (n=5; ANOVA; p<0.05). In contrast, levels of NCX protein were significantly elevated by 57.3% (p = 0.009) in the oldest group indicating a potential pronounced change in calcium balance; a difference functionally observed by a steeper dose-response curve to the inhibitory effects of nifedipine. Intrinsic pacemaker beating rate was significantly reduced by 68 beats per minute in the oldest group compared with the youngest, (n = 6; ANOVA p = 0.022). Negating sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium cycling and the ‘calcium clock’ using cyclopiazonic acid reduced the intrinsic pacemaker activity of the SAN in young animals to that observed in the oldest group. Under these conditions, spontaneous activity and response of the SAN to isoprenaline became matched across all age groups. Restoring sarcoplasmic reticulum function to the SAN in the elderly may offer a route to combatting age-related suppression of function, but care should be taken in the use of calcium channel antagonists to avoid precipitating sick-sinus syndrome
Africans of “Língua Geral”: Language, Ethnicity and the Slave Trade Between Bahia and the Bight of Benin (c. 1690s-1817)
No full textThis thesis examines the trading relations between Salvador of Bahia, Brazil, and the Bight of Benin in the eighteenth and the early nineteenth centuries. The focus is on the supply of enslaved Africans to Brazil’s sugar plantations, urban areas and mining zones during the period of slavery expansion in the Atlantic world in the eighteenth century. Several studies have highlighted the close links between these two Atlantic regions. This work adds to our understanding of how captives were selected on the west African coast. It argues that slave masters’ preferences for captives from the Bight of Benin, particularly those from specific ethnolinguistic groups, influenced the patterns of slave raids by the kingdom of Dahomey and its rivals in the region. And these slaving expeditions had a significant impact on the affected peoples. This thesis draws upon Portuguese records, including correspondences of authorities in Salvador and Lisbon, letters from Bahian businessmen, early nineteenth-century newspapers, probate, baptismal and death records. Additionally, documents from the British Royal African Company (RAC), the Dutch West-Indische Compagnie (WIC), and the French West Indies Company were also included in this research. Expanding on Pierre Verger’s work, this thesis reveals that slave masters did not randomly select west African captives. Instead, they sought out enslaved Africans who spoke língua geral, a type of língua franca based on Gbe languages spoken in the kingdom of Dahomey and the neighbouring regions (present-day Republic of Benin). Although the regular trade between Salvador of Bahia and the Bight of Benin was known since the late seventeenth century, this thesis argues that the preference for língua geral captives influenced, at least partially, the pattern of African arrivals in Bahia during the eighteenth century. The concentration of certain ethnicities in various regions of the Atlantic world can be attributed to slave masters’ efforts to maintain ethnolinguistic cohesion on their properties, in order to improve economic performance, and Bahian slavers aimed to meet these expectations. These findings are significant because they challenge the widely disseminated notion in scholarly works that slave masters mixed their estates with enslaved Africans from different regions to prevent rebellions. Moreover, it demonstrates that the selection of enslaved Africans on both sides of the Atlantic was highly specialised, as was the transatlantic slave trade
Patient‐reported health‐related quality of life in previously untreated chronic lymphocytic leukaemia: Results from the randomised phase 3 FLAIR trial comparing ibrutinib–rituximab versus fludarabine–cyclophosphamide–rituximab
No full textFront-Line therapy in CLL: Assessment of Ibrutinib-containing Regimens (FLAIR) demonstrated improved progression-free survival for ibrutinib and rituximab (IR) compared with fludarabine, cyclophosphamide and rituximab (FCR) in previously untreated chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL). This report presents the secondary end-point of health-related quality of life (HR-QoL). FLAIR was a phase 3, open-label, randomised trial across 101 hospitals. Eligible patients were aged 18–75 years, World Health Organization performance status (PS) ≤2, requiring treatment; those with >20% 17p deletion were excluded. IR was administered for up to 6 years and FCR for six cycles. Participants completed European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life C30 Questionnaire (EORTC-QLQ-C30), QLQ CLL Module (QLQ-CLL16), three-level EQ-5D (EQ-5D-3L) and EQ5D visual analogue (EQ-VAS) at baseline and follow-up. Function and symptom trajectories were analysed using repeated-measures multilevel regression. 84.4% of participants completed baseline questionnaires and subsequent compliance was 67.6%–83.5%. Median age was 63 years; most participants were white and male. HR-QoL trajectories were similar. FCR recipients had worse scores at end of treatment but recovered thereafter. By 48 months, more FCR-treated participants showed meaningful improvements in several scales. Statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) favoured IR for physical, role and social function; emotional function favoured FCR. Diarrhoea was more common with IR; fatigue and dyspnoea were more common with FCR, though differences did not exceed minimally important thresholds. Overall, scales were comparable between treatment groups, indicating that continuous IR does not compromise HR-QoL
Rethinking resilience in nursing: shifting from individual burden to collective support
No full textResilience is increasingly described as an essential personal trait for nurses, enabling them to endure the psychological, emotional and physical demands of their role. However, an overemphasis on individual resilience may obscure the systemic and structural factors contributing to nurse burnout. This article calls for a redefined, more inclusive approach to resilience which acknowledges the shared responsibility between nurses, healthcare organisations and policymakers. The author discusses how fostering nurses’ well-being requires support for resilience through structural reforms, supportive workplace environments and access to mental health resources. A broader definition of resilience, incorporating trauma-informed leadership and inclusive workplace policies, is essential for addressing the root causes of nurse burnout and enhancing the quality of patient care
Non-explosive pre-supernova feedback in the COLIBRE model of galaxy formation
Full text linkWe present the implementation and testing of a subgrid non-explosive pre-supernova (NEPS) feedback module for the colibre model of galaxy formation. The NEPS module incorporates three key physical processes sourced by young, massive stars that act immediately following star formation: momentum injection from stellar winds and radiation pressure, and thermal energy from photoheating in H ii regions. The age- and metallicity-dependent energy and momentum budgets are derived from bpass stellar population models and are coupled self-consistently to the local gas properties. We test the model using a suite of smoothed particle hydrodynamics simulations of isolated, unstable gaseous discs at various numerical resolutions (gas particle masses in the range 10 4 - 10 6 M). We find that the NEPS module successfully regulates star formation by providing pressure support that prevents catastrophic gas collapse. This regulation improves the numerical convergence of star formation rates and disc structure. In our model, feedback from H ii regions is the dominant regulatory mechanism. Furthermore, we demonstrate a crucial synergy with subsequent supernova feedback; NEPS feedback pre-processes the interstellar medium, creating a more homogeneous environment that moderates the effect of explosive feedback from supernova events. Our NEPS module thus provides a physically motivated and numerically robust framework that mitigates resolution-dependent artefacts and promotes self-regulated galaxy growth
Iatrogenic Hypoglycemia in Type 2 Diabetes Affects Endothelial Proteins Involved in Cardiovascular Dysfunction
Full text linkHypoglycemia is associated with cardiovascular events reflected by platelet abnormalities. We hypothesized that sequential endothelial changes may occur during hypoglycemia that may enhance cardiovascular risk. In type 2 diabetes (T2D) (n = 23) and controls (n = 23), blood SOMAscan proteomic analysis of endothelial proteins at baseline, insulin-induced hypoglycemia and post hypoglycemia to 24 h were examined using repeated-measures linear mixed modeling with a prospective parallel study design. Most endothelial proteins that changed over time did not differ between groups. Baseline levels of P-selectin, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1; serpine-1), E-selectin and angiopoietin-1 (ANGPT1) were significantly higher, whilst cadherin-5 was lower in T2D. Several proteins exhibited changes versus baseline in both T2D and controls. Under hypoglycemia, decreases in cadherin-5 and soluble angiopoietin-1 receptor (sTie-2) were observed, with increased P-selectin, intercellular adhesion molecule-3 (ICAM3), ANGPT1 and PAI-1. Post hypoglycemia, decreased cadherin-5 and ICAM5 were observed at 2 h and PAI-1 at 4 h, as well as increases in P-selectin at 30 min, 1 h and 24 h and ICAM3 at 24 h. Post hypoglycemia, E-selectin, P-selectin and ICAM3 were significantly lower in T2D patients at 2 h, while PAI-1 was significantly lower at 4 h and ICAM3 was significantly lower at 24 h. Baseline endothelial proteins differed between T2D and controls, which may suggest local endothelial inflammatory activation leading to a pro-thrombotic, destabilized vascular phenotype characteristic of diabetic vasculopathy. Hypoglycemia may exacerbate this towards a pro-adhesive and pro-thrombotic phenotype, worsening endothelial dysfunction