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Improving organic potato production systems in Greece; Understanding the influence of variety selection, organic fertilisation and irrigation on potato yield and disease severity
Get PDFPh. D. Thesis.Messinia prefecture, is considered to be one of the most important potato production areas in Greece mainly due to its favourable pedo-climatic conditions and availability of irrigation water. The main challenges that organic potato growers are facing are specific diseases (especially late blight), pest (especially nematodes and Colorado beetle) and nutrient management (e.g. availability of suitable organic fertilizers). Furthermore, the main potato variety used in Greece is Spunta, since it is desired by Greek consumers for characteristics such as shape, color, texture and cooking properties. However, Spunta is a variety with low nutrient use efficiency and high susceptibility to light blight.
The main objectives of the project reported here was to (a) identify varieties that are more suitable for organic production under the pedo-climatic conditions in Southern Greece and (b) develop improved agronomic protocols (fertilization and irrgigation regimes) in pot and field experiments established in four growing seasons/years. The twelve varieties included in trials were chosen based on existing information on (a) foliar blight resistance and (b) performance in conventional production systems in the spring potato growing season in Greece
Results from the study suggest that the variety Sarpo mira may be a sutiable replacement for Spunta (especially for organic production systems) under the pedo climatic conditions in Southern Greece, since it (a) was highly late blight resistant, (b) appeared to be more tolerant to Colorado beetle and (c) produced the highest tuber yield (and mean tuber weights and size) in both field trial seasons, and especially for organic production. Results also showed that fertilisers with a high content of plant available NH4+-N (chicken manure and sheep manure plus agrobiosol) resulted in substantially higher yields than sheep manure and seaweed compost. In pot trials, yields obtained with chicken manure and sheep manure plus agrobiosol were also higher than those obtained with standard mineral NPK fertilisation regimes used in conventional farming practices. Results also suggest that the effect of fertilizer input types on potato health and yield parameters depends on both disease/pest pressure and variety.
This study demonstrated that increasing the water input level to approximately 1.5 times the usual amount of water applied to potato crops with standard sprinkler systems will slightly (by approximately 15%) increase tuber yields. Increasing water input levels also
resulted in significantly higher late blight severity and the ability to increase yields via improved irrigation protocols therefore depends on the availability of blight resistant varieties such as Sarpo mira. Sprinkler irrigation (which was compared to drip irrigation systems in field trials) was found to be the most efficient irrigation system due to (a) its relatively low cost (compared to drip irrigation), and (b) the ability to reduce foliar frost-damage and (c) the finding that it resulted in lower levels of potato beetle infestation in the field trials.
The study reported here showed for the first time that irrigation type has a major effect on Colorado beetle infestation with drip irrigation resulting in approximately 3 times higher infestation than sprinkler irrigation. However, the reasons for this difference are unknown, since the experiments were not designed to assess potential mechanisms.
The availability of late blight resistant varieties such as Sarpo mira may therefore allow the use of sprinkler irrigation (a) without substantial losses due to late blight while (b) delivering additional benefits from reduced Colorado beetle infestation/damage. However, additional experiments, in which different varieties are compared under conditions of no or low late blight disease pressure and/or Colorado beetle infestation levels, are required to determine to what extent foliar blight resistance, insect resistance/tolerance and agronomic factors (e.g. differences in soil physical, and nutrient and water supply resulting from contrasting irrigation methods and fertiliser types) have contributed to the yield difference between varieties. Also future studies should focus on investigating the effect of irrigation and fertiliser types on (a) soil nutrient (especially N, P and K) availability release characteristics, (b) root distribution and root system development and (c) soil penetration resistance within the soil profile throughout the growing season
Progressive Collapse of Ship Structures Under Cyclic Loading
Get PDFPh. D. Thesis.Following ultimate limit state philosophy, the structural safety of ships and shiptype floating structures are assessed by ensuring an acceptable margin between
their maximum load-carrying capacity and the extreme design load. This ultimate
limit state approach is established assuming that the structures are subjected to
a monotonic load that leads to an elastoplastic buckling collapse. However, the
environmental loads of most marine structures are of a cyclic nature. The
evaluation procedure and analysis methodology for ship structures under extreme
loads with multiple cycles is currently lacking.
Within this context, the aim of this research is to assess the collapse behaviour of
ship structures, including plates, stiffened panels and ship hull girders, under
combinations of cyclic loads and to investigate the influence of cyclic load on the
ultimate strength of ship structures. Overall, four contributions have been
achieved in this thesis.
A parametric nonlinear finite element study is first performed on a range of ship
plates under multiple cycles of compression and tension. The outcomes of this
investigation provides a new recognition, for the first time, of the buckling collapse
behaviours of unstiffened plates under cyclic compression and tension. In
particular the characteristic features that are relevant for ultimate limit state
assessment of ship hull structures are demonstrated, such as a progressively
reducing but converging compressive strength and stiffness in the reloading regime
of structural members under cyclic loads as compared to those under monotonic
loads.
Using observed response patterns from the numerical study, a response and
updating rule methodology is proposed to predict the load-shortening curve of
Progressive Collapse of Ship Structures Under Cyclic Loading
structural component under cyclic load by updating the critical characteristics.
The comparison with equivalent nonlinear finite element results shows an
acceptable correlation. This novel method provides an efficient way to represent
the cyclic buckling collapse response of structural members and is in an
appropriate format for implementing in a Smith-type progressive collapse analysis
for estimating the hull girder response.
Following the response and updating rule load-shortening curve methodology, an
unique extension to the Smith method is introduced for predicting cyclic bending
response. Case studies are completed out on several ship-type box girder structures
under different combinations of cyclic loads. The validation with nonlinear finite
element analysis shows the rationality of the proposed extension, and also
demonstrates that the prediction of cyclic response is highly sensitive to structural
component’s post-collapse behaviour.
An uncertainty evaluation procedure is developed to analyse the effects of critical
features of the load-shortening relationship on the hull girder response prediction.
The influences of different load-shortening features, including elastic stiffness,
ultimate compressive strength, ultimate strain and post-collapse stiffness, are
quantified. It is indicated that the post-collapse stiffness of structural components
have the largest influence as suggested by a sensitivity index. In addition, this
procedure is not only useful for the cyclic response, but also the conventional
assessment concerning monotonic load.
The outcome of this research work is a validated method which has the potential
to improve the safety of ships by considering cyclic load effects
Life cycle environmental and economic impact assessment of pollution mitigation strategies implemented in European pig production systems
Get PDFPh. D. Thesis.Pig production systems are significant contributors to environmental impacts arising from livestock and with the increasing demand for pork meat, their environmental footprint cannot be neglected. Many emerging technologies and alternative farm management practices have the potential to improve their environmental performance. However, the implementation of such practices is not always economically viable. Furthermore, their pollution mitigation potential can be sensitive to climate change and geographic variability. The aim of this thesis was to develop a whole-farm environmental abatement cost framework, able to evaluate the environmental and economic performance of pollution mitigation strategies from a life cycle perspective, while accounting for interactions between system components, climate change and spatial variability.
To fully understand and evaluate the environmental impacts associated with European pig production, a whole-farm, environmental Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) was developed on a typical Danish, integrated pig farming system. Through this model, potential environmental impact hotspots were identified related to pig housing and manure management. The abatement potential of a range of housing and manure management related pollution mitigation strategies was then evaluated. The results of this analysis showed that anaerobic digestion of slurry and in-house slurry acidification can significantly reduce the system environmental impact for a great range of impact categories.
Farm profitability was then evaluated through scenarios that simulated the implementation of the proposed pollution mitigation strategies, to determine their cost-effectiveness as stand-alone investments and through their combined implementation. For this purpose, an environmental abatement cost framework was developed by integrating the environmental LCA with a whole-farm economic model that considered capital costs, operating costs and all potential revenue streams. Anaerobic digestion of slurry was the most cost-effective strategy overall, achieving great environmental impact reductions while generating revenue and therefore increasing farm profitability.
The environmental abatement cost framework was then used to investigate the mitigation potential of two pig-cooling strategies that aim for ammonia emission reductions in a Swedish pig-fattening unit. Moreover, the framework was integrated with data on projected climate change for Sweden to evaluate the resilience and cost-effectiveness of these strategies against ambient temperature
increases. Both pig-cooling methods effectively mitigated heat stress related effects on animal performance, and significantly reduce system environmental impact, while improving farm profitability even under an intermediate climate change scenario.
Finally, the effects of geographic variability on the assessment of potential environmental and economic implications associated with the implementation of alternative manure management strategies in Danish pig farming systems were investigated. To achieve this, Geographical Information System (GIS) data and methods were integrated along with the environmental abatement cost framework. In doing so, spatially explicit environmental impact characterisation factors, regional policies that concern pig farming near nature-sensitive areas and agglomeration effects on the economy of the farm were taken into account. The analysis revealed significant effects of location on the cost-effectiveness of several environmental abatement strategies considered.
The methodologies developed and demonstrated in this thesis have the potential to guide decision making regarding farm investments that aim to improve system sustainability in a cost-effective manner.Newcastle University, Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA). SusAn, an ERA-Net Sustainable Animals co-funded research and innovation programme, European Union's Horizon 202
Biomass-derived carbon as a precursor for bipolar plate in vanadium redox flow battery
Get PDFPhD ThesisIn vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB), electrodes comprise of carbon/graphite felt and
composite bipolar plate. The felt provides reaction sites for vanadium redox reactions and
controls mass transport of electrolyte flows throughout VRFB electrodes, while the bipolar
plate provides electrical conductivity and connects adjacent cells in VRFB. However, current
studies have focused mainly on the carbon/graphite felt, giving few attention to bipolar plates.
In chemistry, a heteroatom is an atom that is not carbon or hydrogen, such as oxygen,
nitrogen and phosphorus. Bipolar plates lack heteroatom functional groups and porous
structures, which have been shown to improve kinetics of vanadium redox reactions and
energy efficiency. Both heteroatom functional groups and porous structures are prominent
properties of biomass-derived carbon, which is renewable and abundant. Therefore, the aim of
the PhD study is to examine the ability of applying biomass-derived carbon as a precursor for
bipolar plate in VRFB, in order to simultaneously leverage the strengths of biomass-derived
carbon in vanadium redox reactions and reduce the price of bipolar plates. To achieve this
aim, walnut shell-derived carbon was obtained via heat treatment in various environments i.e.
N2 and CO2 at 600-1000C, and hydrothermal carbonisation (HTC – 200-290C). Walnut
shell-derived carbon was functionalised through a combination of chemical and
thermochemical treatments e.g. NH3, HNO3, K2CO3 and H3PO4, and dielectric barrier
discharge (DBD) cold plasma in NH3. Properties of walnut shell-derived carbon were
characterised to understand the effects of operating conditions on functional groups, surface
morphology and carbonaceous structures.
DBD cold plasma is a novel method to incorporate nitrogen into walnut shell-derived carbon,
in which DBD cold plasma power is a dominating factor controlling nitrogen surface contents
and nitrogen surface species with surface nitrogen contents varying in 3.9-8.7 at%. Low cold
plasma power 20 W favours the formation of amide-N groups (2.8-5.1 at%), but increasing
cold plasma power to 40 and 80 W creates more amine-N groups (2.8-3.5 at%). The ratio of
amine-N/amide-N group increases from ~0.4 to ~2.5 with increasing DBD cold plasma power
from 20 W to 80 W. This is significantly different to heat treatment in NH3 at 800C with
pyridinic-N, pyrrolic-N and quaternary-N being main nitrogen species. The total surface
nitrogen contents of carbons obtained from NH3 heat treatment are 3.1-5.6 at% with the ratio
of pyridinic-N and pyrrolic-N being ~2:1. Furthermore, DBD cold plasma has negligible
influence on porous structure and carbonaceous structure of both biochar (obtained from
pyrolysis) and hydrochar (obtained from HTC) with BET N2 surface area remaining < 10 m2
g
-1
. It is recommended to use different analysis techniques such as temperature
programmed desorption to examine nitrogen functional groups besides X-ray photoelectron
spectroscopy due to overlapping binding energies of amine, amide, and pyridinic-N, pyrrolicN and quaternary-N.
Regarding H3PO4 treatment, although phosphorus incorporation using H3PO4 did not
significantly increase the phosphorus contents in walnut shell-derived carbon (1-2 wt%), it is
proved that both heat treatment temperatures (in the range of 600-1000C) and concentration
of H3PO4 solution (0.5-5 M) govern the relative contents of C-P groups (C-PO3/C2-PO2/C3-
PO) and C-O groups (C-O-PO3/(C-O)3PO). At H3PO4 0.5 M, temperature 1000C is
required to transform C-O-PO3/(C-O)3PO to C-PO3/C2PO2, but most phosphorus functional
groups are shifted to C-PO3/C2PO2 in the whole temperature range of 600-1000C when using
H3PO4 0.5 M.
It has been found that micropores account up to 57-78% of total pore volumes in most walnut
shell-derived carbon samples, and ultramicropores and micropores do not play any significant
role in contributing to reaction kinetics of vanadium redox reactions, due to diffusion
limitations. Although the total pore volumes vary in the range of 0.013-0.380 cm3
g
-1
, the
domination of ultramicropores and micropores in most samples suggested that the porosity
and surface area do not involve in the conversions of vanadium redox reactions. The oxidation
of VO2+ to VO2
+ was affected by differences in molecular structures as characterized by
Raman spectroscopy and PXRD between 600-800°C with ID/IG ration increasing from 0.69 to
0.94 and La increasing from 18.33 Å to 23.15 Å, respectively. With the significant increase of
total oxygen content from 7.54 wt% to 23.84 wt% through HNO3 treatment, it has been found
that the presence of oxygen functional groups improves the conversion of V
2+/V3+ and
V
3+/VO2+. NH3 heat treatment at 800°C increased the nitrogen contents markedly leading to
the improvement of both the kinetic transfer of V2+/V
3+ and V3+/VO2+ couples. Surface
oxygen functional groups does not enhance the conversion of VO2+/VO2
+
couple, but they
contribute to the reversibility of the oxidation and reduction processes of VO2+ and VO2
+
Preparation and applications of polymer immobilised ionic liquids for electrochemical applications
Get PDFPhD ThesisChapter 1 introduces and explores the concept of ionic liquids and polymer-immobilised ionic
liquids as functional materials for alkaline anion exchange fuel cells (AAEMFCs) and
catalysis.
Chapter 2 details the preparation of a norbornene-based monomer library which has been
used to prepare and test a series of polymer formulations for physical and electrochemical
testing, with the aim of identifying suitable membranes for fuel cell and related
electrochemical technology. The most conductive AAEMs prepared in utilised a diethylene
glycol (DEG) cross-linker and had an ionic conductivity of 27.2-31.0 mScm-1 at 80 °C. This
chloride conductivity corresponds to a hydroxide conductivity of 71-81 mScm-1 at 80 °C –
these values were estimated using an experimentally tested ion mobility conversion factor.
This chapter also covers the development of a suitable accelerated stability study for anion
exchange membrane degradation in hydroxide conditions monitored by NMR spectroscopy.
The two ionic monomers prepared were found to be chemically stable in alkaline conditions
at 80 °C over 696 hours.
Polyoxometalate poly(ionic liquid) phase catalysts (POM@PIILP) were prepared utilising a
styrene polymer architecture in chapter 3 with the aim of preparing new catalysts for biomass
transformation. An initial screening was carried out in order to identify the most efficient
catalysts to take forward and optimise in terms of catalyst loading, operating temperature and
catalyst recyclability. Lead catalysts were identified and were capable of 90-99% conversion
with respect to the substrate, furfuryl alcohol, and achieved 100% selectivity to product, nbutyl levulinate, in 2 hours. However, issues with catalyst recyclability were encountered;
preliminary poisoning experiments suggested that deactivation of the surface reduced
catalytic activity.
Chapter 4 introduces a new technology to expand upon the Doherty’s group expertise in
ionic liquid synthesis in the form of materials suitable for 3D printing by digital light
processing technology. In this chapter imidazolium-based ionic liquid monomers were
prepared, and suitable acrylate-based cross-linkers were used to formulate photopolymer
resins. Screening of these resins was carried out using a bespoke UV-LED system and then
suitable materials were 3D printed using a digital light processing (DLP) UV photopolymer
printer. The resultant ion exchange membranes were then assessed in terms of their ionic
conductivity, ion exchange capacity and mechanical integrity as anion exchange membranes
in a similar manner to the membranes prepared in Chapter 2. The polymers were found to
have a chloride ionic conductivity of 19-31 mScm-1 at 80 °C, which equates to an estimated
hydroxide conductivity of 50-81 mScm-1
.Leverhulme Trust Research Project Grant
Liberty, Property, Materiality : An historical archaeology of protest and resistance in later-eighteenth-century England
Get PDFPh. D. Thesis.The later eighteenth century (c.1763-1815) was a period of great social, economic and cultural upheaval in Britain. Drawing on a range of case studies from North-East England and London, drawn together through the life of Thomas Spence, this thesis explores how subaltern individuals and groups experienced, protested against, and resisted these upheavals, not just through public ‘flash-points’ such as riots but also routinely through quotidian objects and spaces in the everyday.
To investigate case studies of everyday subaltern resistance, this thesis searches beyond elite produced textual accounts, which commonly obscure everyday forms of resistance, and instead pursues a multisource methodology integrating textual, material, and spatial sources. Through the critical examination of these sources in combination, a range of inconsistencies, ambiguities, and exaggerations appear suggesting the presence of underlying hidden tensions, anxieties, and dissent. This thesis then explores how these tensions were materialised in objects and places as component strategies articulating protest and resistance.
Taken individually, the case studies present a series of highly nuanced micro-histories offering important insights into context-specific expressions of protest and resistance in later-eighteenth-century England. When read together, however, they suggest how material culture and space were widely understood, across diverse contexts, to offer important avenues for expressions of protest and resistance at the macro-scale. Between Marsden Grotto, Newcastle-upon-Tyne’s Town Moor, Spencean London and the Wilkes and Liberty movement, this thesis demonstrates how subalterns expressed their dissent and demands in common ways through objects, space and place.
This thesis thus opens a new approach to the history and archaeology of protest and resistance, foregrounding subaltern experience and promoting a recognition of the pivotal roles played by material culture, space and place in the articulation of power, protest and resistance.AHR
Co-destruction & Co-creation of Value: The Influence of Basic Values, Traits, Motives and Benefits on Consumer Behaviour and Choice
Get PDFPh. D. Thesis.Co-destruction and co-creation are both likely outcomes of interactions between firms and consumers. Whilst co-creation has been studied within the literature, co-destruction has not been studied as extensively. This work attempts to bridge this gap by highlighting factors innate to consumers which increase their likelihood to co-destroy value during interactions with firms. Whilst the focus of this work is co-destruction, the study utilises co-creation to put co-destruction into context. Data were collected through an online sample and a variety of methods were used to determine the effect of basic human values, motivation and personality traits on consumer co-destruction and co-creation behaviour and consumer co-destruction and co-creation choice. This work also determined the benefits sought by consumers who co-destroy or co-create value during interactions with firms.
With regards to basic human values, this work finds that personal values which express self-enhancement and openness-to-change facilitate co-destruction behaviour, while personal values which express self-transcendence and conservation facilitate co-creation behaviour. The results also suggest that the basic human values circumplex structure can be divided beyond the current division to reflect co-creation and co-destruction values. For personality traits, this work finds neurotic consumers are most likely to exhibit behaviours which will co-destroy value for the firm while conscientious and agreeable consumers are consumers least likely to co-destroy value. Neurotic consumers are consumers least likely to co-create value while extroverted and open consumers are most likely to co-create value during interactions.
Findings from this work also show that both values and traits predict consumer co-destruction and co-creation choices during interactions. Basic human values show a stronger prediction of co-destruction choices in comparison to co-creation choices, highlighting the more cognitive nature of co-destruction. The study has also found that whilst traits contribute to the variance in choice, traits do not necessarily show better classification of choice in comparison to values.
Finally, this study finds that a range of intrinsic and extrinsic motives drive consumers to exhibit co-destructive behaviours. These include revenge motives, egoistic motives and hedonic motives. Whilst consumers co-destroy value for both utilitarian and hedonic benefits, consumers are more likely to co-destroy value for hedonic benefits as opposed to co-destroying value for utilitarian benefits
Investigating the in vivo dynamics of FtsZ and FtsZ-interacting proteins using vertical cell imaging by nanostructured immobilisation (VerCINI)
Get PDFPhD ThesisDivision is arguably one of the most difficult mechanistic tasks that cells face, requiring precise temporal and spatial regulation. Gram-positive bacteria also face an additional mechanistic problem - high turgor pressure. In order to successfully divide, Gram-positive organisms synthesise a peptidoglycan septum which cleaves the cell in two, yielding two daughter cells.
Prior to cell division, the almost universally essential cytoskeletal tubulin homologue FtsZ polymerizes into a highly dynamic, ring-like band of short filaments at mid-cell- the Z-ring. The Z-ring is tethered to the plasma membrane via anchor proteins, following which the Z-ring recruits septal PG synthases forming the mature divisome. These synthases build the septum which partitions the cell in two.
This work investigates the organisation and dynamics of the Z-ring in the Gram-positive model organism B. subtilis. In this thesis, I established a high-throughput approach of Vertical Cell Imaging by Nanostructured Immobilisation (VerCINI) in order to visualise the dynamics of the division machinery around the entirety of the division plane. Using this technique in combination with advanced fluorescence microscopy, I discovered that FtsZ filaments treadmill around the division plane in live bacteria, a phenomenon previously only described in vitro. Treadmilling is a type of motion whereby an asymmetric filament undergoes plus-end polymerization and minus-end depolymerisation. I investigated how the organisation and dynamics of filaments within the Z-ring develops over the cell cycle. My results indicate that FtsZ treadmilling is unstable in nascent Z-rings, but stabilizes during the transition to mature rings, before constriction has been initiated. This shows that both FtsZ filament assembly to midcell and FtsZ filament treadmilling dynamics are actively cell cycle regulated. I examined the dynamics of a number of key FtsZ interacting proteins (EzrA, SepF and DivIVA), observing a range of static and dynamic protein motions in ZIPs imaged, arguing against a single, monolithic divisome complex
Chitosan-Bioglass and chitosan-apatite-wollastonite composites for bone tissue engineering
Get PDFPhD ThesisSynthetic inorganic-organic composites are of interest for bone tissue engineering as an alternative to natural grafts since they resemble the structure of the natural bone and degrade over time, enabling the new bone to grow. In this study, two types of composite materials- chitosan hydrogels with Bioglass 45S5 (BG) particles, and BG and apatite-wollastonite (AW) scaffolds coated with the chitosan hydrogel- have been investigated. Ceramics have been used for high mechanical strength, while chitosan was added to increase flexibility of the composites. Genipin was used as a low toxicity cross-linker, in order to improve stability of the chitosan hydrogels. The aim of this PhD research was to assess the properties of the chitosan- BG and AW composites and aid their advancement to in vitro and in vivo studies.
The composites were analysed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), FTIR spectroscopy, fluorescence intensity (FI) measurement and compression test. The BG-hydrogels and the hydrogel coated BG and AW scaffolds were immersed in the simulated body fluid (SBF) for up to 2 weeks and their structure and mechanical properties were examined.
Results showed that BG addition to the chitosan hydrogels improved the mechanical properties both before and after immersion in SBF, but affected the FI measurement. Before coating both BG and AW scaffolds had a porous structure (pores 100-300 μm), while the treatment before SEM imaging affected the porosity of the coated scaffolds. Some apatite deposition was observed on the uncoated BG scaffolds after immersion in SBF for 2 weeks. AW scaffolds were mechanically stronger than BG scaffolds, independent of the coating or testing conditions (before or after SBF), with compressive stress up to 5.68 MPa for AW scaffolds compared to 1.20 MPa for BG scaffolds, reaching the lower limit of the cancellous bone. However, the coating did not improve the mechanical properties of the scaffolds. Nevertheless, after immersion in SBF (for up to 2 weeks), hydrogel coated BG scaffolds had higher compressive stress (~ 0.95 MPa) than uncoated BG scaffolds (~ 0.65 MPa).NUORS and CEA
Music of the French Counterculture: 1966-1975
Get PDFPh. D. Thesis.The French counterculture of the 1960s and 1970s developed in connection to a
network of countercultures across the globe. This thesis studies the role that these
relationships had in the development of French countercultural music and musical discourses.
To conduct this research, this study principally relies on analysis of three central thencontemporary
music magazines: Actuel, Rock & Folk, and Best. The analysis of these
magazines is complimented by musical and semiotic analyses. In this way this text balances a
consideration of written cultural discourse and insight drawn from investigation of aesthetic
choices.
This study offers new insight into processes of musical and countercultural
development in France. These years saw a complicated and shifting discourse where French
youth sought to work out how to both identify with a transnational youth movement and
retain a sense of national individuality. Music is placed at the centre of this tension as it acted
as a vehicle to engage with national Others and as a way of articulating a sense of the national
Self. This study views the development of the French counterculture as a result of national
and transnational processes. Chapters 2 and 4 view the reception and response to international
actors by looking at France’s relationship with the counterculture of the USA and the UK
respectively. Chapter 3 turns the attention to circulations within French borders by
considering the interplay between the French folk revival and the French counterculture.
Chapter 5 features the most direct study, out of the chapters within this thesis, on the internal
dialogue about the development of French rock music taking place within countercultural
circles