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A case study of urban water balancing in the partly sewered city of Nablus-East (Palestine) to study wastewater pollution loads and groundwater pollution
No full textEnvironmental Engineering
Mahmoud,Nidal:
. P,van der Steen N:
,Lens P. N. L.:Untreated sewage can contribute a significant proportion of urban groundwater recharge, via on-site sanitation facilities and
sewer exfiltration. In the West Bank of the Palestinian Territories 94% of sewage is discharged untreated to the ground or
surface waters. This has contributed to increasing nitrate concentrations in groundwater, which is the critical water source.
In this case study of a drainage catchment from the city of Nablus, a water balance indicates that sewage as a source of
groundwater recharge is as much as 50% of total recharge from precipitation, and nitrogen pollutant loads by area are up to
60% as much as those from agriculture. Results suggest that 22% of total wastewater flow directly infiltrates the ground via
cesspits and sewer exfiltratio
Epigenetics : a novel therapeutic approach for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease
No full textAlzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common type of dementia in the elderly. It is characterized by the deposition of two forms of aggregates within the brain, the amyloid β plaques and tau neurofibrillary tangles. Currently, no disease-modifying agent is approved for the treatment of AD. Approved pharmacotherapies target the peripheral symptoms but they do not prevent or slow down the progression of the disease. Although several disease-modifying immunotherapeutic agents are in clinical development, many have failed due to the lack of efficacy or serious adverse events. Epigenetic changes including DNA methylation and histone modifications are involved in learning and memory and have been recently highlighted for holding promise as potential targets for AD therapeutics. Dynamic and latent epigenetic alterations are incorporated in AD pathological pathways and
present valuable reversible targets for AD and other neurological disorders. The approval of epigenetic drugs for cancer treatment has opened the door for the development of epigenetic drugs for other disorders including neurodegenerative diseases. In particular, methyl donors and histone deacetylase inhibitors are being investigated for possible therapeutic effects to rescue memory and cognitive decline found in such disorders. This review explores the area of epigenetics for potential AD interventions and presents the most recent findings in this fiel
Sociologie des mouvements protestataires sociaux palestiniens
No full textThis article reviews the mobilizations of social and political developments in recent years, the outcome of a sociological survey of Palestinian activists in "the street ".
Palestinian conflict has not been left out of the Arab Spring and some of its sectors, including the youth, who not only found an encouragement to challenge the Israeli occupation, but also the poltical powers in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip. This article deals in particular with the motives, methods of
mobilization and the course of the parts involved
System dynamics model for hospital waste characterization and generation in developing countries
No full textWaste management policy makers always face the problem of how to predict the future amount and composition of medical solid waste, which, in turn, helps to determine the most appropriate treatment, recycling and disposal strategy. An accurate prediction can assist in both the planning and design of medical solid waste management systems. Insufficient budget and unavailable management
capacity are the main reasons for the scarcity of medical solid waste quantities and components historical records, which are so important in long-term system planning and short-term expansion programs. This article presents a new technique, using System Dynamics modeling, to predict generated medical solid waste in a developing urban area, based on a set of limited samples from Jenin
District hospitals, Palestine. The findings of the model present the trend of medical solid waste generation together with its different components and indicate that a new forecasting approach may cover a variety of possible causative models and track inevitable uncertainties when traditional statistical least-squared regression methods are unable to handle such issues
On the value of user preferences in search - based software engineering: a case study in software product lines
No full textSoftware design is a process of trading off competing objectives. If the user objective space is rich, then we should use optimizers that can fully exploit that richness. For example, this study configures software product lines (expressed as feature maps) using various search-based software engineering methods.
As we increase the number of optimization objectives, we find that methods in widespread use (e.g. NSGA-II, SPEA2) perform much worse than IBEA (Indicator-Based Evolutionary Algorithm). IBEA works best since it makes most use of user preference knowledge. Hence it does better on the standard measures (hypervolume and spread) but it also generates far more products with 0% violations of domain constraints. Our conclusion is that we need to change our methods for searchbased
software engineering, particularly when studying complex decision space
Synthesis and spectroscopic characterizations mononuclear and binuclear end on BIS(μ- ACETATO) bridged copper (II) complexes with N-Methylimidazole biomimetic SOD and oxidase catalytic activities
No full textCopper plays an important role in a variety of enzyme-catalyzed reactions. Copper containing enzymes have mononuclear and binuclear structures. Over the years we have prepared and studied several mononuclear and binuclear Cu(II) carboxylate complexes with several nitrogen based ligands as biomimetics for copper containing enzymes[1,2]. Our studies of these complexes revealed that one of the factors which influences the formation of mononuclear structure over the binuclear structure is an increase in the basicity of the nitrogen ligand. Other studies showed that the nature of the solvent, especially water or water-organic solvent mixture plays an important role in the formation of either molecular copper (II) carboxylate structures. The water plays a role through its coordination as a ligand or through its hydrogen bondings as lattice molecule. Herein, we report two complexes, mononuclear Cu (CH3COO)2(L)2 (1) (L= N-methylimidazole) and binuclear [Cu2(μ-CH3COO)4(L)4].6H2O (2), which are obtained from the interaction of anhydrous copper(II) acetate and N-methylimidazole, and copper(II) acetate monohydrate and N-methylimidazole, respectively, and studied their spectroscopic properties, especially, their ESR spectroscopy. The obtained spectral data are consistent with their previously determined X-ray structures for the two complexes [3,4]. Complex (1) has the familiar mononuclear Cu(II) carboxylate complexes with N-ligands which contain CuO2 N2+O2 chromophore. Complex (2) contains dimeric core generated by two mono-atomic bridging carboxylate ligands with one terminal carboxylate and two trans situated N-methlylimidazole molecules at each copper atom complete the coordination environment of the five-coordinate copper(II) centers.
Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity of these complexes has been measured using alkaline DMSO as a source of superoxide radical (O2-) and nitro blue tetrazolium chloride (NBT) as O2− scavenger. The obtained values are compared with those previously reported for other biomimetic Cu(II) complexes under similar conditions. In addition, the biomimetic oxidase catalytic activities of the complexes for the oxidation of 3,5-di-tert-butylcatechol (DTBC) to the corresponding o-quinone (DTBQ) and for the oxidative coupling of two molecules of 2-aminophenol (OAP) to 2-aminophenoxazin-3-one (APX) , are also reported
References
[1] A.L.Abuhijleh, J Khalaf, ,Eur.J.Med.Chem.,2010, 45, 3811-3817.
[2] A.L.Abuhijleh, Inorg.chem.commun., 2011, 14,759-762.
[3] O.Kuhl, S.Millinghaus, G.J.Palm, 2011,9, 706-711.
[4] B.Y.Boukari, A.Busnot, F.Busnot, A.Leclaire, M.A.Bernard, Acta Cryst., 1982, B38, 2458-2460.
15th Asian Chemical Congress 2013Birzeit Universit