Birzeit University

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    Water from wastewater towards quenching Palestinians` thirst: an Israeli environmental justice?

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    The investigation of cybercrime and proving it in Palestine : a comparative study

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    التحقيق في الجرائم الإلكترونية وكيفية ضبط الأدلة الرقمية وجمعها من الموضوعات المستجدة في فلسطين وغيرها من دول العالم. كما أن طبيعة الأدلة الرقمية وكيفية التعامل معها من قبل جهات التحقيق تعتبر من الموضوعات ذات الأهمية القانونية والعملية. ويقوم بالتحقيق في الجرائم الالكترونية نيابة متخصصة وفق إجراءات وقواعد إثبات خاصة، يساعدها في ذلك ضابطة قضائية متخصصة بالجرائم الالكترونية، على عكس الجرائم التقليدية التي تختص بالتحقيق فيها النيابة العامة تساعدها الضابطة القضائية ذات الاختصاص العام وفقاً لقواعد التحقيق والإثبات التقليدية. ويعترض عمل النيابة العامة والضابطة القضائية العديد من الصعوبات، من أهمها القصور التشريعي وضعف التخصص لدى القائمين على التحقيق وجمع أدلة هذا النوع من الجرائم. إن تعزيز وتقوية التحقيق في الجرائم الإلكترونية يقوم على وضع إجراءات إدارية لقسم التحقيق لضمان السيطرة الفعّالة على قضايا الجرائم الإلكترونية، إضافةً إلى وضع مبادئ توجيهية للأدلة الإلكترونية الجنائية وصولاً إلى تحقيق ناجح وفعّال للجرائم الإلكترونية

    Renewable energy exploitation in Palestine : current practice & future

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    The major energy characteristics of energy in Palestine are non-availability and extraction of natural resource, unstable political, financial issues and population growth which means that there is no security energy situation in Palestine. There is no developed domestic energy resource; it is heavily depending on important of energy sources from other countries. The Israel Electric Company (IEC) has dominated imported of electricity by 95.72% of the total of electrical energy imported in 2015. In general, lightly subsidized of energy sources and it can be comparison with neighborhood countries. In this paper taking research on three renewable energy sources are solar energy, wind energy, geothermal energy in many considerations are geography characteristics, projects are implemented, the strategy for 2020 are prepared by the Palestinian Energy Authority (PEA), drawbacks of this energy sources. Finally, the recommendations can be taken in consideration to development the renewable energy sector in Palestine to ensure security energy sources and may significant decrease importing energy from neighborhood countries and sustainable development and growth of socio-economics.Palestine is a development country, which means that needs of all types of energy to great growth of quality life, economic development, and sustainable development. The energy consumption situation in Palestine is that the diesel fuel is dominant of total energy consumption. The major energy characteristics of energy in Palestine are non-availability and extraction of natural resource, unstable political, financial issues and population growth which means that there is no security energy situation in Palestine. There is no developed domestic energy resource; it is heavily depending on important of energy sources from other countries. The most market purchase is from Israel due to the political and logistical factors. The most electric power supply to Palestinian regions is dominated by imported from other countries. The Israel Electric Company (IEC) has dominated imported of electricity by 95.72% of the total of electrical energy imported in 2015. In general, lightly subsidized of energy sources and it can be comparison with neighborhood countries. For an example, the price of electricity in Palestine is much higher than the 2 % of Jordan, Lebanon, and Syria. In this paper taking research on three renewable energy sources are solar energy, wind energy, geothermal energy in many considerations are geography characteristics, projects are implemented, the strategy for 2020 are prepared by the Palestinian Energy Authority (PEA), drawbacks of this energy sources. Finally, the recommendations can be taken in consideration to development the renewable energy sector in Palestine to ensure security energy sources and may significant decrease importing energy from neighborhood countries and sustainable development and growth of socio-economic

    Urban transformations in Kufur Aqab since 1993 : current challenges and future prospects

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    تتناول هذه الدراسة موضوع التحولات الحضرية في كفر عقب و بالتحديد مشكلة التوسع العمراني الكبير الذي حدث في الآونة الأخيرة اي ما بعد عام 1993 , تم دراسة اهم الأسباب المختلفة التي ادت الى هذا التوسع , ثم دراسة الآثار المختلفة المترتبة على هذا التوسع في كفرعقب وذلك باستخدام الأدوات المختلفة اهمها الاستبانة و الصور الجوية و برنامج 4.map10 Arc , بالإضافة الى المقابلات و المصادر المكتبية , من ثم التعرف على نمط التوسع العمراني الحاصل في كفرعقب , واخيرا من اجل محاولة وضع حلول بديلة لسكان القدس للحيلولة دون خروجهم من القدس. في هذه الدراسة تم الاعتماد على مناهج مختلفة اهمها المنهج الوصفي و المنهج التاريخي و المنهج التحليلي . وقد توصلت الدراسة الى العديد من النتائج اهمها ان اكثر سبب ادى الى التوسع العمراني هو العامل السياسي المتمثل بسياسات الاحتلال التي تعمل على تضييق السكن والحياة داخل القدس مما يدفع السكان الى الهجرة الى كفرعقب التي ال يوجد قانون للبناء فيها و تتوفر فيها المساكن الأقل كلفة منها من القدس . ايضا ترتب على هذا التوسع العمراني تحول المنطقة من قرية الى مدينة ابراج سكنية عمالقة وكثيفة المساكن و السكان وينقص فيها الخدمات و االمن والتخطيط . واظهر تحليل الاستبانة بأن السكان يتجهون للسكن في كفرعقب لتوفر المساكن الرخيصة نسبيا تكاليف هذه المساكن , اضافة الى رغبة ً ولقدرتهم على تحمل المبحوثين في السكن في منطقة تعتبر تابعة للقدس وذلك للحفاظ على هوياتهم المقدسية . اال ان الاكتظاظ الحاصل في كفرعقب ادى لظهور افرازات بيئية و اجتماعية اهمها تلوث الهواء و المياه و النفايات الصلبة , اضافة الى المشاكل الاجتماعية المنتشرة بين السكان و السرقات

    آفاق وتحديات تطبيق قانون المياه الفلسطيني الجديد

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    The main purpose of endorsing laws and legislations in general is to preserve the rights and powers of their endorsers and users. This requires considerable institutional and social efforts to achieve the objectives, for which the laws were laid. This thesis studies the implementation of the new Palestinian Water Law 2014, which covers water sector reform regulations and procedures, specifies mandates of stakeholders and institutions, regulates relation between the stakeholders active in the water sector. The main objective of this study is to assess the implementation of the new Palestinian water law issued by presidential decree (June, 2014), which was endorsed in 2014 by a decision of the Cabinet of Ministers. The Palestinian Water Authority played the main role in preparing the law in consultation with other stakeholders including the Ministry of Agriculture, Environmental Quality Authority ... etc. The study dealt with two main aspects related to the law. The first aspect deals with the prospects of implementing the law. The second is the challenges that might be faced during the implementation of the law. In view of two sides, it is necessary to build an organizational framework that includes all governmental, nongovernmental and semi-governmental institutions based on the functions of each institution as determined by law. Despite the difficulties faced during the accomplishment of the thesis, due to lack of information and cooperation from a number of the questioned and targeted institutions, the study was based mainly on information collected from stakeholders in the water sector, questionnaires, data from workshops were conducted during the period and before drafting of the law and the interviews as well as from individuals with a view of the past, present and future of the water sector. All information was then analyzed to obtain better overview for water sector in Palestine. The water sector in Palestine suffers from a clear and explicit 2 fragmentation at all levels conflict and contradiction of stakeholder responsibilities, including un-fair allocations of the quantities of water available to the population, uncontrolled withdrawals from the sources as well as the Israeli restrictions and the control of the water sources. As a special view in the water sector, it is necessary to adopt bylaws and resolutions that define the framework of this sector, and clarify the functions, powers and responsibilities of each stakeholder and the participant in the work of the water sector either direct or indirect. In 2014, the new water law was adopted based on an international assessment of the water sector led by the World Bank, the law preparation and the overall reform process was a participatory approach based on all concerned parties involved in the water sector. However, this law may face many difficulties and challenges in the implementation, because of the reluctance of some parties to share the powers and responsibilities, and to the limited capacities of some stakeholders, for example municipalities. The West Bank Water Department (WBWD) supplies water in bulk to the population through the municipalities and other service providers. Regardless of the water law, and due to limited understandings, and fear of changes, some service providers, mainly local authorities are still loyal and under the Local Authorities Law from Ministry of Local Government! There is also a conflict between the work of the Ministry of Agriculture - which has the largest share of the water amount for irrigation and the Water Authority especially in reuse of treated wastewater and the amount of extraction from agricultural wells, as the quantities of extraction from wells exceeded the specified amount. And the licenses are not respected, which will be clarified later. There is also overlap in the powers between the Water Authority and the Environmental Quality Authority on the overall management of wastewater and specifications and standard. Also, there is a conflict between the parties will be addressed in the analysis section of this thesis. 3 Recently, the Palestinian Water Authority was given by the new water law the powers to draft regulations and bylaws. In this period, the PWA faced a real problem because it is not a ministry. The absence of the water authority from the cabinet weekly meeting is in addition causing a big gap between the Water Authority and other ministries. It is believed that if PWA will have a representative in weekly meeting, will increase PWA ability to defend its position and to present them to other ministries. From this perspective, the importance of the study would be obvious, and would highlight the challenges that may face the implementation and why in some cases, it was not yet applied. The last section of this thesis includes suggestions and recommendations to overcome all obstacles, which were explained in the analysis and overlapping power between all relevant authorities

    غزة : التاريخ الإجتماعي تحت الإستعمار البريطاني، 1917-1948

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    Gaza: A Social History under British Colonial Rule, 1917–1948. INSTITUTE FOR PALESTINE STUDIES, Beirut – Lebanon, 2018. Ghazzah: al–tārīkh al–ijtimā‘ī taḥta al–isti‘mār al–birīṭānī, 1917–1948, 2018.يقدم هذا الكتاب التاريخ الإجتماعي لمدينة غزة إبان الإستعمار البريطاني حتى نكبة 1948. فيهتم بتقديم قراءة جديدة من منظور سوسيولوجى لم يتم التطرق إليه في دراسة تاريخ مدينة غزة الإجتماعي. فيعرض التركيبة السوسيوإقتصادية و السياسية للمدينة و سكانها و عائلاتها، و يشرح آليات صناعة الوجاهة الإجتماعية، عبر تتبع سوسيوتاريخى. و يتناول عمليات تحديث المدينة أو عصرنتها و العلاقات المعقدة بين سياسات الأهالي من جهة، وسياسات المستعمر البريطاني من جهة أُخرى، وأثر ذلك في عمليات التحضير وإدارة الفراغات والأحياز العامة وشكل العمارة و الخدمات. و يقرأ التغيرات الإقتصادية والإجتماعية المرتبطة بها و التغيرات الحضرية الإجتماعية المرتبطة بخدمات المياه و الإنارة و إقامة منشآت المدينة و مرافقها و وسائل النقل و ميناء المدينة و مطارها و محطة القطارات، و يسعى لتمحيص أشكال التحديث المدينية، و كذلك عرض البني الإقتصادية للمدينة و حرفها و صناعاتها و أسواقها و مواردها و تجارتها. و يغوص الكتاب، إذاً، في تفصيلات الحياة اليومية و التعبيرات الإجتماعية و الثقافية للأهالي و مؤسساتهم و طبيعة العلاقات الإجتماعية و الأنماط الإستهلاكية على نحو غير مألوف، و أيضاً العلاقات بين العائلات و التشكيلات الحضرية بين مدينة غزة و مدن فلسطينية أُخرى

    Differences in rates and odds for emergency caesarean section in six Palestinian hospitals: a population based birth cohort study

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    Objective To assess the differences in rates and odds for emergency caesarean section among singleton pregnancies in six governmental Palestinian hospitals. Design A prospective population-based birth cohort study. Setting Obstetric departments in six governmental Palestinian hospitals. Participants 32 321 women scheduled to deliver vaginally from 1 March 2015 until 29 February 2016. Methods To assess differences in sociodemographic and antenatal obstetric characteristics by hospital, χ2 test, analysis of variance and Kruskal-Wallis test were applied. Logistic regression was used to estimate differences in odds for emergency caesarean section, and ORs with 95% CIs were assessed. Main outcome measures The primary outcome was the adjusted ORs of emergency caesarean section among singleton pregnancies for five Palestinian hospitals as compared with the reference (Hospital 1). Results The prevalence of emergency caesarean section varied across hospitals, ranging from 5.8% to 22.6% among primiparous women and between 4.8% and 13.1% among parous women. Compared with the reference hospital, the ORs for emergency caesarean section were increased in all other hospitals, crude ORs ranging from 1.95 (95% CI 1.42 to 2.67) to 4.75 (95% CI 3.49 to 6.46) among primiparous women. For parous women, these differences were less pronounced, crude ORs ranging from 1.37 (95% CI 1.13 to 1.67) to 2.99 (95% CI 2.44 to 3.65). After adjustment for potential confounders, the ORs were reduced but still statistically significant, except for one hospital among parous women. Conclusion Substantial differences in odds for emergency caesarean section between the six Palestinian governmental hospitals were observed. These could not be explained by the studied sociodemographic or antenatal obstetric characteristics

    The right to health

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    تتناول هذه الورقة توجهات الدساتير الوطنية في حماية الحق في الصحة، وإجراء مقاربات مع التوجهات الدولية بخصوص هذا الحق، والذي يصنّف بأنه من ضمن الحقوق الاقتصادية والاجتماعية، ويتطلب إعماله التزاماً إيجابياً من الدولة. وتوصلت الباحثة إلى أن الصياغات الدستورية والدولية تتقارب في حمايتها للحق في الصحة، وإن اختلفت بإيراد القيود لإعماله. وأثبتت الدراسة بأنه لا يمكن توفير الحماية الدستورية للحق في الصحة إلا من خلال الضمانات القضائية وبالتحديد القضاء الدستوري والإداري؛ فالقضاء الدستوري يهتم بمتابعة مدى التزام السلطة التشريعية بالضوابط الدستورية عند سنها لقوانين ذات علاقة بالحق في الصحة أو من خلال تذكير الدولة بطبيعة التزاماتها الدولية، والمتعلقة بإنفاذ هذه الحقوق المحمية بموجب نصوص دستورية. كذلك يساهم القضاء الإداري في حماية الحق بالصحة ضد تعسف السلطة التنفيذية والمؤسسات التابعة لها، في حال تقاعست عن توفير هذا الحق بكافة توابعه وجوانبه للأفراد

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