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Revising Wolff’s support for retribution in theories of punishment: desistance, rehabilitation, and accommodating individual and social accounts of responsibility
No full textJonathan Wolff supports retribution as a justification for punishment in his book Ethics and Public Policy: A Philosophical Enquiry, arguing that the victim’s status and self-respect has been undermined by a crime committed. Punishment responds to these ‘social violations’, with the criminal justice system acting as a ‘communicative mechanism’ to the offender and victim, restoring the status of the victim by punishing the offender. Consistent with Wolff’s ‘bottom-up’ methodological approach to applied ethics, this paper defends his conclusions supporting retribution, for certain crimes at least, but his position needs qualifying and supplementing. We mount a defence of retribution which, contrary to popular views, seeks to accommodate both individual and social accounts of responsibility. This accommodation is achieved by holding the individual offender responsible via retributive justifications of punishment, while also acknowledging the social responsibility of restoring the status of the offender given the social injustice experienced by many offenders, prior to their offending. Following this analysis, and a consideration of empirical studies concerning probation practice, we recommend the practice of desistance as most likely to help reduce re-offending, alongside the social responsibility of other state representatives and social institutions for building socio-economic capital for the offender
Family presence during resuscitation: validation of the risk-benefit & self-confidence scales for student nurses
No full textBackground. There is increasing debate about the advantages and disadvantages of family-witnessed resuscitation. Research about the views of healthcare providers depends upon reliable tools to measure their perceptions. Two tools have been developed for use with nurses (26-item cost-benefit tool, 17-item self-confidence tool). Objectives. Firstly, to validate these tools for use with student nurses in the UK. Secondly, to report on the perceived risks and benefits reported by student nurses, and their self-confidence in dealing with this situation. Methods. A sample of 79 student nurses were invited to complete the tools. Item-total correlations and Cronbach's α were used to determine internal consistency. Factor analysis was computed to assess construct validity. The correlation between the two scales was explored. Results. 69 students completed a questionnaire. Very few had experience of family-witnessed resuscitation. Mean total scores were 3.16 (standard deviation 0.37; range 2.04-4.12) on the risk-benefit scale and 3.14 (standard deviation 0.66; range 1.94-4.82) on the self-confidence scale. Four of the original items were removed from the risk-benefit scale (Cronbach's α 0.86; 95% confidence interval ≥0.82). None were removed from the self-confidence scale (Cronbach's α 0.93; 95% confidence interval ≥0.91). There was a significant correlation between the two scales (r=0.37, p=0.002). Conclusions. There is first evidence that these tools are valid and reliable for measuring student nurses' perceptions about family-witnessed resuscitation.Association for Simulated Practice in Healthcar
Still quite popular after all those years — the continued relevance of the information retrieval thesaurus
No full textThe recent ISKO-UK conference considered the question of whether the traditional thesaurus has any place in modern information retrieval. This note is intended to continue
in the spirit of that good-natured debate, arguing that there is indeed a role today and highlighting some recent work showing
the continued relevance of the thesaurus, particularly in the linked data area. Key functionality that a thesaurus makes possible is discussed. A brief outline is provided of prominent work that employs thesauri in three key areas of infrastructure underpinning advanced retrieval functionality today: metadata
enrichment, vocabulary mapping and web services
Functional group migrations between boron and metal centres within transition metal–borane and –boryl complexes and cleavage of H–H, E–H and E–E′ bonds
No full textThis feature article examines some of the recent advances in the chemistry of Z-type transition metal–borane and X-type transition metal–boryl complexes. It focuses on the employment of these boron-based functionalities acting as stores and transfer agents for functional groups such as hydrides, alkyl groups and aryl groups which can either be abstracted or delivered to the metal centre. The review also explores the rather novel reactivity involving the cleavage of H–H, E–H and E–E′ bonds (where E and E′ are a range of groups) across the transition metal–boron bond in such complexes. It explores the early examples of the addition of H–H across transition metal–borane bonds and describes the new transformation in the context of other known modes of hydrogen activation including classic oxidative addition and heterolytic cleavage at transition metal centres as well as Frustrated Lewis Pair chemistry. Similar reactivity involving transition metal–boryl complexes are also described particularly those which undergo both boryl-to-borane and borane-to-borohydride transformations. The delivery of hydride to the metal centre in combination with the potential to regenerate the borohydride functional group via a recharging process is explored in the context of providing a new strategy for catalysis. Finally, a light-hearted look at the analogy of the ‘stinging processes’ involving Trofimenko type ligands is taken one step further to determine whether it is indeed in the nature of scorpionate ligands to repeatedly ‘sting’ just as the real life scorpions do.This is currently published as an advance article. Page numbers will be given in due course. This article is openly available and is publishes as gold access.Leverhulme Trust (RPG-2015-097
The implementation and effectiveness of value engineering in the United Arab Emirates
No full textThis thesis examines the implementation and effectiveness of Value Engineering in the United Arab Emirates and is restricted to major building construction projects. The aim of the reasurch is to investigate possible areas of improvement and could potentially enhance the effectiveness of the managent and control of the Value Engineering process, for building construction project in the Unietd Arab Emirates.
The objectives of the research is to use the data collected to formulate a model for improvement of the Value Engineering process used in building construction projects in the United Arab Emirates. Before a model to be formulated, the following hypotheses need to be addressed.
Value Engineering is currently being effectively implemented
Value Engineering currently provides tangible and measurable benefits
Current practices in the application of Value Engineering can be improved
A triangulation approach is employed, with data collected using questionnaires, semi structured interviews and case studies. The data collected was analysed and critically assessed to compare the Value Engineering process conducted in the United Arab Emirates with current best practice and to identify specific area for improvement..
Based on the literature review, it became evident that the following seven (7) key factors raised by the researchers were identified for the potential to effect improvements.
1. Structure and Method of the Value Engineering process.
2. Timing and execution of the Value Engineering and workshop studies.
3. Composition of the Workshop team.
4. Understanding of the Value Engineering process.
5. Value Engineering during the Construction phase.
6. Performance measurement based on costs.
7. The effect of environment and culture on Value Engineering
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A model for improving the effectiveness of Value Engineering in the United Arab Emirates was then developed, validated and refined, based on the responses of seventy two (72) experienced clients, construction professionals, value engineers, project mangers and contractors. The responses from expatriates and Emirates nationals were also compared and the following recommondations were incorporated in the model.
The identified improvement into the design consultant agreement is to:-
Include Value Engineering in the overall project programme.
The identified improvement recommendations for the design stages are:-
1. Conduct Value Engineering workshop by the end of the preliminary design stage.
2. Establish involvement of end-user and who has experience in construction from project management consultant or client’s representative.
3. Specific consideration of the culture and environment in the United Arab Emirates.
4. Develop management awareness and commitment.
5. Implement the new regulations to achieve certification on sustainability (Estidama).
The identified improvement recommendations for the construction stages are:-
1. Conducting Value Engineering review after the award of construction.
2. Monitoring and auditing Value Engineering cost benefits.
3. Controlling variations and change orders.
4. Verifying Value Engineering recommendations adopted are achieved.
5. Cultivate company culture and environment to maximise the benefits of Value Engineering.
6. Ensure the new regulations to achieve certification on sustainability (Estidama)
WHY KNOWLEDGE ACQUISITION IS IMPORTANT TO EFFECTIVE SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT: THE ROLE OF SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGERS ‘AS KNOWLEDGE ACQUISITORS.
No full textThe acquisition of knowledge either by organisations or individuals is considered critical to the success of the organisation in a dynamic and uncertain business environment. Likewise, the acquisition of knowledge in supply chain is seen to be of great advantage to the complex activities that goes on in the supply chain, where it is difficult to forecast demand and therefore maximise competitive advantage. Despite data, information, knowledge and knowledge sharing being critical to the success of supply chain, there are dearth of studies exploring how knowledge is acquired.
This paper explores the importance of knowledge acquisition for effective supply chain management. In doing so, supply chain managers are conceptualised as either active acquisitors of knowledge, and thereby potential sources of competitive advantage, or merely passive recipients of data and information. We argue that to achieve improved supply chain management performance supply chain managers need to engage in active knowledge acquisition
Offender management in and after prison: The end of ‘end to end’?
No full textIn 2013 a joint report by the Inspectorates of Probations and Prisons in England and Wales
concluded that offender management in prisons was ‘not working’ and called for a fundamental
review. This article considers why existing arrangements have failed and draws upon theory and
research on resettlement, case management and desistance from crime, to define what a more
effective system of ‘rehabilitative resettlement’ – both inside prison and ‘through the gate’ – might
look like. It also comments on emerging proposals for radical change, including abandonment
of the ‘end to end’ model of offender management by an outside probation officer and the
development of ‘rehabilitative prisons’, in which more responsibility is placed on prisoners for
managing their own rehabilitation, and a formal motivational role is created for large numbers of
prison staff.10.1177/1748895816665435 Published in the Journal Criminology & Criminal Justice published by Sag
Gender and teh Experiences of Local Elected Members - Focus on Wales
No full textABSTRACT
This article explores issue of gender in relation to the experiences of local
elected members. Member experiences are important as this may be one of
the factors which lie behind the under-representation of women in political
life at all levels. This article is focused on Wales where women make up 26% of
local councillors, hold only 20% of cabinet positions and occupy one Leader
position. This article reports on the views of male and female councillors from
a number of Welsh authorities who, when interviewed, identified very different
experiences of elected office. Central to their experiences are their routes into
office, personal circumstances and societal influences. The existence of a
dominant male political culture is evident and this may have an impact on
the participation of women in local political life
Infrared thermography (IRT) for the assessment of microvascular skin blood flow in a specialist connctive tissue disease unit
No full textThe indeterminacy of ‘temporariness’: Control and power in neo-bureaucratic organizations and work in UK television
No full textWhereas historically the UK television industry has been characterized by hierarchy and vertical integration of programme production within a few large broadcasters, new neo-bureaucratic temporary organizational forms have proliferated in the industry in the past 20 years. This has been a product of a variety of factors, including globalization, technological change in the industry, deregulation and cost-cutting. This article draws on research involving 75 participants working in the large broadcasters, independents and as freelancers. The temporary form in the industry is an extreme case, in that they can be of very short duration (under a week). This has far-reaching implications for industry coordination and control. However, these forms are far from ‘one-offs’ and they are continuously reinvented and recast. This neo-bureaucratic form is controlled and regulated by the major producers through a set of powerful normative methods, based partly on an evolving custom and practice, but also in the extreme familiarity of people in the industry, across the large broadcasters, the independents and freelancers. The article evaluates how the structures, processes and coordination of these organizations through the manipulation of social capital in the industry are used to regulate and control a set of confused and ‘messy’ temporary arrangements.Non