Toulouse 1 Capitole Publications
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Affirmation de l’autonomie du droit à la désignation du mandataire ad hoc et rappel des exigences élémentaires en matière de remboursement de comptes courants d’associés (Cass. Com., 22 sept. 2021, n° 19-24.968)
No full textThe impact of police violence: Evidence from student protests
No full textWe study the protest behavior of teenagers linked to a student killed by a stray bullet coming from a policeman in Chile. We use administrative data to follow the schoolmates of the victim and those living nearby the shooting in hundreds of protest and non-protest days. We find that police violence causes lower protest participation in street rallies but more adherence to test boycotts. These effects appear among schoolmates of the victim and not among students living nearby the killing. Negative educational consequences suffered by the schoolmates combined with previous results suggest that psychological mechanisms are a plausible explanation
Conflict prediction using kernel density estimation
No full textBeing able to assess conflict risk at local level is crucial for preventing political violence or mitigating its consequences. This paper develops a new approach for predicting the timing and location of conflict events from violence history data. It adapts the methodology developed in Tapsoba (2018) for measuring violence risk across space and time to conflict prediction. Violence is modeled as a stochastic process with an unknown underlying distribution. Each conflict event observed on the ground is interpreted as a random realization of this process and its underlying distribution is estimated using kernel density estimation methods in a three-dimensional space. The optimal smoothing parameters are estimated to maximize the likelihood of future conflict events. An illustration of the practical gains (in terms of out-of-sample forecasting performance) of this new methodology compared to standard space-time autoregressive models is shown using data from Côte d’Ivoire
Swarm gradient dynamics for global optimization: the density case
No full textUsing jointly geometric and stochastic reformulations of nonconvex problems and exploiting a Monge-Kantorovich gradient system formulation with vanishing forces, we formally extend the simulated annealing method to a wide class of global optimization methods. Due to an inbuilt combination of a gradient-like strategy and particles interactions, we call them swarm gradient dynamics. As in the original paper of Holley-Kusuoka-Stroock, the key to the existence of a schedule ensuring convergence to a global minimizeris a functional inequality. One of our central theoretical contributions is the proof of such an inequality for one-dimensional compact manifolds. We conjecture the inequality to be true in a much wider setting. We also describe a general method allowing for global optimization and evidencing the crucial role of functional inequalities à la Łojasiewicz
Commentaires des dispositions sur les responsabilités et les sanctions civiles et pénales
No full textCe code à jour de toutes les réformes tant du droit des entreprises en difficulté que du droit des suretés commente toutes les dispositions du livre 6 du code de commerce ainsi que les législations nationales et européennes applicables en la matière
E-commerce and parcel delivery: environmental policy with green consumers
No full textWe study how consumers’ environmental awareness (CEA) affects the design of environmental policy in the e-commerce sector. We also examine if there is a need for regulation requiring delivery operators to reveal their emissions. We consider a model with two retailers who sell a differentiated product and two parcel delivery operators. Delivery generates CO2 emissions and their total level creates a global (atmosphere) externality. We assume that it is more expensive for the delivery operator to use less polluting technologies. We consider different scenarios reflecting the type of competition and the vertical structure of the industry. We shown that CEA mitigates the inefficiency of the equilibrium by bringing the level of emissions closer to its optimal level. This is true under perfect and imperfect competition. This efficiency enhancing effect of CEA also affects the design of emissions taxes, which leads to an amended Pigouvian rule. Under perfect competition the tax is reduced by exactly the level of CEA expressed in monetary terms. Under imperfect competition the adjustment exceeds this level
Splitting games over finite sets
No full textThis paper studies zero-sum splitting games with finite sets of states. Players dynamically choose a pair of martingales {pt,qt}t, in order to control a terminal payoff u(p∞,q∞). A firstpartintroduces the notion of “Mertens-Zamir transform” of a real-valued matrix and use it to approximate the solution of the Mertens-Zamir system for continuous functions on the square [0, 1]2. A second part considers the general case of finite splitting games with arbitrary correspondences containing the Dirac mass on the current state: building on Laraki and Renault (2020), we show that the value exists by constructing non Markovian ε-optimal strategies and we characterize it as the unique concave-convex function satisfying two new conditions
Une institutionnalisation dans la tradition. Sociologie d'un parti patrimonial, le Front National
No full textCette thèse de science politique propose d’actualiser la réflexion wéberienne sur la domination et la légitimation patrimoniale en l’appliquant à l’étude du cas de l’institutionnalisation tardive du Front National. Considérer le FN comme un parti patrimonial, c’est étudier sa trajectoire en tant que collectif agissant, trajectoire dans le champ politique parfois heurtée, mais qui relève bien d’une légitimation. Cette légitimation n’est pas linéaire, elle s’explique par les tensions entre légitimités charismatiques, traditionnelles et bureaucratiques. La sociologie des groupes dirigeants nationaux-frontistes dévoile ainsi une structure de parti, comme objectivation des relations sociales d’associés-rivaux à l’extrême-droite du champ, particulière car marquée par la domination patrimoniale. Elle questionne également sur les professionnalisations à l’œuvre dans l’organisation, sur les rétributions du militantisme ainsi que sur la reproduction et la subversion des hiérarchies au sein du parti. En filigrane, elle montre aussi comment le FN participe ainsi à la clôture du champ politique sur lui-même. La thèse se déploie en cinq chapitres. Les deux premiers interrogent de manière liée la succession filiale à la tête du parti. Le troisième revient sur la structure des relations des groupes dirigeants, et interroge en ce sens la société de Cour avec ses sous sociétés de cour national-frontistes. Le quatrième rend compte des logiques sociales et genrées du recrutement politique au sommet du FN. Le cinquième chapitre questionne dans un même mouvement les engagements et désengagements dont les exclusions partisanes, afin de montrer la permanence de l’ordre patrimonial jusque dans les crises de l’organisation. La thèse repose sur une enquête aux méthodes combinées, entretiens de tous types, observations ethnographiques des lieux de pouvoir comme des meetings, mais aussi sur une prosopographie originale des dirigeants depuis 1972, couplée à un travail sur les archives partisanes ou sur les bases de données de l’INA.This political science thesis aims to update Weberian thinking on domination and patrimonial legitimation by applying it to the study of the late institutionalization of the Front National. To consider the FN as a patrimonial party is to study its trajectory as an acting collective, a trajectory in the political field that is sometimes bumpy, but which is indeed a matter of legitimation. This legitimization is not linear, but can be explained by the tensions between charismatic, traditional and bureaucratic legitimacies. The sociology of the national frontist leadership groups thus reveals a party structure, as an objectification of the social relations of associate-rivals on the extreme right of the field, which is particular because it is marked by patrimonial domination. It also questions the professionalization of the organization, the rewards of activism, and the reproduction and subversion of hierarchies within the party. It also shows how the FN participates in the closure of the political field on itself. The thesis is divided into five chapters. The first two chapters examine the filial succession at the head of the party. The third chapter examines the structure of the relations between the leading groups, and in this sense questions the court society with its National-Frontist court sub-societies. The fourth chapter examines the social and gendered logics of political recruitment at the top of the FN. The fifth chapter questions, in the same movement, the commitments and disengagements, including partisan exclusions, in order to show the permanence of the patrimonial order even in the crises of the organization. The thesis is based on an investigation using a combination of methods, interviews of all types, ethnographic observations of places of power and meetings, but also on an original prosopography of the leaders since 1972, coupled with work on party archives and on INA databases