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"La responsabilité pour insuffisance d’actif du directeur général délégué et les conditions de sa condamnation", note s/s Cass. com., 5 mai 2021, n° 19-23.575.
No full textD'une part, il résulte des articles L. 225-53 et L. 225-56, II, du Code de commerce que le directeur général délégué d'une société anonyme, qui est chargé d'assister le directeur général et dispose de pouvoirs dont l'étendue est déterminée par le conseil d'administration, a la qualité de dirigeant de droit au sens de l'article L. 651-2 du même code, de sorte qu'il engage sa responsabilité pour les fautes de gestion commises dans l'exercice des pouvoirs qui lui ont été délégués. D'autre part, la condamnation d'un dirigeant pour insuffisance d'actif est subordonnée à l'existence d'une insuffisance d'actif certaine, laquelle détermine le montant maximal de la condamnation susceptible d'être prononcée, de sorte que le juge doit préciser, au jour où il statue, le montant de l'insuffisance d'actif constatée dans la procédure collective de la société
Challenges and Pitfalls in Revising of the Canadian Copyright Act
No full textThe House of Commons Standing Committee on Industry, Science and Technology and the Standing Committee on Canadian Heritage filed their Copyright Act review reports in 2019. Among their recommendations: the term extension of copyright, the new “termination right,” the amended copyright reversion regime, and the new mandatory registration system. I provide an economic policy analysis of the implications of those recommendations on creator bargaining power and remuneration, on the availability of works, and on the creative marketplace in general. I conclude that the committees’ intended goals will not be fully achieved if their recommendations are implemented as formulated
Le droit de l’associé retrayant d’une société civile d’agir en annulation des assemblées générales (note s/s Cass. com., 7 juillet 2021, n° 19-20.673)
No full textTant qu'il n'a pas obtenu le remboursement intégral de la valeur de ses droits sociaux, l'associé retrayant d’une société civile conserve un intérêt à agir en annulation des assemblées générales, non pas en sa qualité d'associé, qu'il a perdue, mais en celle de propriétaire de ces droits sociaux et de créancier de la société, ainsi que pour la sauvegarde des droits patrimoniaux qu'il a conservés, tenant aussi bien au capital apporté et à la valeur de ses parts qu'à la rémunération de son apport
Optimism leads to optimality: Ambiguity in network formation
No full textWe analyze a model of endogenous two-sided network formation where players are affected by uncertainty in their opponents’ decisions. We model this uncertainty using the notion of equilibrium under ambiguity. Unlike the set of Nash equilibria, the set of equilibria under ambiguity does not always include underconnected and thus inefficient networks such as the empty network. On the other hand, it may include networks with unreciprocated, one-way links, which comes with an efficiency loss as linking efforts are costly. We characterize equilibria under ambiguity and provide conditions under which increased player optimism comes with an increase in connectivity and realized benefits in equilibrium. Next, we analyze network realignment under a myopic updating process with optimistic shocks, and derive a global stability condition of efficient networks. Under this condition, called ‘aligned preferences’, a subset of the Pareto optimal equilibrium networks is reached, specifically, networks that maximize the players’ total benefits of connections
Who cares? Measuring preference intensity in a polarized environment
No full textMany questions in political science require knowing not only what voters want (pref-erence orientation) but also how much they want it (preference intensity). In this paper, we assess two methods for measuring individual differences in preference intensity. One method — issue importance items — asks respondents to self-report how important a given set of policy proposals is to them personally. Another — Quadratic Voting for Survey Research (QVSR) — gives respondents a fixed budget to ‘buy’ votes in favor of (against) these policy proposals, with the price for each vote increasing quadratically. We provide theoretical arguments explaining why, in a polarized environment where some respondents may feel pressured to pay lip service to the party norms, one should expect QVSR to offer a better measure of preference intensity. Using Likert items as the benchmark, we find that QVSR more consistently differentiates between intense and weak preferences, as proxied by respondents’ behavior on simplified real-world tasks. Revisiting debates on the determinants of policy preferences, or the congruence between mass opinions and the policy status quo, we show that conclusions reached when using Likert items alone change once differences in preference intensity are bet-ter accounted for
Un paiement même non spontané autorise la subrogation
No full textCommentaire de Cass. 3e civ., 17 nov. 2021, no 20-1918
Unilateral Practices, Antitrust Enforcement and Commitments
No full textThis paper analyses the impact of commitments on antitrust enforcement. These tools, introduced in Europe by the Modernization reform of 2003, are now used intensively by the European Commission and by National Competition Agencies. We consider a setting where a firm can adopt a practice that is either pro- or anti-competitive; the firm knows the nature of the practice whereas the enforcer has only prior beliefs about it. If the firm adopts the practice, the enforcer then decides whether to open a case. When commitments are available, the firm can offer a commitment whenever a case is opened; the enforcer then decides whether to accept it or run a costly investigation that may or may not bring supporting evidence. We show that introducing commitments weakens enforcement when the practice is likely to be anti-competitive. The impact of commitments is however more nuanced when the practice is less likely to be anti-competitive
Le rapport de l’avantage indirect consenti à l’héritier occupant et nu-propriétaire indivis. note sous Civ. 1re, 2 mars 2022, F-B, n° 20-21.641
No full textLa Cour de cassation précise les modalités de rapport de l’avantage indirect consistant en l’occupation gratuite, par un successible, d’une partie d’un bien dont il est nu-propriétaire indivis. Il ne peut pas déduire de l’indemnité de rapport les dépenses qu’il a supportées si elles relèvent du domaine des grosses réparations