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Loading-related injuries of mechanically loaded broilers under field conditions
Get PDFThis publication is part of a large study whose objective was to assess animal welfare during 32 mechanical loadings of broilers. We here focus on animal health aspects and the influences of circumstances during mechanical loading. Broilers in two husbandry systems (HS) (mean number of fattening days: HS 2: 41.3 days; HS 3: 40.1 days) were assessed on-farm for loading-related injuries such as fractures, hematomas, and abrasions before and after mechanical loading. The influence of conveyor belt speed (fast vs. slow), container type (GP container vs. SmartStack container), HS, fattening method (FM), season, and sex on loading-related injuries was analyzed. The two HS were grouped according to the specifications of a retail trade label into three FM (HS 2: Standard and Standard Premium, HS 3: Premium), which differed, among other aspects, in genotype, stocking density, dark period, and access to a veranda. Hematomas on the wing (6.55%) were the most common type of injury followed by hematomas on the wing tip (6.17%), abrasions on the body (4.92%), abrasions on the wing tip (4.25%), severe wing injuries (1.13%), and hematomas on the wing proximal to the wing tip (0.38%). A reduction in injuries was achieved by a slow belt speed, the use of a SmartStack container, and loadings during spring and summer. Loading broilers of HS 3 compared with those of HS 2 led to a significantly lower risk of severe wing injuries, total abrasions, and wing tip abrasions. Broilers of the Standard Premium (P = 0.038) and Premium FM (P = <0.001) had a significantly lower risk of severe wing injuries than those of the Standard FM, demonstrating that not only the genotype, which is one of the major differences between HS 2 and 3, influences the injury rate. Other differences in FM, such as a longer dark period, a lower stocking density at housing, more enrichment, and access to a veranda should be considered as influencing factors
A calibration test for evaluating set-based epistemic uncertainty representations
Get PDFThe accurate representation of epistemic uncertainty is a challenging yet essential task in machine learning. A widely used representation corresponds to convex sets of probabilistic predictors, also known as credal sets. One popular way of constructing these credal sets is via ensembling or specialized supervised learning methods, where the epistemic uncertainty can be quantified through measures such as the set size or the disagreement among members. In principle, these sets should contain the true data-generating distribution. As a necessary condition for this validity, we adopt the strongest notion of calibration as a proxy. Concretely, we propose a novel statistical test to determine whether there is a convex combination of the set’s predictions that is calibrated in distribution. In contrast to previous methods, our framework allows the convex combination to be instance-dependent, recognizing that different ensemble members may be better calibrated in different regions of the input space. Moreover, we learn this combination via proper scoring rules, which inherently optimize for calibration. Building on differentiable, kernel-based estimators of calibration errors, we introduce a nonparametric testing procedure and demonstrate the benefits of capturing instance-level variability on synthetic and real-world experiments
Information leakage detection through approximate Bayes-optimal prediction
Get PDFIn today's data-driven world, the proliferation of publicly available information raises security concerns due to the information leakage (IL) problem. IL involves unintentionally exposing sensitive information to unauthorized parties via observable system information. Conventional statistical approaches rely on estimating mutual information (MI) between observable and secret information for detecting ILs, face challenges of the curse of dimensionality, convergence, computational complexity, and MI misestimation. Though effective, emerging supervised machine learning based approaches to detect ILs are limited to the binary system, sensitive information, and lacks a comprehensive framework. To address these limitations, we establish a theoretical framework using statistical learning theory and information theory to quantify and detect IL accurately. Using automated machine learning, we demonstrate that MI can be accurately estimated by approximating the typically unknown Bayes predictor 's Log-Loss and accuracy. Based on this, we show how MI can effectively be estimated to detect ILs. Our method performs superior to state-of-the-art baselines in an empirical study considering synthetic and real-world OpenSSL TLS server datasets
Women’s Rights in the UN
Get PDFThis thesis develops a two-dimensional framework for assessing the robustness of international norms, illustrated through the Women, Peace and Security (WPS) agenda of the United Nations. Building on Zimmermann et al.’s (2023) model of norm robustness, it argues that their framework – focused on compliance, implementation, concordance, and reactions to violations – does not capture overall robustness, but rather what this thesis refers to as social validity. To complement this, the thesis introduces a second dimension, normative stringency, assessed through three criteria: (1) the introduction of new normative content, (2) changes in existing normative content, and (3) the omission of previously affirmed normative content. This extension enables the identification of both strengthening and weakening developments that remain analytically invisible when only social validity is considered. The empirical analysis draws on UN Secretary-General reports and all ten WPS resolutions. Findings suggest that while the WPS agenda has retained considerable social validity, its normative stringency has fluctuated: initial strengthening and expansions gave way to subtle weakening, especially regarding legal frameworks, healthcare, and sexual and reproductive rights. The study concludes that overall norm robustness cannot be assessed without considering both dimensions. It demonstrates that norms may remain socially valid while experiencing normative erosion, underscoring the need for a refined conceptual lens to capture how contestation reshapes the substance of international women’s rights norms
Translating Ahu Moana into the Local Community
Get PDFThis article engages with near-shore coastal co-management in the Hauraki Gulf Tīkapa Moana, Aotearoa New Zealand. I analysed various qualitative sources to demonstrate how Ahu Moana (ocean care areas) as a specific form of localism was translated on the side of the local community on Waiheke Island, Auckland. A specific assemblage of marine care emerged alongside a re-conceptualisation of the local community and a remapping of the Gulf as a relational care network. The article suggests that the attempt to realise Ahu Moana shows decolonising tendencies and challenges existing power structures. However, new patterns of inclusion and exclusion also emerged
Multicolor single-molecule FRET studies on dynamic protein systems
Get PDFFörster resonance energy transfer (FRET) is a powerful tool for studying protein conformations, interactions, and dynamics at the single-molecule level. Multicolor FRET extends conventional two-color FRET by incorporating three or more fluorophores and thereby enabling a more comprehensive view of complex biomolecular processes. This technique allows for the simultaneous tracking of multiple structural changes, detecting intermediate states, and resolving heterogeneous population distributions. In this review, we discuss the recent advancements in fluorophore labeling strategies and data analysis methods that have significantly improved the precision and applicability of multicolor FRET in protein studies. We then end this review by showcasing recent applications for investigating protein folding and processes involved in gene regulation
Synergizing flood mitigation and water quality goals through green infrastructure in Dali City, China
Get PDFLower rate of pancreatobiliary complications after sludge and microlithiasis pancreatitis compared to gallstone pancreatitis
Get PDFBackground and Aims
Cholecystectomy is recommended to prevent recurrence of biliary pancreatitis, but supporting evidence is limited for sludge- and microlithiasis-induced acute pancreatitis (AP). This study aimed to compare relapse patterns and risk factors between patients with sludge/microlithiasis-induced AP and gallstone-induced AP.
Methods
This analysis included 789 patients from the international, multicenter Relapstone cohort (Spain: 16 centers; Mexico: 2 centers), hospitalized between January 2018 and April 2020 with first-time biliary AP and no cholecystectomy during admission. Patients with sludge/microlithiasis-induced AP (n = 274) were compared to those with gallstone-induced AP (n = 515) regarding pancreatobiliary complications. Multivariate analysis was used to assess relapse risk factors.
Results
Pancreatobiliary complications occurred in 41.7 % of the gallstone cohort versus 32.1 % in the sludge/microlithiasis cohort (p = 0.01). Correspondingly, the gallstone AP cohort showed a significantly lower complication-free survival rate (log-rank p = 0.0022; median follow-up: 6.1 vs. 8.1 months). In multivariate analysis, older age in the gallstone group was significantly associated with lower relapse risk (HR = 0.54, 95 % CI: 0.39–0.74).
Conclusion
This multicenter study reveals distinct differences in relapse risk between gallstone- and sludge/microlithiasis-induced AP, with gallstone AP showing a higher rate of complications in the absence of cholecystectomy
Einbindung von Pflegefachpersonen mit Hochschulabschlüssen an deutschen Universitätskliniken: Vergleich der Befragungsergebnisse 2018 und 2024
No full textEinleitung
Die Gesundheitsversorgung in Deutschland steht vor großen Herausforderungen, die eine stärkere Einbindung akademisch qualifizierter Pflegefachpersonen erfordern. Trotz positiver Trends bei der Akademisierung der Pflege bestehen weiterhin Herausforderungen, die eine erneute systematische Untersuchung notwendig machen.
Methode
Die Befragung erhebt aktuelle quantitative Daten zur Anzahl und zum Anteil von Pflegefachpersonen mit Hochschulabschlüssen an deutschen Hochschul- und Universitätskliniken und vergleicht diese mit den Ergebnissen von 2018. Zudem werden der Anteil dieser Fachkräfte in der direkten Patientenversorgung, bestehende pflegewissenschaftliche Einrichtungen sowie Stellenbeschreibungen und Fördermaßnahmen für akademische Pflegefachpersonen untersucht.
Ergebnisse
Die Analyse umfasst Daten von 14 Hochschul- und Universitätskliniken, die vollständige Datensätze für 2024 und 2018 lieferten. Der Anteil der Pflegefachpersonen mit Hochschulabschluss stieg zwischen 2018 und 2024 von 2,92 % auf 3,91 %. In der direkten Patientenversorgung stieg der Anteil von 2,14 % auf 3,18 %. Der Anteil der Pflegefachpersonen mit Hochschulabschluss in der direkten Patientenversorgung an der Gesamtheit der Beschäftigten im Pflegedienst in der direkten Patientenversorgung lag 2024 bei 3,50 %. Eine große Heterogenität zeigte sich hinsichtlich der Stellenbeschreibungen für Pflegefachpersonen mit Hochschulabschluss, der tariflichen Eingruppierung und nichtentgeltlichen Fördermaßnahmen. Von den eingeschlossenen Kliniken verfügten vier über ein pflegewissenschaftliches Institut, drei über einen pflegewissenschaftlichen Lehrstuhl und zwei über einen primärqualifizierenden Pflegestudiengang.
Diskussion
Die Befragungsergebnisse zeigen Fortschritte bei der Integration akademisch qualifizierter Pflegefachpersonen in deutschen Universitätskliniken, jedoch bestehen weiterhin Herausforderungen. Der Anteil akademisch qualifizierter Pflegefachpersonen in der direkten Patientenversorgung bleibt mit 3,18 % weit unter den empfohlenen 20 %. Die Studie unterstreicht die Notwendigkeit klarer Stellenbeschreibungen, tariflicher Eingruppierungen und Fördermaßnahmen, um die Rolle dieser Fachkräfte besser zu integrieren und ihre Kompetenzen voll auszuschöpfen
