International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics
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From Struggle to Sustainability: How Latur Farmers Transformed Agriculture and Their Livelihoods in Maharashtra
Get PDFLatur district in Maharashtra has long faced critical agricultural challenges, including erratic rainfall, groundwater depletion, acute water shortage and soil degradation. With fragmented landholdings averaging 1–2 hectares, smallholder farmers struggled to sustain agricultural productivity and profitability. Recognizing these challenges, the Groundwater Survey and Development Agency (GSDA), in collaboration with ICRISAT, launched a transformative initiative under the Atal Bhujal Yojana (2023–2025) supported by CGIAR Initiative on Sustainable Intensification of Mixed Farming Systems. About 440 farm households were involved in this initiative. To design effective interventions, a comprehensive multidimensional analysis was conducted, evaluating the economic, social, and environmental sustainability of farming systems using ICRISAT’s MSAT framework. Additionally, a Land Resource Inventory (LRI) assessment was undertaken to assess soil characteristics and land use potential, while a hydrological assessment helped identify water availability, recharge potential, and vulnerabilities. These assessments provided a strong foundation for planning targeted resource conservation and use while designing holistic solutions from farm to landscape scale for sustainable agricultural improvements. Based on these assessments and a participatory community-led approach, key entry points were identified at both the landscape scale and farming systems scale, along with market linkages to enhance sustainability
Differences in the regulation of ion imbalance in response to high Na+ load hint at differential strategies for salt-tolerance in mungbean genotypes (Vigna radiata L.)
Get PDFDevelopment of high-yielding plant varieties resilient to environmental challenges is often hindered by the absence of genotype and growth-stage specific insights into the molecular mechanisms involved in plant survival under stress conditions. In the present study, we aimed to address this gap by analysing various physiological traits in three mungbean genotypes, viz., MGG 295, MGG 351 and LGG 460 subjected to NaCl stress (8 dS m−1 and 16 dS m−1) during early vegetative stage. MGG 295 and MGG 351 exhibited superior salt tolerance compared to LGG 460, as evidenced by their growth performance and physiological responses, including photosynthesis, transpiration rate, membrane integrity, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and scavenging. Interestingly, MGG 295 showed low-ionic discrimination and non-selective uptake of Na+ and K+ in roots for salt tolerance. Conversely, MGG 351 exhibited low leaf and root Na+ content, indicative of Na+ extrusion and sequestration, similar to the salt-sensitive LGG 460. Expression of different Na+ and K+ transporter genes suggested SOS1, SOS2-mediated ion exclusion in LGG 460 and NHX1- mediated ion sequestration in LGG 460 and MGG 351. Tolerant genotypes exhibited AKT1-mediated K+ uptake. Moreover, MGG 295 blocked the uptake of Cl− suggesting an ion-wise differential strategy adopted by the plant to survive ion toxicity. These preliminary findings provide some interesting insights into the alternate approaches to salinity tolerance that are potentially less energy intensive for stress survival
Finger millet (Eleusine coracana) improvement: Challenges and prospects—A review
Get PDFFinger millet is a climate-resilient and highly nutritious small grain crop widely grown in the semi-arid tropics. It has multiple uses, including for food, feed and beverage preparations. However, finger millet is an under-utilized and under-researched crop with a mean yield of <1.0 t/ha despite a potential productivity of up to 8 t/ha. The yield gap is attributed to several production constraints, such as biotic and abiotic stresses, a lack of access to improved seeds and production inputs and poor agronomic management practices. There are valuable genetic resources and genetic variability of finger millet in its centres of diversity and global gene banks for variety design, product development and commercialization. The genetic variability can be harnessed further to integrate essential traits into candidate varieties through conventional and modern breeding methods. Breeding and genetic innovations such as genomics-assisted breeding, mutation breeding and genome editing would accelerate finger millet breeding and new variety design and deployment. The objective of this review was to document the opportunities, challenges and prospects of finger millet improvement as a guide for variety development and deployment with enhanced grain yield and nutritional contents. The first section describes global production status and yield gains, major production and productivity challenges in finger millet. This is followed by an in-depth presentation on breeding and genetic progress on variety development with improved agronomic and nutritional quality traits, drought and salinity tolerance, and fungal diseases, weeds and insect pest resistance. Further, the review summarized finger millet's genetic and genomic resources, reference genomes, whole genome re-sequencing and transcriptomics of finger millet technologies, genetic engineering and genome editing and their integration with conventional breeding methods for variety design with desired end-use traits. The review provides foundational information to expedite the development of new-generation finger millet cultivars with desirable product profiles, including high grain yield potential, early maturity, desirable seed colour, compact head type, food and feed nutrients quality and high marketability through modern breeding approaches
Enhancing productivity, soil health, and reducing global warming potential through diverse conservation agriculture cropping systems in India’s Western Indo-Gangetic Plains
Get PDFContext
The rice-wheat (RW) system, spanning 13.5 million hectares in South Asia, is crucial for food security and livelihoods. However, intensive conventional tillage-based practices have harmed soil and environmental health, decreased productivity trends and increased greenhouse gas emissions.
Objective
This study aims to develop resilient, climate-smart cropping systems within the RW system, focusing on soil and crop productivity, economic viability, and reduced greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions.
Methods
Over eight years, the study evaluated diverse parameters compared to farmer practices (FP) in seven scenarios (Sc), including one representing FP (Sc1) and six based on conservation agriculture (CA) principles. The study assessed system crop productivity, economic returns, soil quality (organic carbon; OC, nitrogen; N, phosphorus; P, potassium; K contents, bulk density; BD, soil aggregation, infiltration rates, microbial counts, and earthworm density), and GHG emissions.
Results
CA-based scenarios (Sc2 to Sc7) showed improved soil quality, lower bulk density, enhanced soil aggregation, and increased infiltration rates compared to Sc1. In the 0–15 cm layer, surface soil organic carbon (OC) and C stock were 63.7 % and 49.6 % higher, respectively, in CA-based scenarios. Additionally, available N, P and K contents in the surface layer increased by 10.2 %, 28.6 %, and 21.8 % under CA-based scenarios. Adoption of CA in intensified maize-based scenarios (Sc4 and Sc5) led to the increased system and economic yields, higher soil quality index (SQI), reduced GHG emissions and increased C stock compared to Sc1.
Implications
The study highlights that Conservation Agriculture (CA) practices and diversified crop rotations can address issues like falling crop productivity, reduced economic returns, soil degradation, and increasing environmental impacts in northwestern India's traditional rice-wheat system. However, widespread adoption requires government policies, including C credit payments and guaranteed markets with supportive pricing
Phenotyping and a genome-wide association study of elite lines of pearl millet
Get PDFPearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. BR.) is a cereal crop mainly grown in India and sub-Saharan Africa. In pearl millet, genes and genomic regions associated with traits are largely unknown. Pearl millet parental lines bred at the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) are useful for the production and breeding of pearl millet. However, the phenotypic diversity of these lines has not been fully evaluated. In this study, 16 traits of 107 of those parental lines were assessed with field trials in Japan, and a genome-wide association study (GWAS) was performed using these phenotypic data to identify the genomic regions and genes associated with those traits. The GWAS revealed genomic regions associated with culm height and pigmentation of the shoot basal part (PS). The genomic region associated with PS contained a homolog of PHENYLALANINE AMMONIA LYASE 2 (PAL2), a gene involved in anthocyanin accumulation in Arabidopsis thaliana. The PAL2 homolog can be a candidate for a gene involved in regulating PS in pearl millet. These results provide a better understanding of the phenotypic diversity of pearl millet and its genetic background
Roundtable discussion report Inclusive Agripreneurship : Challenges & Opportunities
Get PDFInclusive Agripreneurship is essential for fostering equitable economic growth, enhancing food security, and promoting sustainable development in the agricultural sector
The transpiration rate sensitivity to increasing evaporative demand differs between soil textures, even in wet soil
Get PDFMany efforts to improve crop yields in water-limited environments have been directed towards identifying genotypes capable of restricting their transpiration rate (TR) at high vapor pressure deficit (VPD). This has proven
challenging due to the dependence of the TR-VPD relationship on environmental conditions. In this context, however, the impact of edaphic properties on the TR response to VPD has largely been overlooked as experiments investigating the TR-VPD relationship are usually performed in wet soil conditions. Hence, the soil is not expected to be limiting the water supply to the canopy at high VPD. Nonetheless, soil (hydraulic) properties are known to shape plant growth and the development of the plant hydraulic system. Thereby, they might indirectly affect plant water use during rising VPD, even in wet soils. To test the soil dependency of the TR-VPD relation, we measured the TR response of genotypes of three important C4 cereals - maize, sorghum, and pearl millet - to increasing VPD in two soil textural classes (sandy loam vs. clay loam). We show that the TR response to rising VPD differed among soil textures in wet conditions. Plants grown in sandy loam exhibited a higher initial slope in TR during increasing VPD (slope1), a restriction in TR at lower VPD (VPDBP), and a greater difference in TR before and after the VPDBP (slopediff. ), compared to plants grown in clay loam. Additionally, plants grown in more conductive soils (i.e., sandy loam) systematically exhibited higher maximum canopy conductance (i.e., slope1) and restricted their transpiration rate at lower VPD levels (VPDBP), resulting in a greater reduction in transpiration. This aligns with a hydraulic mechanism underpinning TR response to VPD. We advocate that considering soil texture is valuable in breeding for water conservation based on TR restriction under increasing VPD
Role of clay cation exchange capacity, location of charge, and clay mineralogy on potassium availability in Indian Vertisols
Get PDFPrecise information on the location of charge in clay minerals and their charge density in smectite-dominant soils is rare. The present study was undertaken with three benchmark Vertisols to establish the relationship between the clay cation exchange capacity (CEC), charge density, as well as the location of charge in smectitic soil clay minerals and their relationship with potassium (K) fixation and release. Potassium fractions and their threshold levels in the Vertisols were determined by standard methods. Soils were segregated into silt, total clay and fine clay fractions for X-ray diffraction analysis and fine clay fractions were used to determine the CEC using standard methods. The Hofmann-Klemen effect (HK) and modified Greene-Kelly test was done with the fine clay to determine the CEC of the tetrahedral sheet. Subsequently, the CEC of the octahedral sheet was calculated as the difference between total CEC and the tetrahedral CEC. The results showed that ~60–64% of the total CEC is attributed to the tetrahedral layers. The tetrahedral CEC that is proportional to the tetrahedral charge density was significant and negatively correlated with K release threshold values and all fractions of K. The tetrahedral CEC contributed more toward the K fixation and release than the octahedral CEC. The study shows that the dominant presence of high-charge smectites in the fine clay fractions of these Vertisols contributed to the tetrahedral CEC and consequently to the charge density of these soils, which implied a tendency to fix K easily and release it with greater difficulty compared to soils with low-charge smectites
Applicability of calibrated diffuse reflectance spectroscopy models across spatial and temporal boundaries
Get PDFDiffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) is an emerging soil testing approach. Although several studies have validated the DRS approach, limited efforts are made to assess the applicability of calibrated DRS models on new samples collected at different locations and/or time. To test such spatio-temporal applicability of calibrated DRS models, we collected surface soil samples from 1,112 smallholder farms during 2018 (T2018) and 607 farms during 2021 (T2021) covering seven districts of the Bundelkhand region of central India. The T2018 samples covered 7 development blocks; the T2021 samples were also collected from these blocks but from different sampling locations. Additionally, a new sampling site (Jhansi-Bamour block) was added during 2021 to create an independent test dataset. Collected samples were analysed for 17 soil parameters (basic soil properties, macronutrients, and micronutrients) and spectral reflectance over the visible to near-infrared region. Corresponding soil test crop response (STCR) ratings were also estimated. The Cubist model was calibrated in the T2018 dataset and tested against the T2021 dataset using the coefficient of determination (R2), root-mean-squared error (RMSE), and percentage relative error deviation (PRED) at 30% error threshold as performance statistics. Model applicability was assessed at each block level (site-specific), by dividing the study site into their two geology-specific regions, and by treating the entire dataset as a regional-scale spectral library. Results showed that DRS models calibrated on a finer scale (site-specific) are less efficient in estimating soil parameters in broader scale (geology-specific and regional-scale) test T2021 samples although their STCR ratings may safely be estimated at local scales. When site-specific data were aggregated to broader scales and T2018 dataset was spiked with 20% samples from the T2021 dataset, model performance improved for critical soil parameters such as soil organic carbon (SOC) contents and several plant nutrients and their ratings; application of such large-scale models also improved the estimation accuracy when applied to site-specific datasets. Exchangeable Ca and Mg, clay and SOC contents were frequently well-estimated with R2 values ranging from 0.54 to 0.93. Fine sand was the next best estimated soil property with R2 values in the range of 0.40–0.75. The STCR ratings estimated in the DRS approach matched the wet chemistry-based STCR ratings to the tune of 43 to 100%. Overall, as many as 60% of all new samples could be estimated with more than 70% accuracy for 8 out of 17 parameters. With the DRS approach tested on both spatially- and temporally-independent test datasets and, specifically, with high estimation accuracy of STCR ratings, our results suggest that the DRS approach may safely be used as a viable alternative to conventional soil testing in smallholder farms
The role of phenomics and genomics in delineating the genetic basis of complex traits in millets
Get PDFMillets, comprising a diverse group of small-seeded grains, have emerged as vital crops with immense nutritional, environmental, and economic significance. The comprehension of complex traits in millets, influenced by multifaceted genetic determinants, presents a compelling challenge and opportunity in agricultural research. This review delves into the transformative roles of phenomics and genomics in deciphering these intricate genetic architectures. On the phenomics front, high-throughput platforms generate rich datasets on plant morphology, physiology, and performance in diverse environments. This data, coupled with field trials and controlled conditions, helps to interpret how the environment interacts with genetics. Genomics provides the underlying blueprint for these complex traits. Genome sequencing and genotyping technologies have illuminated the millet genome landscape, revealing diverse gene pools and evolutionary relationships. Additionally, different omics approaches unveil the intricate information of gene expression, protein function, and metabolite accumulation driving phenotypic expression. This multi-omics approach is crucial for identifying candidate genes and unfolding the intricate pathways governing complex traits. The review highlights the synergy between phenomics and genomics. Genomically informed phenotyping targets specific traits, reducing the breeding size and cost. Conversely, phenomics identifies promising germplasm for genomic analysis, prioritizing variants with superior performance. This dynamic interplay accelerates breeding programs and facilitates the development of climate-smart, nutrient-rich millet varieties and hybrids. In conclusion, this review emphasizes the crucial roles of phenomics and genomics in unlocking the genetic enigma of millets