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AUTOMATIC MODULATION CLASSIFICATION USING FEATURE BASED APPROACH
No full textAutomatic Modulation Classification (AMC) is a scheme to classify the\ud
modulated signal by observing its received signal features. The received signal is\ud
usually corrupted by influence of various sources, such as, white guassian noise\ud
and fading, which degrades the signal quality. Automatic modulation classification\ud
plays an important role in cognitive radio communication. Due to amassed usage of\ud
digital signals in different technologies, such as, cognitive radios, scientists have\ud
focused on recognizing these signal types. AMC is expected to be incorporated in\ud
the upcoming cognitive communication. Generally, digital signal type classification\ud
can be categorized into two major categories: decision theoretic (DT) methods and\ud
pattern classification (PC) methods.\ud
In this research we focused on PC methods which are based upon\ud
features extraction. The feature extraction based modulation classification is\ud
accomplished in two modules. The first module is the feature extraction and second\ud
is classification process which gives decision based upon the features extracted.\ud
The features extracted from the received signal are higher order moments, higher\ud
order cummulants, spectral features, cyclo-stationary features and novel Gabor\ud
features. The classification of digital modulation formats such as pulse amplitude\ud
modulation (PAM), quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) and phase shift keying\ud
(PSK) and frequency shift keying (FSK) are considered throughout the research.\ud
The performance of proposed classifier are analyzed on additive white guassian\ud
noise channel (AWGN), Rayleigh flat fading channel, Rician flat fading channel and\ud
log normal fading channel.\ud
The proposed classifier algorithm for classification of different unknown\ud
modulated signals is based on normalized higher even order cummulants features\ud
and spectral features. The proposed classifiers are based on likelihood function,\ud
multilayer perceptron and linear discriminant analysis. The simulation results show\ud
that the proposed algorithms have high classification accuracy even at low signal to\ud
noise ratio (SNR). The proposed classifier algorithms perform efficiently as\ud
compared to the existing classifiers.\ud
A novel joint feature extraction and classification technique is proposed to\ud
classify the digital modulated signals by adaptively tuning the parameters of Gabor\ud
filter network. The Gabor atom parameters are tuned using delta rule and weights of\ud
the Gabor filter using least mean square (LMS) algorithm. The proposed algorithm\ud
classifies efficiently the PSK, FSK and QAM signals with 100% classification. The\ud
Modified gabor filter network is proposed for classification of M-PAM signals.\ud
The proposed HMM and Gabor filter network formulates an optimal classifier\ud
structure. The proposed classifier use Baum-Welch algorithm and Genetic algorithm\ud
(GA) to update the Gabor filter network and hidden markov model (HMM)\ud
parameters. The fitness function for the genetic algorithm is probability of\ud
observation sequence given the model. The objective is to maximize the probability\ud
of observation sequence. To improve the classification accuracy, three parameters\ud
of Gabor filters (GFs) network and one HMM parameter are adjusted simultaneously\ud
such that the probability of observation sequence is maximized.\ud
The proposed classifiers are compared with well-known techniques in the\ud
literature and simulation results show the supremacy of the proposed schemes over\ud
the contemporarytechnique
CURTAILING HETEROGENEOUS DISPARITY IN BRAIN IMAGING AND DNA STRUCTURE FOR PATTERN RECOGNITION BASED ESTIMATION OF ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE
No full textAlzheimer's disease is a multifactorial and progressive neurodegenerative disorder that \ud
affects an individual's memory and cognitive skills. It is a major cause of death around the \ud
globe and according to 2015 Alzheimer's association report, the death percentage has \ud
increased to 71% since year 2000. The clinical symptoms of the disease appear at a stage \ud
when the loss has become irreversible. Modern brain imaging techniques have enabled us to \ud
non-invasively visualize the internal structures of the brain. Scientists believe that structural \ud
and functional changes due to Alzheimer's disease begin in the brain more than 20 years \ud
before any clinical symptoms are observed. Early detection of the disease is crucial for the \ud
patient, care givers and relatives to cope with the situation. It will also help medical \ud
practitioners to discover new drugs. For this reason there is an imperative need of image \ud
based automated techniques to assist medical professionals in correct diagnosis of \ud
Alzheimer's disease using brain images.\ud
In recent years, there is an intensive research focused on the identification of Alzheimer's \ud
disease from brain images using machine learning methods. Structural brain images like MRI \ud
have been extensively used in this regard. In our research work, we have proposed an \ud
automated image processing based approach for the early identification of Alzheimer's \ud
disease from MRI scans of the brain. The dataset selected consists of 236 age and gender \ud
matched individuals and the features selected are volume of GM, WM and CSF, and size of \ud
hippocampus. In addition to image features, genetic aspects of Alzheimer's disease are also \ud
considered in classification task. Well known APOE risk gene data and 14 SNP data \ud
associated with Alzheimer's disease are incorporated in the feature set. Seven different \ud
classification models from different algorithmic paradigms are used for identification of \ud
patients and controls. For evaluation of our scheme, we have used cross validation and 66% \ud
split test strategy. Classification results are obtained using image features, genetic features \ud
and combination of the both. It is observed that image features produced best classification \ud
of cases and controls. On the other hand, genetic data can be very useful in predicting the \ud
risk of disease well before any changes to brain are observed. The proposed approach is \ud
novel because it has been able to achieve higher accuracy/specificity/sensitivity values even \ud
using smaller feature set which is not the case of existing approaches. Moreover, the \ud
proposed approach is capable of identifying AD patients in early stages. \ud
Best results (100% accuracy, 100% specificity, 100% sensitivity) are achieved using volume \ud
of GM and size of left hippocampus with J48 classifier. Similarly APOE risk gene predicted \ud
the disease with 75% accuracy for all classifiers whereas SNP data achieved 86% accuracy \ud
with Naïve Bayes and SVM. \ud
The proposed approach will play a vital role in the domain of Computer Aided Diagnostics \ud
and Preventive Studies
Eco-Biology and Management of Red Pumpkin Beetle (Aulacophora foveicollis Lucas) on Indian Snap Melon (Cucumis melo momordica Roxb.)
No full textThe experiments were conducted to study the eco-biology and management of red pumpkin beetle (Aulacophora foveicollis Lucas) on Indian snap melon during 2011 and 2012 in different areas of Punjab. Ten landraces of Indian snap melons were screened out on the basis of population and damage infestation of red pumpkin beetle, Aulacophora foveicollis during cropping season 2011. Maximum population (8.06) and infestation (15.46%) was recorded in landrace SHW. However minimum population (5.56) and infestation (10.63%) was recorded in landrace BHW. In another experiment synthetic insecticides (carbaryl, imidacloprid, bifenthrin) were also evaluated. Carbaryl dust was most effective minimum population (3.63) and infestation (7.56%) was recorded in this treatment, however, maximum population (3.91) and infestation (8.85) was recorded in in plot treated with Imidacloprid. In Botanical screening, minimum population and infestation was recorded in plot treated with Neem seed kernel extract 4.31, 9.1, respectively. In mechanical control screening minimum population (5.82) and infestation (13.06) recorded in plots treated using Yellow Sticky Traps. Host plant susceptibility indices was also calculated maximum susceptibility was recorded in landrace SHW (12%) and minimum in BHW (8%). Data of different physical and biochemical characters of various landraces of Indian snap melon were observed. Effect of these physical and biochemical plant characters was evaluated in relation to population and infestation caused by red pumpkin beetle. Physical plant characters like Leaf Area and Leaf Sheath Thickness were calculated varying significantly among different landraces while Moisture contents (%) and Hair Density were non-significant when compared. Bio-chemical plant characters including Nitrogen (%), Phosphorous (%), Potassium (%), Carbohydrate (%), Iron (%), Cu (%), Zinc (%) were recorded significant while factors like Fat (%), Mg (%) and Total Minerals (%) were non-significant among different landraces. Impact of Leaf Area (cm2), Leaf Sheath Thickness (µm), Moisture Contents (%), Nitrogen (%), Carbohydrate (%), Cu (%), Zinc (%) was recorded positive to population and infestation of red pumpkin beetle. However, the impact of Phosphorous (%) and Potassium (%) contents had a negative impact on the population infestation of red pumpkin beetle. Effect of weather factors (temperature and rainfall) on the population dynamics of red pumpkin beetle was also worked out. Effect of temperature on the population was calculated positive while the impact of temperature on the infestation cannot be calculated because it depends on crop stage and leaf density. Whereas, the effect of rainfall on the population of red pumpkin beetle was calculated negative. Maximum population (13.16) of red pumpkin beetle was observed during 1st week of May afterward it goes on declining and maximum infestation (20.36%) was recorded on 1st date of observation as minimum density of leaves was present at that time. Mean population and infestation caused by red pumpkin beetle against different treatments was recorded. Minimum population and infestation was recorded in treatment no.7 (carbaryl + neem + yellow sticky traps) in all districts. Maximum population reduction and infestation reduction percentage was recorded in the same treatment in all districts. Overall trend of different treatment were as Control > Yellow Sticky Traps > Neem > Neem + Yellow Sticky Traps > Carbaryl > Carbaryl + Yellow Sticky Traps > Carbaryl + Neem > Carbaryl + Neem + Yellow Sticky Traps
POLITICAL ECONOMY OF INTRA-STATE CONFLICTS: INTERPLAY OF GREED AND GRIEVANCES IN BALOCHISTAN
No full textBalochistan conflict is raging in south westerly province of Pakistan since departure of British in 1947 from subcontinent. All princely states of India were given option to join either of the dominions - Pakistan or India. Baloch nationalist elements opposed the idea of acceding of Balochistan (Kalat state) to Pakistan and started political struggle for independence ever since Indian partition. Their struggle has gradually transformed into an armed insurgency inflicting heavy losses to human lives and property during last six decades. The perpetual violence used as a mean to an end by nationalist groups has shaped Balochistan to a restive enclave and plunged it to endemic poverty. The continual degradation in law and order situation, sectarian killings and ethnic cleansing has adversely impacted on social lives of the population. \ud
Baloch Nationalist Movement is sustaining higher tempo of militancy in Balochistan since 2004. The cost of sustained operations of separatist movements needs continuous replenishment of financial resources for buying weapons and payment to fighters for rendering services for soldering. Out of available financial resource generation options, natural resources fall an easy prey for predation as witnessed in many African intrastate conflicts. These resources also act as enticing factor for separatist organizations to start internal conflicts for economic dividends. The natural resource based conflicts endow self enrichment opportunities and make insurgencies easily affordable. The contributory role of natural resources in intrastate conflicts has been established through Greed - Grievance theory since mid 1990s. \ud
Balochistan has been naturally gifted with large natural resource potential ranging from copper, gold, silver and assortment of high value subsoil minerals. The estimated value of geologically surveyed on-shore potentials is over one Trillion US dollars. This potential has generated geo-economic interests of many regional and extra regional countries in Balochistan which has created instability as well as insecurity challenge for state of Pakistan. Apart from many other contributory causes, Balochistan conflict-natural resources nexus including drugs (sub natural resource) has been explored through this research. The role of grievances of general masses in the conflict has also been investigated to establish preponderance of greed or grievances in prolongation of this simmering conflict
Postharvest Pericarp Browning and Quality Management of Litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.)
No full textLitchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) is an important emerging fruit crop of Pakistan with good production potential. Rapid pericarp browning is the main postharvest issue which reduces its cosmetic and market value, limits its extended storage life and causes losses during its transportation and marketing. This integrated research was planned to check the influence of cultivars, harvest locations, exogenous application of chemicals such as oxalic acid, ascorbic acid, hexanal on pericarp browning and fruit quality of litchi under cold storage conditions. The experiments accordingly followed the experimental designs with factorial arrangements. The fruit were stored for 28 days with 7 days sampling interval to determine fruit weight loss (%), pericarp browning index; whereas, soluble solid concentrations (SSC), titratable acidity (TA), SSC: TA ratio and ascorbic acid were determined from juice samples obtained from pulp tissues. Moreover, total phenolics (TP), total antioxidants, activities of peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzymes were also determined at 7 days interval during cold storage in both peel as well as pulp tissues of litchi fruit. However, activities of polyphenol oxidase (PPO) enzyme and anthocyanin contents were determined only from peel tissues. The results of first experiment suggested that the cultivars and harvest locations significantly influenced pericarp browning and physico-chemical quality attributes along with the activities of antioxidative enzymes in litchi fruit. Fruit of litchi cultivar 'Gola' exhibited superior quality characteristics than 'Serai'; while, litchi fruit harvested from Haripur location showed better quality than Lahore. Based on the results of the first experiment, litchi cv. 'Gola' fruit produced at Haripur location were selected for rest of the experiments. In second experiment, postharvest application of oxalic acid was tested on pericarp browning and fruit quality of litchi cv. 'Gola' fruit. Exogenous application of 2 mM oxalic acid delayed pericarp browning, maintained better physico-chemical attributes along with the higher activities of antioxidative enzymes (SOD and CAT) in litchi cv. 'Gola' fruit during cold storage. Third experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of postharvest application of ascorbic acid on pericarp browning and fruit quality of litchi cv. 'Gola' fruit. Application of 45 mM ascorbic acid improved fruit quality by maintaining better physico-chemical attributes and delayed pericarp browning along with higher activities of antioxidative enzymes (SOD and CAT) in litchi cv. 'Gola' fruit during cold storage. In fourth experiment, influence of hexanal fumigation on the storage life and pericarp browning of litchi cv. 'Gola' fruit was investigated. Hexanal fumigation could not control browning during cold storage period. Even control fruit showed less pericarp browning than hexanal fumigated fruit. However, among hexanal treatments, 250 µL treatment showed better fruit quality attributes by maintaining higher activities of antioxidative (CAT and SOD) and lower activities of PPO and POD enzymes. From above trials, best concentrations of different chemicals (2 mM oxalic acid, 45 mM ascorbic acid or 2 mM oxalic acid + 45 mM ascorbic acid + 250 µL hexanal) were screened and these were re-confirmed on cv. 'Gola' along with another commercial litchi cv. 'Bedana'. Evidently, 2 mM oxalic acid was more effective in controlling pericarp browning, improving fruit quality and storage life of 'Gola' and 'Bedana' litchi fruits, as compared to other chemical treatments. Application of 2 mM oxalic acid suppressed the activities of pericarp browning enzymes (PPO and POD) and increased the activities of antioxidative enzymes (CAT and POD). In conclusion, 2 mM oxalic acid or 45 mM ascorbic acid were most effective in delaying pericarp browning and improving quality of litchi fruit (cvs. 'Gola' and 'Bedana') under cold storage conditions
ESTIMATION OF MORPHOLOGICAL, BIOCHEMICAL AND GENETIC DIVERSITY IN POMEGRANATE (Punica granatum L.) GERMPLASM
No full textThe pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) is an indigenous minor fruit crop of Pakistan, having a long history of cultivation as wild plant in warm temperate Himalayan range of the country; however its production is quite low to meet ever increasing market demand. Sustainable production of high quality pomegranate fruit in the world has been achieved through morphogenetic characterization and estimation of germplasm diversity which was missing in the country. Thus it is important to estimate morphological, biochemical and genetic diversity of wild and domesticated pomegranate accessions through analysis of separate and combined data of selected wild and domesticated pomegranate accessions to be able to conserve the elite germplasm. Various levels of qualitative and quantitative morphological diversity were recorded in fruits of selected 115 pomegranate accessions. The round shape fruits were dominant in most of the commercial and wild accessions of Rawalakot whereas red color fruits and arils were predominant in wild compared to domesticated accessions. The highest value of CV was estimated in seed hardness (302.91%) followed by yellow green fruit color (215.24%), round oblong fruits (210.33%), slightly bitter arils (209.49%), pink red arils 177.33%) and white pink arils (170.97%) in all selected pomegranate accessions. The red skin color in fruit had a strong correlation (r=0.809) with red arils followed by 0.769 and 0.741% for round fruit stalked end and medium seed hardness, respectively. There was a strong positive association (0.731) of red arils with sourness and a negative correlation (-0.145) with sweetness. The wild pomegranate accessions had high CV (29.07%), for fruit weight followed by 25.61, 24.73 and 20.45% for rind weight, rind thickness and seed weight, respectively, whereas, in domesticated accessions the highest CV of 41.99% was recorded in fruit weight. Fruit weight had a strong correlation (0.79%) with rind weight and a high positive correlation was recorded between wood portion index (WPI) and aril weight in a combined analysis of wild and domesticated accessions. All domesticated accessions had a close association among fruit weight, arils and seeds, whereas the wild accessions, there was a strong association for WPI. The Abbottabad and Rawalakot accessions were highly diverse and varied not only from each other but also from accessions from other regions, whereas accessions of Muzaffargarh and Rahim Yar Khan had high similarities as shown in cluster analysis of qualitative data of all accessions. Wild and domesticated accessions successfully clustered on the basis of similarities of morphological and biochemical traits irrespective to growing regions; however, most of Muzaffargarh, Rahim Yar Khan and Mustong accessions grouped in the same class. Moreover, wild and domesticated accessions grouped in separate classes for biochemical traits while a few Chakwal, Bahawalpur and D.G. Khan accessions clustered with wild accessions for most of the morphological traits. Most of the reported SSR primers (29) in this study were efficient and showed high polymorphism with polymorphic information contents (PIC) ranging from 0.187 to 0.5598 and maximum allele frequency of 0.8579% in all selected wild and domesticated pomegranate accessions. The highest genetic similarity coefficient was 30.7 to 84.76%, 21.76 to 76.78% and 21.76 to 79.88% in wild, domesticated and both wild and domesticated pomegranate accessions, respectively. The domesticated accessions clustered on the basis of genetic similarity irrespective of growing regions while wild accessions sharing common alleles were grouped in the same class based on growing regions. Thus morphological traits showed high diversity in wild accessions compared to domesticated pomegranates whereas, biochemical traits showed high diversity in domesticated accessions. In molecular studies, the SSR primers could serve as potential markers for genetic diversity estimation in Pakistani pomegranates as they proved that the genetic base of our pomegranate germplasm is broad. Molecular diversity was higher in wild accessions compared to domesticated pomegranates. These studies provide basic information for pomegranate breeding programs to develop new cultivars to broader the harvest window of high quality pomegranate fruits in Pakistan
Variability in Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid. causing charcoal rot of maize and its management
No full textCharcoal rot of maize caused by Macrophomina phaseolina, is a severe disease particularly in spring season grown crop. Twenty four infected maize stem samples were collected from major maize growing districts of Punjab comprising of Kasur, Okara, Pakpatan and Sahiwal to assess the variability. Based on colony pigmentation, the cultures were assigned to four major groups on PDA and corn meal medium. The sensitivity of isolates to copper sulphate at three different levels of concentrations was found to differ to 500, 1500 and 2500 concentrations tested. But with Benomyl, the growth of all isolates was completely inhibited. Highest growth was observed in pH 7.0, closely followed by pH 6.5 indicating preferential range to be between pH 6.5 and 7.0. Variation due to change in temperature range clearly indicate isolates preference towards higher temperature range between 35ºC and 40ºC. All the fungicides inhibited the growth of M. phaseolina significantly. Maximum inhibition efficacy was shown by Benomyl (86%) and Carbendazim (82%) while Captan showed the minimum (44%). Similarly, all the test plants inhibited the growth of M. phaseolina significantly, maximum in case of Datura stramonium (84%) and Azadirachta indica (79%) and the minimum (42%) inhibition with Dalbergia sissoo. Percent inhibition was significantly higher at higher concentrations of all the plants as compared to other concentrations. Survival of plants was also found to be maximum, where seeds were treated with Datura stramonium (84%) and A. indica (81%) at 100 % concentration. Nineteen germplasm lines of maize screened out of which one accession of maize was found resistant, nine moderately resistant, eight susceptible and one is highly susceptible. Charcoal rot was least in MMRI-yellow, followed by BL-71 and Pak Afgoyee. Employment of new source of resistance sources like local genotypes mentioned above can be efficiently exploited in resistance breeding programme to manage charcoal rot of maize. Management of charcoal rot of maize revealed that the seed treatment with Benomyl and seed treatment with Datura stramonium showed superior results
MODELING OF INTERACTION OF EMR WITH ROD METAMATERIALS
No full textThis thesis is devoted to the studies of the theoretical description of two \ud
component metamaterials, arrays of metal cylinders/ rods periodically immersed in \ud
a dielectric matrix. The rods comprise the magnetic material (Iron/ Ferrite / cobalt). \ud
Only circular cross section of the rods is considered in the thesis, the rods do not \ud
touch each other is another consideration. At the same time, there is no restriction \ud
on the radius of cross section of the rods. The frequency ranging between 0 to 5 \ud
GHz has only been considered in this thesis. The metamaterial media/ structures \ud
are being considered in the thesis as artificial ferrites with their own effective \ud
complex dielectric and magnetic constants. So, the presented metamaterial media/ \ud
structures in the thesis are considered as perfect crystals with their own dispersive \ud
properties studied in the given frequency range. The lattice constant of the crystal \ud
is equal to the constant of the unit cell of metamaterial under consideration. \ud
The descriptions of the considered metamaterial structures are identified \ud
with the study of properties of the effective dielectric and magnetic constants as \ud
functions of the frequency (in the GHz frequency range) of incident \ud
electromagnetic wave and the volume fraction of metal rods in the unit cell. The \ud
above characterization is the key to defining unusual material properties those are \ud
unavailable in real nature, i.e., enhancement of the effective parameters; a \ud
possibility to get negative values of the effective parameters; ultra-low values of \ud
the refractive index and negative refractive index. Throughout the thesis, we \ud
consider the initial plane electromagnetic wave that is normally incident on the flat \ud
boundaries of the unit cell. The wave has the magnetic induction vector parallel to \ud
the axes of the cylinders/ rods while the electric intensity vector is perpendicular to \ud
them.</b> \ud
The effective complex dielectric and magnetic constants have been \ud
obtained through the implementation of the Effective Medium Theory (EMT) in \ud
appropriate frequency range. These expressions of the effective constants obtained \ud
in this thesis take into account multiple effects for the case of very small value of \ud
rod volume fraction while dipole effects are taken into account for the case of large \ud
volume fraction. </b>\ud
The accuracy of the obtained mathematical models always benchmarked \ud
through a comparison with the numerical calculations obtained via the \ud
implementations of Finite-Domain Time-Difference (FDTD) method. All of the \ud
numerical experiments presented in the thesis have been carried out with the help \ud
of the free Meep FDTD software package while analytical modeling has been done \ud
using MATLAB software. </b>\ud
In this thesis, the author also considered magnetic properties of two \ud
components metamaterial medium. We used the Effective Medium Theory for two \ud
components, undiluted composites for infinite/long cylindrical metal inclusions and \ud
microwave extension of the Effective Medium Approximation for polycrystalline \ud
ferrites. The expressions for effective permeability tensors of the considered \ud
metamaterial medium have been obtained by the implementation of the above \ud
theories. The expressions of effective magnetic constant for the case of the \ud
propagation transverse to bias have been obtained as well. Simple analysis of these \ud
expressions has shown that the presented metamaterial is a Left-Hand Material \ud
with low magnetic losses. </b> \ud
Furthermore, two dimensional sandwich composite structure with \ud
cobalt/Iron inclusions is also considered. The structure of the sandwich composite \ud
composed of an infinite chain of infinitely long metal cylinders symmetrically \ud
immersed in an infinite metamaterial slab. The slabs are an infinite magneto\ud
dielectric matrix with periodically embedded infinitely long metal cylinders whose \ud
diameter is smaller than those of the chain cylinders. Evaluation of the effective \ud
parameters is realized using the reflection-transmission parameters i.e. S\ud
parameters obtained by simulation or experimental measurements and analytically \ud
evaluated at the interface reflection coefficient of the slab. Since there is an \ud
enhancement in the real parts of the complex-effective constants with low \ud
absorption in the appropriate frequency range. This is obtained in the increase in \ud
the values of the metal volume fraction in cylindrical inclusions, that's why the \ud
considered artificial material can be used for the miniaturization of and for the \ud
improvement in the directivity of the patch antennas. </b> \ud
The obtained analytical model of the composite in the thesis gives a good \ud
qualitative with the results of the numerical simulations in the case if cylinders \ud
touch each other. </b>\ud
The obtained mathematical models reveal negative values of the effective \ud
dielectric and/or magnetic constants (their real parts) in the GHz frequency range. \ud
That's why most of the models presented in this thesis are LHM. </b> \ud
Also in this thesis, the magnetic properties of meta-ferrite presented as an \ud
infinite host dielectric material (air) with periodically embedded cylindrical ferric \ud
inclusions is considered. The inclusions are saturated with a biasing external \ud
magnetic field. The direction of wave propagation is in the directions of bias. \ud
Computations have shown that the medium becomes either material with a ULI \ud
and/ or with negative values of the effective permeability. </b>\ud
Comparison of the present models with those of the literature shows worth \ud
of the work and their potential applications in technology. </b> \ud
It is important to mention that the obtained results in this thesis are in a \ud
good quantitative and qualitative agreement with the results of experimental \ud
research carried out earlier in the literature. Moreover, these results can be used \ud
for creating/ establishing the course of laboratory works while using personal \ud
computers for the students of Engineering and Sciences for example, Industrial \ud
Mathematics, Theoretical Physics, Electrical & Electronic Engineering, and Material \ud
Sciences to study the optical and transport properties of slab metamaterial \ud
structures and LHM structure in the microwave frequency range
