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Earthquake resistant structural design of house JUBHome using simplified analysis
No full textIn this thesis we have designed steel reinforcement for a structure using JUBhome system, on the basis of simplified analysis. Design of the structure was carried out according to standards and guidelines for earthquake resistant design of foundations and reinforced concrete walls. In the first part of thesis we have introduced earthquake loads, guidelines for earthquake resistant design and controls, which have to be fulfilled, when using foundation system JUBHome BASE and wall JUBHome WALL. In the second part the analysis of selected structure is described. The analysis was carried out using SAP2000 software. Vibration periods, mode shapes and loads of separate walls were the results of the analysis and were used for the design of the structure. In the last part procedure of design of the most critical wall element shown by the analysis was demonstrated. Longitudinal and shear reinforcement as well as reinforcement of edges were determined. The position of reinforcement bars has been demonstrated using reinforcement plan
Influence of metakaolin on properties of injection grouts prepared by natural hydraulic lime
Full text linkMasonry degradation caused by aging of the material and consequent reduction in loadbearing capacity due to the lack of connection between masonry elements is commonly repaired by injecting. This technique is one of the less invasive ones and it preserves most of the characteristics of the original masonry, which is especially important in conservationrestoration of cultural heritage. While injection grouts based on cement can result in further degradation of masonry, lime-based grouts have become increasingly used in conservationrestoration practice. Although lime grouts are more compatible with historic materials, they are deficient in terms of consolidation of the structural elements. In order to overcome these shortcomings, different grout mixtures were prepared by mixing natural hydraulic lime and two different types of metakaolin at substitution rates of 10 %, 20 % and 30 % by mass. The test results of grout properties showed that higher metakaolin content increases the water demand \ud
of the fresh mixtures as well as compressive strength and porosity of the hardened mixtures. The addition of metakaolin at constant fluidity slightly enhanced water retention, but had no significant impact on volume change and bleeding. When comparing two different metakaolins that were used, higher compressive strengths were measured in the case of the grouts which included the metakaolin with higher surface area and smaller quantity of unreactive mullite. The results show that the combination of natural hydraulic lime and metakaolin generates a stable grout, which has the potential to achieve considerable strengths, the necessary workability as well as use in conservation- restoration practice
The problems of regulation wine-growing areas and conditions for legalization in the case of city municipality of Novo mesto
Full text linkVineyard cottages must remain a typological characteristic of vineyard areas in Dolenjska Region, as a historical, ethnological and architecture reflection of the cultural landscape. In the past, vineyard cottages represented a logically situated architectural design structures, created by simple peasants, according to laws of nature. Later on, vineyard cottage design has become more and more the consequence of socioeconomic relationships and technological development. The vineyard cottage owners have been mostly self-taught designers and architects, which has resulted in illegal construction. Thus, the consequence is a variety of construction types of over-dimensioned and inadequate structures, which cannot be legalised today on the basis of applicable spatial provisions. The provisions of the spatial plan that enable legalisation are strict and mostly do not consider the As-Is status, which is a spatial fact. In order to regulate legal status of the vineyard cottages (acquiring building permits), we developed a structure remediation model, which on the basis of selected criteria and through the development procedure as well as adoption of a Municipal Detailed Spatial Plan, enables the fulfilment of conditions for legalisation. In spite of the fact that the mentioned model takes into consideration a comprehensive approach to spatial planning, it results mostly in preserving the current status. In order to improve the spatial status and not only preserve it, an upgraded model, which will, under the more detailed design provisions, gradually (not overnight) return to Dolenjska hills the status of quality cultural landscape, has been proposed
Parametric study of the fire resistance of simple timber elements
Full text linkThe graduation thesis presents the influence of fire development on fire resistance of simple timber bearing elements according to SIST EN 1991-1-2 and SIST EN 1995-1-2. The fire analysis of timber bearing elements is divided into three phases. Parametric analysis of influence of certain parameters on fire development is performed in the first phase. On the basis of acquired results second phase follows in which, thermal analysis of timber elements is conducted. Here, charring depths for timber elements for every fire scenario are determined. In the third, last part of analysis, fire resistance of timber elements is determined. Parametric studies show that fire resistance of simple timber elements is mostly affected by chosen active fire protection systems, the maximum rate of heat release per square meter, number and size of openings in the object and lastly thermal absorptivity of sctructural assemblies. However, fire growth rate does not have any special influence on fire resistance of timber elements
The impact of soil productivity index on planning of agricultural land use
Full text linkThis master thesis addresses challenges of the determination of agricultural land use, based on the land production potential indicated by the soil productivity index, which is recorded in the land cadastre. In the theoretical part, legislation of protection of agricultural land, spatial planning and land cadastre in Slovenia are presented. They are crucial for understanding the implementation and use of the land productivity index for the determination of agricultural land use. The focus is on current “Agricultural Land Act”, which was introduced in 1996, with amendments, in particular the amendment from 2011, which has brought a new categorization of agricultural land with two categories: prime agricultural land conservation areas (TVKZ) and other agricultural areas (OKZ).\ud
The thesis presents analytical studies of the soil productivity index in thirteen municipalities in Pomurje region in order to determine whether the soil productivity index of agricultural land is a suitable criterion for determining the areas of TVKZ and OKZ. For each municipality the average value of soil productivity index and distribution of agricultural land considering soil productivity index classes was determined. Furthermore, the analysis of the soil productivity index of agricultural land in drainage areas and in areas of permanent crops (plantations) was conducted, and the soil productivity index was analyzed considering the slope of the terrain. The thesis provides results of three versions of TVKZ and OKZ areas for all thirteen municipalities, which are than compared with the areas of the old agricultural land classification, i. e. with the best agricultural land (K1) and other agricultural land (K2). The results of our research confirmed the suitability of the soil productivity index for determining the areas of TVKZ and OKZ. However, it has been shown that the same limit value of the soil productivity index is not suitable to determine the areas of TVKZ in all municipalities that were included into our research. Thus, two new criteria were defined for determining areas of TKVZ: areas with irrigation systems and intensive orchard plantations. The thesis concludes that the determined areas of TVKZ and OKZ are geographically much more dispersed than the areas of K1 and K2. To ensure the homogeneity of the TVKZ and OKZ areas it is necessary to consider additional criteria: vineyard areas, drainage areas, land consolidation areas and the slope of the terrain
Analysis of regional development programmes of the Slovenian's regions for the programming period 2014-2020 in terms of spatial dimension of development
Full text linkThe master's thesis deals with two issues: analyses the integration of development / spatial planning at the regional level in Slovenia and analyses the expected impacts of the implementation of important regional projects from regional development programs of the programming period 2014-2020 for the achievement of the spatial development objectives of Slovenia.\ud
The work presents the system of spatial planning in Slovenia, the legal framework for the preparation of regional development programs and the integration of the regional development programmes into the system of European and Slovenian strategic documents. Master's thesis presents the topics of the spatial development, discussed in the regional development programs. I also present a discussion on the eligibility of the integration of the development planning and spatial planning at the regional level in Slovenia. The work provides theoretical and methodological basis for evaluation of regional policy to carry out the impact assessment of the implementation of major regional projects of regional development programs on the spatial development objectives of Slovenia. The work also gives a review of the development challenges and development potential of the regions and the projects of regional development programs, which address the contents of the spatial development of the development regions of Slovenia. The expected impacts of the important projects of regional development programs on the achievement of the objectives of the spatial development of Slovenia are also discussed and presented
Water contamination with adsorbable organic halogens in Dolenjska and Bela krajina
Full text linkAdsorbable organic halogens (AOX) are sum parameter can be determined in surface waters, drinking water and waste water as well as in soil and leachate from landfills. Although the presence of AOX in waters is of anthropogenic origin, they may also be of natural origin. In water environments they have long half-life, they resist breaking down and can accumulate in the food chain. Some of the compounds that are ranked among the AOX, are carcinogenic, mutagenic and teratogenic at high concentrations.Threshold values of AOX's in drinking water are not detemined by Slovenian legislation. First measurements of AOX concentrations in drinking water were made in 2014, in areas where water supply system is\ud
managed by Hydrovod d.o.o., Komunala Brežice d.o.o., Komunala Črnomelj d.o.o., Komunala Metlika d.o.o., Komunala Novo mesto d.o.o. in Kostak d.d. The Master thesis gives an overview of the concentrations of AOX in surface, groundwater, potable water and in industrial wastewater in the Dolenjska and Bela Krajina regions between 2000 and 2014. Based on the data obtained, it was found that the concentrations of AOX in drinking water in\ud
the area of Ribnica, Kočevje and Sodražica water supply systems (karst surface of mesozoic limestone and dolomite), were higher than at other measuring sites. Moreover, concentrations of AOX in drinking waters treated with chlorine compounds were higher than in raw water. Concentrations of AOX in surface waters were mostly suitable and status of surface water bodies was identified as good. It was also found that in most plants the annual quantity of AOX in technological wastewaters exceeds the threshold for waste waters.\u
Recognition of properties and sustainable management of sediments from water environments
Full text linkSediments from natural geological hinterland accumulate inside waterways and man made accumulations on land. Their grain size distribution and mineral composition are comparable with soils. Accumulated mud reduces safe operation and functionality of these facilities. Thus, it should be permanently removed and disposed of inside the water body or on land. Industrial muds are also stored in man made accumulations on land. Due to high water content, strength of muds is usually lower than strength of soils with water content at liquid limit. Some muds exhibit thixotropic behaviours.\ud
In this thesis, the validity of in situ and laboratory test methods and material models, developed for soils, for the identification of mud properties and for the prediction of their behaviour, were investigated. Two muds were examined: dredged marine sediment – reful from the Port of Koper and red gypsum mud, which is by-product in the production of titanium dioxide in Celje. Both are deposited on land, in accumulations which present limitations in the planning of the infrastructure and production. Reful is deposited in shallow lagoons, while red gypsum mud is stored behind two large embankments Za Travnikom and Bukovžlak, which represents high risk facilities.\ud
Properties of muds were identified with in situ and laboratory investigations. Results were interpreted in the light of classical soil mechanics, taking into account the specificities which emanate from the mud origin and from new sedimentation environment. The influence of salty pore water on the index properties of reful was determined. The limitations of in situ measuring sensors for the investigation of muds were checked. The validity of semi empirical relationships, developed for evaluation of in situ tests in soils, for the description of red gypsum mud properties were analysed. ConTec Viscometer 5, designed for mortars and concrete, was recognized as suitable also for rheological investigations of muds. The sensitivity and thixotropic behaviours of muds were evaluated. The improvement of reful was investigated by mixing it with inorganic binders.\ud
From the results of laboratory tests and from trial pressure filtration tests, technological and material parameters for model description of consolidation creep, drying and pressure filtration, were estimated. Results show that Soft soil creep model is suitable for the description of consolidation creep, while basic 1D model, developed for the computation of the Slano Blato landslide drying, is not completely appropriate for the description of drying of mud in the accumulation and oedometer test is suitable also for the prediction of the pressure filtration parameters.\u
Analysis of groundwater outflow through springs in fluvioglacial intergranular aquifers
Full text linkSprings represent an important point or area on the surface, where groundwater flows from the aquifer and creates a visible surface flow. The dynamics of the spring gives us a lot of information about the aquifer and its recharge area, therefore the knowledge and understanding of spring dynamics is of great hydrogeological importance. In this doctoral thesis the Radovna River Valley, located in the north-western Slovenia is selected as a study polygon. The Radovna River is 19.4 km long and almost entirely flows in the area of the Triglav National Park. The Radovna River represents a very interesting and unique research polygon. The reason for this is a different geological structure, in the vicinity and wider recharge area that creates an interaction between karst and porous aquifer. A conceptual hydrogeological model was designed based on this. The depth of the porous aquifer and the shape of pre-Quaternary base were determined. It was found that the groundwater level fluctuates greatly. The water that discharges out of the karst and porous aquifer has different geochemical composition, which is reflected in the river downstream. In addition, stable isotopes in groundwater, in the river, in the precipitation and in the snowmelt were analysed. Mean recharge altitude and the size of the recharge area of the Radovna River were determined. The mean residence times were also calculated. With the isotopic hydrograph separation snowmelt percentages were determined using the two-component model. The percentages of the snowmelt in the discharges represent at least one-third of the total and are decreasing downstream, which means that the water is drained from the lower part of the aquifer, which contains less snowmelt. A great impact on the percentage of snowmelt in the river itself is influenced by the tributaries from both sides of the valley
Determination of tree species in lidar data acquired with different wavelengths
Full text linkIn forestry, the airborne laser scanning is already being used for various purposes. Data gathered from airborne laser scanning besides positional coordinates also provides surface reflectance from which the laser echoes derived. Echoes intensity describes surface reflectance, upon which some authors already tried to classify individual tree species. By comparing average intensities of individual trees species we assessed characteristic values, which could belong to specified tree species. Four sets of data where included into analysis. First two datasets where gathered in leaf on with wavelength of 1550 nm. First dataset was gathered in spring; second set was gathered in late summer. Third and fourth dataset were gathered with wavelength of 1064 nm, in which the third set was gathered in leaf off, but the fourth in leaf on.\ud
Fifty-seven coniferous and fifty-six deciduous trees, together hundred thirteen diverse tree species were included into analysis. Within conifers, we point our focus onto spruce and larch. Among deciduous the focus was on walnut, maple, ash and linden. We found out that classification between coniferous and deciduous is much more reliable in leaf off. Average intensity of coniferous is twice the average intensity of deciduous, the more so with third dataset in which 1064 nm wavelength has been used. Difference in average intensities between deciduous and coniferous also stand out in leaf on. Average intensity of deciduous is higher than average intensity of coniferous. Differences are bigger in the forth dataset (1064 nm) and smaller in the first and the second datasets (1550 nm). In general, our research also shows that intensity of bark and wood is lower than the intensity of needles and leaves. It also turns out that according to the decrease or increase proportion of first echoes in the specific wavelength it can be distinguished whether deciduous are leaf on or not. In this way, we found out that walnut and ash in the first dataset have not had yet fully developed crown in comparison to maple and linden