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Potentiometric Characterisation of Amylose and Hexadecile - Trimethyl Ammonium Bromide Interaction
No full textAmiloza je linearni prirodni polimer koji sudjeluje u izgradnji škroba. To je nerazgranati oblik škroba koji se sastoji od glukoznih jedinica povezanih α-1,4-glikozidnim vezama. Helikalna struktura amiloze može sadržavati hidrofobnu dodirnu površinu, stvarajući tako šupljinu pogodnu za stvaranje inkluzijskog kompleksa. Tenzidi imaju važnu ulogu u mnogim praktičnim primjenama i u sastavu su mnogih proizvoda. Koriste se u kemijskoj, farmaceutskoj i kozmetičkoj, prehrambenoj, naftnoj i drugim industrijama. Tenzidi ili površinski aktivne tvari su organski spojevi koji se sastoje od hidrofilne skupine i od hidrofobne dugolančaste ugljikovodične skupine. Potenciometrijskom titracijom otopina amiloze (0; 0.1; 0.5; 1; 2 i 4%) s HTAB - heksadecil-trimetil amonijevim bromidom (4 x 10-3 moldm-3) pratilo se stvaranje inkluzijskog kompleksa, što je rezultiralo pomakom kritične micelarne koncentracije. Nastajanje inkluzijskog kompleksa amiloze s HTAB događa se tako da ugljikovodični lanac tenzida ugrađuje se u helikalnu strukturu amiloze. Korištene elektrode tijekom eksperimenta su srebro/srebrov klorid (Metrohm) kao referentna elektroda i tenzidna elektroda s plastificiranom PVC membranom vlastite izradbe.Amylose is linear polymer that contributes to the construction of starch . It is straight form of starch which contains glucose units connected with (α-1,4-glycosidic) bonds. Helical structure of amylose may contain hydrophobic contact area, creating cavitysuitable for creation of inclusion complex. Surfactants play an important role in many practical applications and are part of many products . They are used in chemical, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, food, oil industry etc. Surfactants or surface active agents are organic compounds comprising the hydrophilic groups and hydrophobic long chain hydrocarbon groups. The formation of the inclusion complex was followed by potentiometric titration of amylose (0 ; 0.1 ; 0.5 ; 1 ; 2 and 4%) with hexadecyl - trimethyl ammonium bromide ( 4 x 10-3 mol dm- 3) resulting in a shift of the critical micelle concentration. The formation of the inclusion complex with amylose HTAB occurs so that hydrocarbon chain cationic surfactant HTAB can be incorporated into a helix of amylose. Electrodes used during the experiment are silver/silver chloride (Metrohm) as a reference electrode and surfactant - sensitive electrodes with homemade plasticized PVC membrane
Glycolytic Biomarkers in Cancer cells
No full textJoš su rana otkrića pokazala da su ubrzana potrošnja glukoze i izlučivanje laktata u ljudskom tijelu povezana sa mnogim vrstama raka. Rak je karakteriziran stalnim rastom i širenjem na druge organe koje uništava (jednako kao što uništi i organ u kojemu je nastao). Nadalje, mnogi vanjski čimbenici utječu na lokaciju nastanka malignih stanica; nikotin, razni insekticidi, mikroorganizmi, pogrešna i prekomjerna prehrana samo su neki od njih. Na različitim pokusnim modelima dokazano je da je apoptoza temeljni proces u održavanju mase i funkcionalne sposobnosti pojedinih organa. Možemo razlikovati vanjski put apoptoze koji uključuje receptore smrti i unutarnji put koji se još naziva mitohondrijski. Opažanje O. Warburga temelji se na stanicama raka koje imaju pojačanu glikolitičku aktivnost i povišenu razinu mliječne kiseline čak i pri aerobnim uvjetima u stanici. Značajno je da dva glikolitička enzima, heksokinaza (HK) i gliceraldehid-3-fosfat dehidrogenaza (GADPH), imaju ključnu ulogu u održavanju ravnoteže između preživljavanja stanice i stanične smrti.. dok M2 oblik piruvat kinaze sudjeluje u anaboličkom metabolizmu i pojačano je eksprimiran u malignim stanicama i zdravom tkivu. Klinička ispitivanja koja su u tijeku mogla bi, također, otkriti puni potencijal inhibicije drugih glikolitičkih enzima poput fosfofruktokinaze (PFK) i piruvat kinaze (PK) u razvoju novih antikancerogenih terapija.Early discoveries showed that rapid consumption of glucose and secretion of lactate are associated with many types of cancer. Cancer is characterized by constant growth and expansion to other organs which it destroys (as well as it destroys its originating organ). Furthermore, many factors affect the localization of malignant cells; nicotine, various insecticides, microorganisms, also erroneous and over-nutrition are only some of them. Different experimental models showed that apoptosis is a fundamental process in maintaining the mass and functional abilities of certain organs. We can distinguish the outer pathway of apoptosis that involves death receptors and the inner pathway that is also called mitochondrial. Observation of O.Warburg is based on the cancer cells that have increased glycolytic activity and elevated levels of lactic acid even under aerobic conditions of the cell. Significantly two glycolytic enzymes, hexokinase (HK) and Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GADPH) act as crucial players in modulating the balance between cell survival and cell death, while M2 isoform of pyruvate kinase (PKM-2) supports anabolic metabolism and is expressed both in malignant cells and healthy tissue. Ongoing clinical trials will help assess the full potential of the inhibition of other glycolitic enzimes, like phosphofructokinase (PFK) and pyruvate kinase (PK), for the development of novel anticancer therapies
Analiza podataka o atmosferskim polutantima u graničnom sloju atmosfere
No full textAtmosferski polutanti u graničnom sloju atmosfere imaju značajan utjecaj na sveukupni život na Zemlji, što uključuje učinak na zdravlje ljudi, život pojedinih biljnih vrsta, ali i na dugotrajnost nekih tvari. U gradskim sredinama među značajnijim polutantima ističe se ozon kao sekundarni polutant stvoren nizom reakcija iz primarnih polutanata (hlapljivi organski spojevi, dušikovi oksidi) koji izravno emisijom dospijevaju u atmosferu. U ovom radu prikazani su rezultati mjerenja volumnog udjela ozona te atmosferskih mikrokonstituenata (dušikov dioksid, sumporov dioksid, ugljikov monoksid, benzen i PM10 Analizom glavnih komponenata uspoređene su i koncentracije dušikovog dioksida, sumporovog dioksida, ugljikovog monoksida, benzena i PM ) u Osijeku tijekom sezone rasta 2012. godine. Mjerna postaja za uzorkovanje ozona bila je smještena na sjevernom dijelu grada (Tvrđa) uz rijeku Dravu na visini oko 4 m iznad tla. Zahvaljujući ovakvoj poziciji postaje mogao se utvrditi mogući utjecaj blizine ruralno-močvarnih (sjever) i gradskog predjela (jug) kao dva tipa zračnih masa. Izmjerene niske vrijednosti ozona ukazuju na dobru izmiješanost zraka. Za uspoređivanje dobivenih vrijednosti ozona s vrijednostima polutanata i meteoroloških utjecaja dobivenih s automatske mjerne postaje korištena je faktorska analiza kako bi ukazala na moguću međusobnu ovisnost parametara. Korištenjem analize glavnih komponenata uočeno je da ozon pozitivno korelira s temperaturom. 10 te meteorološki parametri, također kako bi se utvrdila njihova međuovisnost. Prikazana su tri značajna faktora, a ukupna varijanca iznosila je 56,44 %. Između mjerenih polutanata veća povezanost uočena je kod dušikovog dioksida i PM10 te ugljikovog monoksida, benzena i sumporovog dioksida. Koncentracija ozona u negativnoj je korelaciji sa svim ostalim mjerenim polutantima.Atmospheric pollutants in the boundary layer of the atmosphere have a major impact on life on the Earth in general, which includes health effects, effects on a certain plant species and durability of some materials. Ozone is one of the most significant pollutants in urban areas formed through many reactions as a secondary pollutant from primary pollutants (volatile organic compounds or nitrogen oxides) that directly occur in atmosphere through emission. Results of measurements of the ozone and atmospheric microconstituents (nitrogen dioxide, sulphur dioxide, carbon monoxide, benzene and PM10) volumes for the 2012th The principal components analysis was also used to analyze nitrogen dioxide, sulphur dioxide, carbon monoxide, benzene and PM growth season in Osijek are presented in this thesis. Monitoring station for the ozone sampling was placed in the northern part of the town (Tvrđa) along the Drava river at an altitude of about 4 m above the ground. Because of such position, it was easy to determine possible influences of the northern (rural and marshy) and southern (urban, industrial) parts of the town as two different types of air masses. The low values of measured ozone is indicating that the air is well mixed. Factor analysis was used to compare the values of measured ozone with the values of pollutants and meteorological effects obtained from the automatic monitoring station and to indicate its possible interdependence. The principal components analysis showed that ozone was in positive correlation with temperature. 10 concentrations and meteorological parameters also for determination of a certain interdependence. There are three major factors that are shown and the total variance was 56,44 %. It was noticed that there is a positive correlation between nitrogen oxide and PM10, and between carbon monoxide, benzene and sulphur dioxide. Ozone concentrations correlated negatively with all the other measured pollutants
Titrant selection for anionic surfactant determination with the new potentiometric sensor
No full textTenzidi ili površinske tvari su bifunkcionalni organski spojevi koji se sastoje od hidrofilnog i hidrofobnog dijela. Zbog tog svojstva imaju tendenciju skupljanja na granici dviju faza. Tenzidi se dijele na kationske, anionske, neionske i amfolitske. Anionski tenzidi su površinski aktivne tvari s jednom ili više funkcionalnih grupa, koje u vodenim otopinama ioniziraju dajući negativno nabijene površinski aktivne organske ione. Anionski tenzidi se mogu određivati pomoću titracijskih metoda, spektrofotometrijskih metoda, kromatografskih metoda, itd. Pri određivanju anionskih tenzida titracijskim metodama, danas se najčešće koriste ionsko-selektivne elektrode (ISE) kao potenciometrijski senzori. Pri potenciometrijskom određivanju anionskih tenzida koristili smo ionsko-selektivnu elektrodu čija je membrana sadržavala ionski par dimetildioktadecilamonijevtetrafenilborat (DMDODA-TPB). Određivali smo utjecaj titransa na oblik titracijskih krivulja u cilju određivanja najpovoljnijeg titransa. Kao titranse smo koristili cetilpiridinijev klorid (CPC), 1,3-didecil-2-metilimidazolijev klorid (DMIC), Hyamine i heksadeciltrimetilamonijev bromid (CTAB) koncentracije 4 x 10−3 mol/dm3. Kao analiti su korištene otopine natrijeva dodecilsulfata (NaDDS) i natrijeva dodecilbenzensulfonata (NaDBS) koncetracije 4 x 10−3 mol/dm3.Surfactants or surface-active agents are bifunctional organic compounds consisting of hydrophilic and hydrophobic interactions. Due to that attribute they have a tendency of aggregating on the boundary of two phases.There are foure types of surfactants: cationic, anionic, nonionic and ampholytic. Anionic surfactants are surface-active agents that have one or more functional groups that ionize in water solutions, giving negatively charge surface active organic ions. Anionic sufactants may be determined by means of titration method of analysis, spectrophotometric methods, chromatographical methods, etc. In determining anionic surfactants through applying the titration method of analysis, in the present day, ion-selective electrodes (ISE) are most frequently used as potentiometric sensors. For potentiometric determination of anionic surfactants, we applied an ionselective electrode whose membrane had contained ion pair dimethyldioctadecylammonium-tetraphenylborate (DMDODA-TPB). We determined the impact of titrans on the titration curves in order to determine the most favorable titrant. As titrants we used cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC), 1,3-didecyl-2-methylimidazolium chloride (DMIC), Hyamin and hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) at concentration of 4 x 10-3 mol/dm³.Sodium dodecyl sulfate (NaDDS) and sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate (NaDBS) at concentrations of 4 x 10−3 mol / dm3 were used as analytes
The influence of interferences on response of the new potentiometric sensor for anionic surfactant determination
No full textTenzidi su površinski aktivne tvari koje se sastoje od hidrofilnog i hidrofobnog dijela. Dijele se na anionske, kationske, neionske i amfolitske tenzide. Anionski tenzidi su najzastupljeniji i najčešće se koriste u obliku praškastih detergenata jer lako uklanjaju mrlje sa odjeće. Osjetljivi su na tvrdoću vode. Tenzidi se mogu analizirati titracijskim, spektrofotometrijskim i kromatografskim metodama te metodom injektiranja u protok. Određivanje završne točke titracije i analiza tenzida najčešće se provode potenciometrijskim titracijama koje koriste tenzidno-selektivne elektrode. Membrana koja je korištena za određivanje utjecaja interferenata na odziv elektrode sadrži ionski par dimetildioktadecilamonijev-tetrafenilborat (DMDODA-TPB). Mjeren je odziv na natrijev dodecilsulfat (NaDDS) koncentracije 5 x 10- 4 mol/dm3. Ispitan je utjecaj nekoliko interferenata na odzivne karakteristike NaDDS-a. Kao interferenti korišteni su: natrijev sulfat (Na2SO4), natrijev acetat (CH3COONa), natrijev hidrogensulfat monohidrat (NaHSO4 × H2O), natrijev karbonat (Na2CO3) i natrijev hidrogenkarbonat (NaHCO3) koncentracija 1×10-2 mol/dm3.Surfactants are surface active agents consisting of a hydrophilic and hydrophobic part. They are divided into anionic, cationic, nonionic and ampholytic surfactants. Anionic surfactants are the most common and most widely used in the form of powder detergents as easy to remove stains from clothing. They are sensitive to water hardness. Surfactants can be analyzed by titration, spectrophotometric, chromatographic and flow injection method. Determination of the equivalence point titration and analysis of surfactants are usually carried out by potentiometric titration using surfactant-selective electrode. The membrane that was used to determine the influence of interfering substances on the response of the electrode contains an ion pair dimethyldioctadecylammonium-tetraphenylborate (DMDODA-TPB). The response to sodium dodecyl sulfate (NaDDS) concentrations of 5 x 10-4 mol/dm3 was measured. The influence of a number of interfering substances on the response characteristics of NaDDS was tested. Sodium sulfate (Na2SO4), sodium acetate (CH3COONa), sodium hydrogen sulfate monohydrate (NaHSO4 × H2O), sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) and sodium hydrogen carbonate (NaHCO3) with concentrations of 1 × 10-2 mol/dm3 were used as interfering substances
Development of a Direct Potentiometric Method for the Determination of Amylase Activity in Barley Malt
No full textSlad je produkt žitarica, najčešće ječma, koji se koristi u pićima i hrani kao podloga za fermentaciju te za dodavanje okusa. Dobiva se klijanjem ječma u kontroliranim uvjetima što omogućava sintezu enzima amilaza, koje embrio biljke koristi za razgradnju škroba. Amilaze su enzimi koji kataliziraju hidrolizu škroba na jednostavnije ugljikohidrate. U ječmu se nalaze dvije vrste amilaza, alfa i beta amilaze, koje se razlikuju po načinu razgradnje škroba. Aktivnost alfa amilaze u sladu ključni je parametar kvalitete za žitarice i brašno u prehrambenoj industriji, posebice u proizvodnji piva i fermentaciji. Također, različite koncentracije alfa amilaze koriste se za modifikaciju svojstava tijesta što uvelike utječe na kvalitetu pečenih proizvoda. U ovom je radu predložena elektrokemijska metoda za određivanje aktivnosti amilaza u sladu. Metoda je temeljena na direktnom potenciometrijskom mjerenju koncentracije trijodidnih iona oslobođenih iz škrob-trijodid kompleksa nakon razgradnje škroba pomoću amilaza iz slada. Kao detektor trijodidnih iona predložena je platinska redoks elektroda. U odnosu na druge dostupne metode, ovaj princip određivanja je jednostavan, brz, jeftin i ne zahtjeva specifične reagense i aparaturu. Rad također sadrži i metodički dio s prijedlogom pripreme za nastavni sat kemije u osnovnoj školi, uključujući i radne listiće s pokusima na temu enzimi.Malt is a grain product, mostly barley, used in beverages and foods as a basis for fermentation and to add flavour. The malt is obtained in barley grain germinating process under controlled conditions that enables the synthesis of amylase enzymes which are used later by plant embryo in order to breakdown starch molecules. Amylases are enzymes that catalyze hydrolysis of starch into smaller carbohydrate molecules. Two main subtypes of amylases can be found in barley malt, alpha and beta, that differ in the way they breakdown the starch molecules. The level of alpha-amylase in malt is a key quality parameter for grains and flour in food industry, mainly in beer production and fermentation. Furthermore, variable concentrations of alpha-amylase are used to modify dough properties, thus influencing the quality of the baked products. The proposed electrochemical method in this paper is based on direct potentiometric determination of levels of triiodide ion released from the starch-triiodide complex after starch degradation by barley malt amylases. A platinum redox electrode is proposed as a detector of triiodide ions. When compared to other available methods, this principle is simple, rapid, inexpensive and doesn't require specific reagents and apparatus. In the teaching part of the thesis a preparation lecture on enzymes for the elementary school chemistry class is proposed. The lecture includes some relevant experiments, questionnaires and handouts
Qualitative and Quantitative Data Analysis of Tropospheric oOzone in Osijek
No full textOzon je otkriven u 19. stoljeću i već tada je bilo poznato da se radi o molekuli koja će imati veliki značaj. Njegovim otkrićem krenulo se u detaljnije istraživanje mehanizma njegovog nastajanja te njegove uloge u okolišu. Najveća količina ozona nalazi se u stratosferskom sloju Zemljine atmosfere i zbog toga se on zove i ozonskim slojem. Ozon se pojavljuje i u troposferskom sloju gdje nastaje zbog ljudskog djelovanja: emisije ispušnih plinova iz automobila i tvornica. Troposferski ozon je štetan za ljude, životinje i biljke. U velikim industrijskim gradovima sa suhom klimom česta je pojava i fotokemijskog smoga. Mjerenje ozona u Republici Hrvatskoj prvi put je izvedeno 1975. godine u središtu Zagreba. Do 2002. godine na području istočne Hrvatske nisu evidentirana mjerenja ozona. Prvo mjerenje, te mjerenje pet godina kasnije (2007.) dali su uvid u čistoću zraka iznad grada Osijeka. Na temelju dobivenih podataka Osijek je svrstan u razred gradova s čistim zrakom. Cilj ovog rada bio je promatrati koncentraciju ozona kroz proljetni, ljetni i jesenski period deset godina nakon prvog mjerenja na ovom području te dobiti uvid u sezonske uvjete koji vladaju u nižoj troposferi u Osijeku. Nadalje, provesti analizu jednosatnih prosjeka volumnih udjela ozona u odnosu na meteorološke parametre.Ozone was discovered in the 19th century and even then it was known that that molecule will be very significant. With discovery of ozone started a detailed study of the mechanism of its formation and role in the environment. The highest amount of ozone is in the stratospheric layer of the Earth's atmosphere which is known as the ozone layer. In the tropospheric layer ozone exists thanks to human activities: emission from cars and factories. Tropospheric ozone is harmful to humans, animals and plants. In big industrial cities with dry climate photochemical smog is very common phenomenon. Ozone measurements in the Republic of Croatia were first carried out in 1975 in Zagreb. Ozone measurements weren't recorded in east part of Croatia until 2002. The first measurement and the measurement done five years later (2007) gave an insight into the cleanliness of the air above the Osijek. Based on the data Osijek is classified as city with clean air. The aim of this study was to observe the concentration of ozone through the spring, summer and autumn period in this area and to gain insight into the seasonal conditions in the lower troposphere in Osijek. Furthermore, to see a connection between average volume fraction of ozone measured every hour and meteorological parameters
Potentiometric characterisation of amylose and octadecyl - trimethyl ammonium bromide interaction
No full textTenzidi ili površinski aktivne tvari su bifunkcionalni organski spojevi koji se sastoje od hidrofilnog i hidrofobnog dijela. Koriste se u prehrambenoj (pekarski proizvodi), farmaceutskoj, kemijskoj i sličnim industrijama. Amiloza je esencijalni nerazgranati oblik škroba. Sastoji se od glukoznih jedinica povezanih α-1,4-glikozidnim vezama koji čine spiralno uvijeni lanac u obliku heliksa. Potenciometrijskom titracijom otopina amiloza (0; 0.1; 0.5; 1; 2 i 4%) s oktadecil-trimetil amonijevim bromidom (4 x 10-3 moldm-3) pratilo se stvaranje inkluzijskog kompleksa promjenom kritične micelarne koncentracije. Kompleks amiloze s OTAB nastaje tako da masni ugljikovodični lanac kationskog tenzida OTAB ulazi u heliks amiloze. Elektrode koje su se koristile tijekom eksperimenta bile su srebro/srebrov klorid (Metrohm) kao referentna elektroda i tenzidnoosjetljiva elektroda s plastificiranom PVC membranom vlastite izradbe.Tensides or surfactants are amphiphilic organic compounds that consist of both hydrophobic and hydrophilic parts. Tenzides are used in food industry (bakery), pharmaceutical industry, chemical industry, etc. Amylose is an essential unbranched form of starch. It is composed of glucose units which are linked with α-1,4- glucosidic bounds creating a spiral chain in shape of a helix. Potentiometric titration of amylose (0; 0.1; 0.5; 1; 2 and 4%) with octadecyl-trimethyl ammonium bromide (4 x 10-3 moldm-3) was followed by the formation of inclusion complex by changing the critical micellar concentration. In amylose OTAB complex formation mechanism fatty hydrocarbon chain cationic surfactants OTAB enters the amylose helix. The electrodes that were used during the experiment were silver/silver chloride (Metrohm) as the reference electrode and surfactant-sensitive electrodes with plasticized PVC membrane
Vatroslav Horvat - prvi doktor kemije na sveučilištu u Zagrebu
No full textVatroslav Horvat bio je prvi koji je obranio doktorsku disertaciju na obnovljenom, modernom Sveučilištu u Zgrebu (1885.), pod naslovom O produktih suhe destilacije škroba sa vapnom. Mentor mu je bio Gustav Janeček, drugi sveučilišni profesor kemije u Hrvatskoj. Nakon toga Vatroslav Horvat je djelovao kao srednjoškolski nastavnik i prvi tajnik Hrvatskog naravoslovnog društva sve do svoje prerane smrti (1893.). Stručne radove je objavljivao u Glasniku i Viencu. Zaslužan je za razvitak hrvatske prirodoslovne sredine i promicanje prirodoslovlja krajem 19. stoljeća.Vatroslav Horvat was the first to defend a doctors thesis in renovated, modern University of Zagreb (1885.), with the topic The products of dry destillation of starch with lime. His mentor was Gustav Janeček, the second university professor of chemistry in Croatia. After that, Vatroslav Horvat worked as a high school teacher and the first secretary of Croatian Natural Science Society until his early death in 1893. His tehnical papers were published in Glasnik and Vienac. He is credited for the developement of natural sciences in Croatia and the promotion of natural sciences at the end of the 19. century
Synthesis of Macrocyclic Schiff Bases from Diketones and Diamines
No full textMakrocikli su molekule cikličke strukture od najmanje devet atoma u prstenu. Makrocikli nalaze primjenu u širokom području istraživanja. Makrocikličke Schiffove baze čine dio makrocikličke kemije koji je vrlo popularan zbog njihove jednostavne primjene. U ovome radu opisan je pokušaj dobivanja novih makrocikličkih Schiffovih baza iz diketona i diamina. Pomoću templatne sinteze dobivene su Schiffove baze iz komercijalno dostupnih reaktanata. Dobiveni su i polioksa makrocikli iz priređenih diketona i dialdehida trivijalnog naziva Chalcon-i. Svi dobiveni produkti karakterizirani su FTIR i TG/DSC metodom. Rad također sadržava i metodički dio u kojem je opisana priprema za nastavni sat na temu "Aldehidi i ketoni" za srednju školu, uključujući i radne listiće za pripadajuće pokuse.Macrocycles are circular shape molecules consisting of at least nine atoms in a ring. They can be applied in a wide area of research. Macrocyclic Schiff bases are a very popular part of macrocyclic chemistry since they can be easily applied and their synthesis is rather simple due to affordable prices of reagents. This paper describes an attempt of synthesis of novel macrocyclic Schiff bases from diketones and diamines. Using template synthesis, Schiff bases were obtained from commercialy available reagents. Polyoxa macrocycles, trivialy named chalcones, were also obtained from prepared diketones and dialdehydes. Obtained products were characterised with FTIR and TGA-DSC methods of analysis. In the teaching part of the paper a preparation lecture on aldehydes and ketones for the high school chemistry class is proposed. The lecture also includes relevant experiments and handouts