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Nanochemistry
No full textNanokemija je dio kemije koja se bavi česticama i materijalima veličine 0,1-500 nm. U posljednje vrijeme ova je grana kemije sve značajniji dio nanotehnologije zbog mogućnosti koje pruža njezin pristup pripravi materijala. Nanomaterijalima se smatra bilo koji materijal kojem je jedna od dimenzija na nanoskali. Klasificirani su prema broju dimenzija pa na taj način razlikujemo: nultodimenzionalne (0D), jednodimenzionalne (1D), dvodimenzionalne (2D) i trodimenzionalne (3D) nanomaterijale. Poznate su mnoge metode sinteze pomoću kojih se pripremaju meterijali nano veličine odnosno nanomaterijali. Pristupi koji se koriste su top-down i bottom-up iz kojih su razvijene razne tehnike litografije, nanomanipulacije i slično. Razvojem novih aspekata u proučavanju razvijaju se novi uređaji i metode poput mikroskopije atomskih sila (atomic force microscopy; AFM) i pretražna tunelirajuća mikroskopija (scanning tunneling microscopy; STM) za proučavanje struktura. Postoji mnogo čestica, struktura i materijala koji se proučavaju u području nanokemije. Trenutno su najpopularnije molekulski prekidači, nanočestice, fulereni, nanocjevčice i dendrimeri. Nanokemiji i nanotehnologiji pridaje se sve veća pozornost zbog raznih mogućnosti razvoja i primjene.Nanochemistry is a branch of chemistry that studies particles and materials sized between 0.1 - 500 nm. Recently, this branch of chemistry became a more significant part of nanotechnology because of all the possibilities opened by its approach to transform materials. Any material with one of its dimensions on the nano-scale is considered as nanomaterial. They are classified according to the number of dimensions: zero-dimensional (0D), one-dimensional (1D), two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D). There are many methods of synthesis used to prepare nano-sized materials or nano-materials. The approaches used are top-down and bottom-up, leading to the development of various lithography and nano-monipulation techniques; the development of the new aspects of the study, leads to the creation of new devices and methods such as STM and AFM for the study of structures. There are many particles, structures and materials that are studied in the field of nano- chemistry. Currently, the most popular are molecular switches, nanoparticles, fullerenes, nanotubes and dendrimeres. Nano-chemistry and nanotechnology are getting more and more attention due to various development and application possibilities
Artificial urine in the laboratory
No full textUrin je tekući nusprodukt koji se izlučuje iz bubrega procesom koji se naziva uriniranje, odnosno mokrenje. Nastaje procesom filtracije iz viška vode i otpadnih metaboličkih produkata te je glavna izlučevina mokraćnog sustava. Regulacijom uklanjanja otpada putem urina, osmolalnosti plazme i volumena krvi, tijelo koristeći samo jedan proces obavlja mnoge funkcije. Sustav za stvaranje, pohranu i prijenos urina se naziva mokraćni sustav kojeg čine različiti organi, mišići i živci koji djeluju kao cjelina. Dijelovi mokraćnog sustava su: dva bubrega, dva mokraćovoda, mjehur i mokraćna cijev. Bubrezi su organi koji imaju oblik graha i veličine su stisnute šake te se u njima stvara urin. Svaki bubreg je preko mokraćovoda, cijevi koja crpi urin iz bubrega, povezan s mjehurom gdje se urin doveden mokraćovodom skladišti prije nego se ukloni iz organizma. Kada se u mjehuru nakupi dovoljna količina urina, određeni živci šalju signal mozgu da je vrijeme za uriniranje pri čemu se mjehur prazni preko mokraćne cijevi koja je smještena na dnu mjehura. S obzirom da je u normalnim uvjetima urin sterilan, odnosno ne sadrži bakterije, koristi se u dijagnostičke svrhe kako bi se isključili ili otkrili poremećaji rada bubrega i mokraćnog trakta. Upravo se preko različitih fizikalnih i kemijskih komponenata daje uvid u metaboličke procese koji se odvijaju u organizmu te na temelju toga uspostavlja određena dijagnoza. To se postiže analizom urina koja uključuje provjeru koncentracije, sadržaja i izgleda urina, odnosno različitih fizikalnih i kemijskih svojstava.Urine is a liquid byproduct which is excreted from kidneys by a process called urination. It is formed by filtration of excess water and waste metabolic products and represents the main secretion of the urinary tract. By waste disposal regulation through urine, plasma osmolality and blood volume, body performs many functions using only one process. Urinary system is the system that produces, stores and eliminates urine and consists of different organs, muscles and nerves that make one complex. Urinary system consists of two kidneys, two ureters, bladder and urethra. The kidneys are bean-shaped organs each about the size of a fist where urine is formed. Each kidney is connected to a bladder by ureter, tube that draws urine from kidneys, where urine is stored before it is disposed from organism. When the bladder is filled with enough amounts of urine, the nerves are sending a signal to the brain for urination while bladder empties through urethra which is located at the bottom of the bladder. Under normal conditions, urine is sterile and does not contain any bacteria so it is used in diagnostic purposes to exclude or reveal kidney and urinary tract disorders. It gives insight into metabolic processes through different physical and chemical components that take place in organism and based on that, diagnosis is being set up. That is achieved with urinanalysis which includes analysis of urine concentration, content and appereance, also analysis of different physical and chemical properties
Synthesis of chitozane nanoparticles
No full textTema je ovoga rada sinteza kitozanskih nanočestica, a izbor teme vezan je uz zanimljivost primjenljivosti kitozana na brojnim poljima znanosti. Svrha završnoga rada je optimalizirati način dobivanja nanočestica kitozana u laboratorijskim uvjetima. Brojne su metode priprave nanočestica, metode za pripravu kitozanskih su ionotropic gelation, microemulsion method, emulsification solvent difusion method, polyelectrolyte complexes, reverse micellar method. U ovom završnom radu koristili smo metodu ionotropske gelacije (ionotropic gelation), ova metoda temelji se na povezivanju pomoću elektrostatskih interakcija između protonirane amino skupine kitozana i polianiona. Polimeri su spojevi velike molekulske mase, koji su načinjeni od osnovnih građevnih jedinica monomera koje se međusobno povezuju. Polimeri mogu biti prirodni, polusintetski i sintetski, primjeri prirodnih polimera su proteini, celuloza, škrob, nukleinske kiseline, a među polusintetske spada i kitozan koji se dobiva iz hitina. Hitin se može naći u nekim biljkama, ali u velikim količinama nalazi se u egzoskeletu člankonožaca i ljušturama školjaka. Kitozan je polimer koji se sastoji od dva monomera Nacetil- 2-amino-2-deoksi-D-glukopiranoza i 2-amino-2deoksi-D-glukopiranoza, koje su međusobno povezane β-(1→4) glikozidnom vezom. Kitozan se za komercijalne potrebe najčešće dobiva postupkom deacetilacije hitina, koji se dalje koristi za razne potrebe od farmacije, medicine, poljoprivrede, sve do zaštite okoliša. Postupak deacetilizacije je najčešće odvija uz lužinu, kao što je natrijeva ili kalijeva hidroksida pri određenoj temperaturi. Fine čestice kitozana koje su potrebne za različite aplikacije u medicini ili farmaciji često imaju dimenzije manje od 500 nm. Nanočestice su korisne jer imaju posebna svojstva, koja se mogu razlikovati i od istih četica većih dimenzija, upravo zbog svojih malih dimenzija povećava se aktivna površina čestica. Odnosno razlog za promjenu svojstva kako kemijski tako i fizikalnih jest omjer površine i volumena čestice, odnosno omjer broja atoma koji se nalaze na površini čestice i unutar čestice. U nekim slučajevima nanočestica veći dio atoma može se naći na površini čestica nego u unutrašnjosti. Pomoću dobivenih rezultata ovoga rada mogu se sintetizirati nanočestice kitozana određene veličine pomoću preciznog modeliranja, odnosno preciznog odabira koncentracije i molarne mase kitozana te omjera kitozana i TPP(tripolifosfat).The topic of this paper is the synthesis of chitosan nanoparticles, the theme selection is related to the interestingness of chitosan applicability in many fields of science. The purpose of the thesis is to optimize the method of obtaining chitosan nanoparticles in laboratory conditions. Numerous methods of preparation of nanoparticles exists, for chitosan nanoparticles preparation methods are: ionotropic gelation, microemulsion method, emulsification solvent diffusion method, polyelectrolyte complexes, reverse micellar method. In this thesis we have used the ionotropic gelation method, this method is based on the linkage by electrostatic atrractive forces between the chitosans protonated amino group and the polyanion. Polymers are compounds of high molecular weight which are made of the basic building blocks of monomers that are interconnected. Polymers can be natural, semi-synthetic and synthetic, examples of natural polymers are proteins, ellulose, starch, nucleic acid, and between polysynthetic and chitosan derived from the chitin. Chitin can be found in some plants, but in large quantities it is found in the exoskeleton of arthropods and shellfish shells. Chitosan is a polymers consisting of two monomers of N-acetyl-2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose and 2- amino-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose which are mutually linked to the β- (1 → 4) glycosidic linkage. Chitosan for commercial needs is most often obtained by the deacetylation process of chitin, which is further used for various purposes from pharmacy, medicine, agriculture to environmental protection. The deacetylation process is most commonly carried out with a base such as sodium or potassium hydroxide at a certain temperature. Fine chitosan particles required for different applications in medicine or pharmacy often have dimensions less than 500 nm. The nanoparticles are useful because they have special properties, which can be different from the large particles made of same material, because of their small dimensions, the active surface increases. The reason for the change of both the chemical and physical properties is that ratio of the surface and the volume of particles, or the ratio of the number of atoms located on the surface of the particle and within the particle. In some cases, most of the atoms can be found on the surface of the particles rather than in the interior. By means of the results obtained in this work,we can synthesize chitosan nanoparticles of a desired size by precise modeling, ie precise concentration and chitosan molecular mass selection, and chitosan to TPP (tripolyphosphate) ratios
Synthesis and evaluation of fluorescent probe for H2S sensing
No full textSumporovodik () je prvenstveno poznat kao toksin i njegova biološka uloga često nije prepoznata, međutim se javlja u organizmima, od bakterija do sisavaca, kao redoks aktivna signalna molekula, odnosno biološki glasnik. Njegova koncentracija u organizmima iznosi 10-100 μmol/ i povezana je s različitim patološkim procesima. Zbog tako male koncentracije potrebne su novije i osjetljivije metode detekcije. Problem s određivanjem u živim organizmima je brz katabolizam zbog kojeg dolazi do stalne promjene njegove koncentracije i posljedica toga su netočni rezultati. Kao jedno od rješenja tih problema, predlažu se metode bazirane na fluorescenciji. Cilj ovog rada bio je sintetizirati reverzibilno fluorescentno osjetilo za te okarakterizirati dobiveni spoj. Pripravljena su tri konačna produkta: , i , a njihova karakterizacija provedena je FT-IR spektroskopijom i fluorescentnom spektroskopijom. Navedenim metodama utvrđeno je kako je sintezom dobiveno reverzibilno fluorescentno osjetilo za , sinteza se pokazala neuspješnom, a sintezom dobiveno je reverzibilno pH osjetilo, ali ne i osjetilo za .Hydrogen sulfide () is commonly known as a toxin and its biological role is often neglected. is a redox active signal molecule and can be found in different organisms, from bacteria to mammals, where it has a role of a biological messenger. Its concentration in live organisms is 10-100 μmol/ and can be connected with different pathological processes. Hence, the new and more sensitive detection methods are necessary. The main problem when it comes to detection is its fast catabolism, which means that the concentration is constantly changing, giving us the incorrect results. As one of the possible solutions, fluorescence based methods are suggested. The aim of this paper was to synthesize a reversible fluorescent probe for sensing and characterize the compound. Three final products were made: , i , and were characterized using FT-IR spectroscopy and fluorescence spectroscopy. These methods showed that a reversible fluorescent probe for sensing was indeed synthesized (). synthesis wasn't successful and it was shown that the works as a reversible pH probe, but not an probe
Characterization of potentiometric sensors membrane
No full textIzrađen je potenciometrijski senzor za određivanje anionskih tenzida temeljen na ionskom paru tetraoktadecilamonijevu tetrafenilboratu (TODA-TPB) kao senzorskom materijalu i onitrofeniloktileteru (-NPOE) kao plastifikatoru. Udio senzorskog materijala u membrani senzora bio je 3%. Ispitano je šest različitih unutarnjih elektrolita senzora (natrijev klorid, litijev klorid, natrijev dodecil sulfat, natrijev tetrafenilborat, natrijev acetat i kalijev klorid) na dva nivoa koncentracije. Napravljene su potenciometrijske titracije natrijeva dodecil sulfata (NaDDS), = 4 ∙ M sa 4 ∙ M cetilpriridinijevim kloridom (CPC) uz TODA-TPB senzor kao detektor završne točke titracije. Uporabom unutarnjeg elektrolita 3 M NaCl-a titracijska krivulja za NaDDS imala je najviši skok potencijala od 410.8 mV. Nakon potenciometrijskih titracija, ispitane su odzivne karakteristike TODATPB senzora na 5 ∙ M NaDDS sa šest različitih unutarnjih elektrolita na dva nivoa koncentracije u vodi bez pauze, u vodi s pauzom i u 0.01 M s pauzom. Dobiveni su različiti rezultati s obzirom na upotrijebljenu koncentraciju i prirodu unutarnjeg elektrolita. Parametri za odabir najboljeg unutarnjeg elektrolita bili su nagib i niska granica detekcije. Najbolji rezultati dobiveni su uporabom unutarnjeg elektrolita 3 M NaCl-a u senzoru. TODA-TPB senzor s unutarnjim elektrolitom 3 M NaCl-om pokazao je Nernstovski nagib (-58.0 ± 0.9 mV/dekada aktiviteta) i nisku granicu detekcije (1.0 ∙ M) u vodi bez pauze za DDS anion. Senzor je imao vijek trajanja do 6 mjeseci. Na kraju rada, opisan je i metodički dio na temu Sapuni i deterdženti.Potentiometric sensor, based on ionic pair tetraoctadecylammonium tetraphenylborate (TODA-TPB) used as a sensing material and o-nitrophenyl octyl ether (-NPOE) as a plasticizer, was used for determination of anionic surfactants. There was 3 % of sensing material in the sensor membrane. Six different internal electrolytes (sodium chloride, lithium chloride, sodium dodecyl sulfate, sodium tetraphenylborate, sodium acetate and potassium chloride) were analyzed on two concentration levels. Potentiometric titrations of sodium dodecyl sulfate (NaDDS), = 4 ∙ M were preformed using 4 ∙ M cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) and TODA-TPB sensor as an indicator for end point of titration. The highest potential jump of 410.8 mV in a titration curve for NaDDS was observed using 3 M NaCl as a internal electrolyte. After potentiometric titrations, TODA-TPB sensor response characteristics toward 5 ∙ M NaDDS were tested using six different electrolytes on two concentration levels, preforming tests in water with pause; in water without pause and in 0.01 M with pause. Results depend on nature and concentration of internal electrolyte. Slope and low detection limit were parameters for choosing the best internal electrolyte. Best results were obtained using 3 M NaCl as internal electrolyte in sensor. TODA-TPB sensor with 3 M NaCl as inner electrolyte revealed Nernstian slope (-58.0 ± 0.9 mV/decade of activity) and low detection limit (1.0 ∙ M) for DDS anion in water without pause between measurements. Sensor lifetime was six months. Thesis contains a part with teaching method on subject Soaps and detergents
Investigation of surfactant-selective electrode response characteristics toward the pseudocationic complexes of barium cation and ethxyated nonionic surfactants
No full textTenzidi su organski spojevi koji smanjuju napetost površine. Sastoje se od dva dijela: polarnog i nepolarnog (hidrofilnog i hidrofobnog). Prema hidrofilnim skupinama koje se nalaze unutar strukture tenzida, tenzide dijelimo u četiri skupine: kationski, anionski, amfolitski i neionski. Metode kojima se najčešće određuju tenzidi su potenciometrijske metode. Metoda koja je korištena u ovome radu je direktna potenciometrija, koja je također i najčešća metoda ispitivanja odziva tenzida. U eksperimentalnom dijelu rada je ispitan odziv tenzidno-selektivne elektrode, koja se sastojala od ionskog para 1,3-didecil-2-metilimidazolijevog tetrafenilborata (DMI-TPB), na pseudokationske komplekse barijevog iona i etoksiliranih neionskih tenzida. Ispitivanje se provelo dodavanjem dvije koncentracije različitih vrsta etoksiliranih neionskih tenzida u otopinu barijeva klorida stalnog volumena i koncentracije. Odzivi elektrode prikazani su grafički te je napravljena usporedba odziva dvije skupine etoksiliranih neionskih tenzida sličnih svojstava.Surfactants are organic compounds that are reducing surface tension. They consists of two parts: polar and non-polar (hydrophilic and hydrophobic). According to the hydrophilic groups found within the structure of surfactants, the surfactants are divided into four groups: cationic, anionic, ampholytic and nonionic. The most frequently used methods for determination of the surfactants are potentiometric methods. The method used in this paper is direct potentiometry, which is also the most common method for surfactant response analysis. In the experimental part of the study, a response of a surfactant-selective electrode consisting of 1,3-didecyl-2-methylimidazolium tetraphenylborate (DMI-TPB) ion pair was tested, to the pseudocationic complexes of barium ions and ethoxylated nonionic surfactants. The test was carried out by adding different types of ethoxylated nonionic surfactants prepared at two concentrations in a solution of constant volume and concentration of barium chloride. The electrode responses were graphically illustrated and a comparison of the response of two groups of ethoxylated nonionic surfactants of similar properties was made
Concentrations of thallium in water, soil, vegetablesand biological specimens of an eastern Croatian population
No full textKorištenjem metode masene spektrometrije induktivno spregnutom plazmom (ICP-MS), izmjerili smo koncentracije talija u vodi, zemlji, povrću i u biološkim uzorcima (urinu, serumu i kosi) 501 stanovnika iz 8 naselja na području istočne Hrvatske (Vladislavci, Dalj, Čepin, Našice, Vinkovci, Vukovar, Slavonski Brod i Osijek). Cilj rada je bio odrediti referentne vrijednosti koncentracija talija u različitim navedenim uzorcima za spomenuto područje te usporediti rezultate s drugim analizama koje su se odvijale na sličnom prostoru. ICP-MS metoda je uspjela izmjeriti razine talija u većini analiziranih uzoraka osim u kosi i u serumu gdje su koncentracije često bile ispod granice detekcije. Analizom uzoraka i obradom podataka dobiveni su slijedeći rezultati u obliku centralnih vrijednosti (medijana): raspon koncentracija talija u urinu iznosio je od 0,059-0,161 μg . Dobivene koncentracije za serum bile su u rasponu od <0,001-0,021 μg , a za kosu od <0,001 do 0,0356 μg . U vodi je određena koncentracija od 0,003 μg , dok je za zemlju vrijednost iznosila od 0,10-0,61 mg . Za maslačak srednje vrijednosti su bile u rasponu od 2,95-19,20 μg , dok su za kupus bile u rasponu od 22,2-174,6 μg .Using inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), we measured the concentrations of thallium in water, soil, vegetables and in biological samples (urine, serum, and hair) taken from 501 residents of settlements located in the eastern part of Croatia (Vladislavci, Dalj, Čepin, Našice, Vinkovci, Vukovar, Slavonski Brod i Osijek). The aim of this paper was to determine reference values of thallium concentrations in different samples for the given area and to compare our results with other measurements which occurred in nearby regions. ICP-MS was successful in measuring levels of thallium in most of the analyzed samples, except within the hair and in serum where concentrations were often below the detection limit. With the analysis of collected samples, and processing of its data, we have obtained the next results in median values: concentration range of thallium in urine was between 0,059-0,161 μg . Concentrations for serum were between <0,001 and 0,021 μg , and for hair between <0,001-0,0356 μg . In water, the measured concentration was at 0,003 μg , while in the soil it was between 0,10-0,61 mg . In dandelion median concentration values were between 2,95-19,20 μg , while in cabbage they were between 22,2 and 174,6 μg
Determination of selenium by fluorescent spectrometry
No full textSelenij je element 16. skupine periodnog sustava elemenata, odnosno halkogene skupine. Pripada skupini metaloida što znači da ima karakteristike metala i nemetala. Selenij je esencijalan element za čovjeka, a sadržan je u enzimima glutation peroksidazi i jodotironin 5'-dejodinazi, kao i u selenoproteinima P i N. Fluorescentna spektrometrija je metoda koja se temelji na svojstvu fluorescencije atoma ili molekula, a često se koristi za određivanje selenija. Budući da selenij nema svojstvo fluorescencije, potrebno je dodati mu reagens koji će dati odziv tijekom mjerenja u fluorimetru. U ovom radu kao fluorescentni reagens koristio se 2,3-diaminonaftalen (DAN) koji sa selenijem tvori kompleks, čiji se fluorescencijski intenzitet mjerio kako bi se odredila masena koncentracija selenija u otopinama. Rad je podijeljen u nekoliko poglavlja. Nakon uvoda slijedi literaturni pregled u kojem se govori o seleniju i njegovim svojstvima te o fluorescentnoj spektrometriji i njenoj primjeni. Iza toga slijedi eksperimentalni dio te rasprava o dobivenim rezultatima. Na kraju su zaključak i popis korištene literature.Selenium is an element located in group 16 of the periodic table of elements, respectively it is a member of chalcogen family. It is a metalloid, which means it has characteristics of a metal and of a non-metal. Selenium is an essential element for humans, and it is found in enzymes glutathione peroxidase and iodothyronine 5'-de-iodinase, as well as in selenoproteins P and N. Fluorescence spectrometry is a method based on fluorescence property of an atom or a molecule and it is often used for selenium determination. Since selenium does not have fluorescence property, it is necessary to add a fluorescent reagent that will give response during measurements in fluorometer. In this paper, 2,3- diaminonaphthalene (DAN) was used as a fluorescent reagent which made a complex compound with selenium, whose fluorescence intensity was measured and the mass concentration of selenium in solutions was determined. The paper is divided in several chapters. Introduction chapter is followed by literature review in which selenium and its properties are presented as well as fluorescence spectrometry and its uses. After that, experimental procedure and discussion of obtained results are presented. In the end there is a final conclusion and a list of used literature
Determination of lutein
No full textLutein je prirodni pigment žute boje. Nalazi se u kromoplastima biljaka, voća i povrća zelene boje te u žumanjku jajeta. To su i njegovi najveći izvori. U organizmu čovjeka nalazi se u žutoj pjegi (makula). U radu su opisani karotenoidi kao glavna skupina pigmenata i ksantofili kao podskupina u koju lutein pripada. Opisana su i kemijska svojstva luteina te njegovo djelovanje na organizam čovjeka. Navedene su i opisane metode kojima se lutein određuje kao i primjer određivanja luteina.Lutein is natural yellow pigment. It can be found in the chromoplasts of green plants, fruits and vegetables and also in egg yolks. These are its biggest sources. Within the human organism it can be found in the yellow spot inside the eye. This paper describes carotenoids as the main group of pigments and xanthophylls as the subgroup in which lutein is placed. The chemical properties of lutein and its effects on the human organism are also described. The methods used to determine lutein are listed and described as well as an example of determination of lutein
Mechanisms of chemical reactions
No full textMehanizam reakcije predstavlja slijed događaja na molekularnoj ili atomskoj razini koji zajedno čine ukupnu pretvorbu. Svaki od osnovnih događaja se zove elementarna pretvorba ili proces. Cilj proučavanja kinetike kemijskih reakcija je određivanje mehanizama kojim se one odvijaju. Poznavanje mehanizma omogućuje razumijevanje faktora koji utječu na reakciju i omogućava predviđanje ponašanja sličnih reakcijskih sustava. Mehanizam reakcije ne određuje se eksperimentalno, nego se pretpostavlja na temelju prethodnih iskustava, a eksperimentalno se traže potvrde koje ga podupiru. Od jednostavnijih mehanizama najvažniji su mehanizmi reverzibilnih ili povratnih reakcija, mehanizam s predravnotežom, mehanizam uzastopnih reakcija te mehanizam usporednih reakcija. Poznavanje mehanizma reakcije pomaže u liječenju bolesti, proizvodnji lijekova te stvaranju novih proizvoda.The mechanism of reaction is a sequence of events at a molecular or atomic level that make together the total conversion. Each of the basic events is called elemental conversion or process. The objective of studying the kinetics of chemical reactions is to determine the mechanisms by which they take place. Knowledge of metabolism enables understanding of factors that influence the reaction and allows predicting behaviors of similar reaction systems. The reaction mechanism is not determined experimentally, but assumed on the basis of previous experience and experimentally seeking confirmation that supports it. In simpler mechanisms, the most important are mechanisms of reversible or reactive reactions, the mechanism of the equilibrium, the mechanism of consecutive reactions and the mechanism of parallel reactions. Knowing the mechanism of the reaction helps in the treatment of diseases, the production of drugs and the creation of new products