591 research outputs found
Sort by
Synthesis of m-propylaniline
No full textU ovom završnom radu opisana je priprava meta supstituiranog anilina m-propilanilina. Za pripravu ciljnog produkta predložene su četiri metode. Prva metoda (metoda A) podrazumijeva benzen kao polazni reagens i uključuje Friedel-Craftsovo aciliranje benzenskog prstena, uvođenje nitro skupine te bi u konačnici podrazumijevala redukciju acilne i nitro skupine. U drugoj predloženoj metodi (metoda B) koristi se benzaldehid kao polazni spoj, a ona uključuje nitriranje, uvođenje 2 ugljikova atoma Grignardovom reakcijom, kiselo kataliziranu dehidrataciju i kao posljednji korak redukciju dvostruke veze i nitro skupine. Treća i četvrta metoda (metode C i D) koriste spoj 2 (3-nitropropiofenon) kao polazni produkt koji sadrži nitro i acilnu skupinu koje je potrebno reducirati kako bi dobili ciljni produkt, spoj 4. U metodi C za redukciju spoja 2 korišteni su Zn i HCl, dok metoda D podrazumijeva redukciju spoja 2 Wolff-Kishnerovom redukcijom uz hidrazin monohidrat kao reducens u bazičnim uvjetima. Ciljni produkt, spoj 4 uspješno je pripravljen samo korištenjem metode D. Strukture svih pripravljenih spojeva pretpostavljene su NMR spektroskopijom (1H, 13C) i/ili spektrometrijom masa (MS).In this work synthesis of meta substituted aniline m-propylaniline is described. For the preparation of desired compound four methods were suggested. In the first method (method A) benzene is used as a starting compoundin the reaction of Friedel-Crafts acylation of a benzene ring and it includes the introduction of a nitro group as well as a reduction of acyl and nitro group. In the second method (method B) benzaldehyde is used as a starting compound, and it includes nitration, the introduction of two carbon atoms using Grignard reaction, acid-catalyzed dehydration and finally reduction of a double bond and nitro group. Third and fourth method (methods C and D) use compound 2 (3- nitropropiophenone) as a starting material¸ which contains nitro and acyl group that need to be reduced in order to get the product m-propylaniline, compound 4. In method C, Zn and HCl are used for the reduction of compound 2, while method D uses Wolff-Kishner reduction with hydrazine monohydrate as a reducing agent under basic conditions. Target molecule, compound 4 is successfully synthesized only by using method D
Olfactory and taste receptors
No full textOsjetila se mirisa i okusa koriste kemoreceptorima kako bi prenijela podraţaje putem signalnih kaskada do mozga. Njuh je osjetilo mirisa koji je rezultat interakcije odoransa koji se u okolišu nalaze u obliku aeorsola sa odreĎenim receptorima u nosu, dok je okus osjet koji nastaje pobuĎivanjem okusnih receptora u usnoj šupljini. Receptori oba osjetila većinom pripadaju skupini receptora vezanih s G-proteinom iako se neki podraţaji, kao što su slano i kiselo, prenose putem ionskih kanala. Kod njuha, pomoću malog broja receptora moţemo osjetiti jako velik broj spojeva, dok je okus ograničen na pet osnovnih vrsta. Suradnja ova dva osjetila omogućava nam kvalitetnu percepciju tvari iz okoline i naziva se kemoreceptivna senzorna interakcija.Olfaction and taste use chemoreceptors to transduct stimuli using signal cascades to the brain. Olfaction is the sense of odors that results from the detection of substances which are aerosolized in the environment. In contrast, taste is evoked by stimulation of taste receptors located in the oral cavity. The receptors are mostly G-protein binding receptors although some stimuli such as salt and sour are transmitted through ion channels. Sense of olfaction uses small number of receptors, but we can feel a very large number of compounds, while the taste is limited to five basic types. Collaboration of these two senses allows a high quality perception of the substances from the environment and is called a chemoreceptive sensory interaction
Synthesis of the new fluorescence indicator for determination of selenium concentration
No full textU ovome radu opisana je priprava spoja 7a,: 5,6-diamino-2-propil-1H-benzo [de] izokinolin-1,3 (2H)-diona, u svrhu selektivnog kompleksiranja i fluorescentne kvantifikacije koncentracije selenija. Kao polazni spoj u sintezi spoja 7a odabran je 4-brom-1,8-naftalanhidrid (1). Prvi korak podrazumijevao je prevođenje spoja 1, reakcijom s odgovarajućim primarnim aminima, u njegove imidne derivate (2a, 2b i 2c). Za provođenje daljnjih sintetskih koraka korišten je jedan od pripravljenih imidnih derivata, spoj 2a. Slijedeći korak podrazumijevao je reakciju spoja 2a s natrijevim azidom što je rezultiralo supstitucijom broma azidnom skupinom, nakon čega slijedi redukcija azidne skupine u amino skupinu (4a). Daljnji sintetski koraci obuhvaćaju halogeniranje aromatskog sustava reakcijom spoja 4a s bromnom vodom čime se htjelo postići selektivno uvođenje broma na ortho položaj u odnosu na već prisutnu amino skupinu (5a). Nakon toga slijedi supstitucija broma azidnom skupinom (6a) te u konačnici redukcija novo uvedene azidne skupine u amino skupinu (7a). Strukture većine spojeva pretpostavljene su IR spektroskopijom i/ ili i NMR spektroskopijom.In this diploma thesis synthesis of compound 7a, 5,6-diamino-2-propyl-1H-benzo [de] isoquinoline-1,3 (2H)-dione is described. The purpose of synthesis of this compound is selective complexation and fluorescent quantification of selenium concentration. As starting compound in this synthesis 4-bromo-1,8-naphthalanhdride was used (1). In first step compound 1 reacts with different primary amines to give imide derivatives, compounds 2a, 2b and 2c. In the following steps only compound 2a was used as a starting material for preparation of target compund, compound 7a. Compound 2a reacts with sodium azide and this step is including substitution of bromine with azido group (3a). Azido group of compound 3a was reduced to amino group by introduction of hydrogen sulfide into reaction mixture (4a). The following step inolved halogenation of compund 4a by reaction with bromine water to achieve introduction of bromine in ortho position to amino group (5a). Compound 5a by reaction with sodium azide gave compund 6a and finally azido group of compound 6a was reduced by introduction of hydrogen sulfide into reaction mixture to give target compund, 7a.The structures of most compounds were assumed by IR spectroscopy and/or NMR spectroscopy ( , )
Synthesis and characterization of Cu(II), Fe(III), Cr(III) polynuclear carboxylate complexes
No full textBrzi razvoj kemije čvrstog stanja i tehnologije doprinosi širokom istraživanju anorganskih, organskih i metalo organskih spojeva koji posjeduju izvanredna svojstva. Metalni karboksilati, koji nastaju vezanjem metala sa karboksilnim kiselinama su vrlo važna tehnološka grupa sa širokim spektrom primjene. U ovom diplomskom radu sintetizirano je 20 spojeva iz skupine metalnih karboksilata. Spojevi su karakterizirani infracrvenom spektroskopijom s Fourierovim transformacijama (FT-IR spektroskopija), termogravimetrijskom analizom s diferencijalnom pretražnom kalorimetrijom (TG/DSC) i rentgenskom strukturnom analizom. Za sintezu metalnih karboksilata korištene su Cu(II), Cr(III) i Fe(III) metalne soli, octena i benzojeva kiselina te su u sintezi korištene neutralne molekule heksamin i gvanidin kao templati. Dobiveni su jedinični kristali dva nova spoja reakcijama bakrove soli, benzojeve kiseline i gvanidina (kratica CuGUABK) i željezove(III) soli, octene kiseline i heksamina (FeHEXOK) kojima je određena i opisana molekulska i kristalna struktura. Spoj FeHEXOK je trinuklearni kompleks željeza(III) s acetatnim ionom i nekoordiniranom molekulom heksamina, a CuGUABA je dinuklearni kompleks čija struktura je tipična za "paddle-wheel" bakrove karboksilate. Oba spoja pokazuju zanimljivu strukturu s obećavajućim magnetskim svojstvima. Također, cilj ovoga diplomskog rada, osim sinteza, bilo je umetanje neutralne molekule, templata poput heksamina i gvanidina u samu strukturu kompleksa. Ove neutralne molekule mogu utjecati na intra- i inter molekulske interakcije te na magnetska svojstva samih spojeva.The growth of solid state chemistry contribute to wide research of inorganic, organic and metal organic compounds. Metal carboxylates are formed by the coordination of metal with ligands, and they play a significant role in technological application. Formation of complexes with metal carboxylates in future can have a potential wide spread application, as they show to have a interesting magnetic properties. In this thesis 20 novel metal carboxylates were prepared. For syntheses iron(III), copper(II) salts, acetic and benzoic acid, and guanidine and hexamine as templates were used.Compounds were characterized by Foulier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR spectroscopy), termogravimetry and differential scanning calorimeter analysis (TG/DSC) and single crystal X-ray diffraction. Compounds obtained in reactions of copper (II), guanidine and benzoic acid (CuGUABA) and iron (III), hexamine and acetic acid (FeHEXBA) were crystalized and molecular and crystal structure were determined. Compound FeHEXOK is trinuclear iron(III) complex with hexamine incorporated in crystal structure while CuGUABA is binuclear copper(II) complex with benzoic anion as ligand with molecular structure typical for copper carboxylates (paddle-wheel structure). Both of these complexes have an interesting structure with promising magnetics properties. More interesting and novel idea considering metal carboxylate complex is insertion of some kind of neutral molecule, such as hexamine and guanidine, that act like a template, in the structure of complexes. These neutral molecules can influence inter- and intra molecular interaction and magnetic properties
Preparation and Analysis of Neutral Complexes of Cooper(ll) with Chromone-2,3-Carboxylic Acides
No full textKompleksni spojevi su spojevi koji sadrže centralni atom metala okruženog određenim brojem iona ili skupina, koje se nazivaju ligandi. Cilj ovoga rada bio je sintetizirati spoj s potencijalnim antikancerogenim svojstvima i/ili drugim terapeutskim svojstvima. Kao ligandi korišteni su derivati benzopirona, a kao izvor centralnog metala bakra(II) poslužile su soli tog metala (acetat, sulfat, nitrat i klorid). Kompleksi su pripravljeni te identificirani elementnom analizom kako bi im se odredila empirijska formula. Nakon provedenih analiza utvrđeno je da vjerojatna kemijska formula odgovara formuli .Complexes are compounds which consists of the central metal atom surrounded by a number of ions or groups, called ligands. The aim of this work was synthesis of the compounds with potential anticancer and/or other therapeutic properties. Benzopyrone derivatives were used as ligands, and copper(II) salts (acetate, sulfate, nitrate, and chloride) as the source of the metal copper(II). The complexes were prepared and identified by elemental analysis in order to determine the empirical formula. After analysis it was revealed that chemical formula of the newly synthesized compound is
Metallothionein detection in polyacrylamide gel by electrophoresis
No full textMetalotioneini (MT) su mali peptidi prisutni u stanicama mnogih organizama. Zbog male molekulske mase i specifične strukture, koju čini jedan polipeptidni lanac bogat cisteinom i metalni ioni vezani u njegovom središtu, njihova detekcija i kvantifikacija predstavljaju izazov. Elektroforeza u poliakrilamidnom gelu je jednostavna i dostupna metoda za određivanje proteina kompleksnih bioloških uzoraka. Pruža mogućnost optimizacije uvjeta u kojima se izvodi, čime se omogućuje razdvajanje i vrlo malih proteina. Cilj ovog rada je pronaći najbolje uvjete za određivanje metalotioneina u uzorcima tkiva gujavica (Lumbricus terrestris) elektroforezom u poliakrilamidnom gelu. Eksperimentalno je provjeren utjecaj različitih čimbenika na uspješnost elektroforetskog razdvajanja metalotioneina, kao što su: različita priprema uzoraka, koncentracija poliakrilamidnog gela, derivatizacija uzoraka monobromobimanom (mBBr) te puferski sustavi u kojima se elektroforeza izvodi. Iako je elektroforezom u poliakrilamidnom gelu moguće detektirati MT, prethodno pročišćavanje i frakcioniranje uzoraka nužno je za uspješnu analizu.Metallothioneins (MTs) are small peptides found in cells of wide range of living organisms. Their detection and quantification present challenge owing to their small molecular mass and specific structure. MTs structure is simple, consisted of one polypeptide chain rich in cysteine, and metal ions bound in the center of that chain. Electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel is simple and available method for protein detection in complex biological samples. Since its conditions can be altered and optimized, even very small proteins can be detected by this method. The aim of this paper is to find best conditions for MTs detection in earthworm (Lumbricus terrestris) tissue by electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel. Many different factors that can affect efficacy of electrophoresis were experimentally verified: different sample preparation, concentration of polyacrylamide gel, samples derivatization with monobromobimane (mBBr) and buffers in electrophoretic system. Although MTs can be detected by electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel, purification and fractionating of samples are necessary for successful analysis and better results
Platinum metals
No full textCilj i svrha ovog završnog rada je opisati svojstva, dobivanje i primjenu platinskih metala, ali i pobliže upoznati njihovo otkriće i povijest, nalazišta platinskih metala, dobivanje i spojeve koje izgrađuju. Naziv platinski metali je zapravo ime za elemente sličnih svojstava kojima pripadaju šest metala: rutenij, rodij, paladij- laki platinski metali i platina, osmij i iridij- teški platinski metali. Razlog sličnosti njihovih svojstava je to što se u periodnom sustavu elemenata nalaze jedan pored drugog, odnosno jedan ispod drugog. Osim sličnosti u svojstvima, platinski metali se nalaze u rudama jedan s drugim, pa je njihovo otkriće, izvori i nalazišta, dobivanje i odvajanje usko povezano i vrlo slično, što je još jedan od razloga zašto pripadaju skupini sličnih spojeva nazvanoj platinski metali. Platinski metali su također poznati i po tome što mogu stvarati velik broj različitih spojeva, najčešće kompleksnih te se stoga mogu koristiti u najrazličitije svrhe, te je njihova primjena u današnje vrijeme vrlo velika, u tolikoj mjeri da bi život bez njih danas bio nezamisliv.The end goal and purpose of this final thesis is to describe the various attributes, methods of preparation and usage of platinum group metals (PGMs), as well as to examine their discovery, history, mining circumstances, and compounds they build in closer detail. The term platinum group metal is in fact a name given to a set of 6 metals with similar characteristics: ruthenium, rhodium, palladium- the palladium-group platinum group elements (PPGEs) and platinum, osmium and iridium- the iridium-group platinum group elements (IPGEs). The reason for their mutual similarities is their adjacency within the periodic table of elements. Not only do they share similarities in their characteristics, but they are also found together in ores, so that their discovery in mines, preparation and refinement are also tightly linked together. This further explains why they are being grouped together in a set of elements known as PGMs. A further trademark of PGMs is their ability to build a large number of various compounds, often complex ones. They can, therefore, be used for various purposes. In fact, so much so, that life without them would, as we know it today, be unimaginable
Antineoplastic drugs
No full textAntineoplastični lijekovi ili citostatici su skupina lijekova koji se koriste u svrhu liječenja stanica raka. Otkriven je i opisan veliki broj antineoplastičnih lijekova koji se međusobno razlikuju, a s obzirom na njihov mehanizam djelovanja mogu se podijeliti na: alkilirajuća sredstva, antimetabolite, interkalirajuće agense i antimetabolite biljnog podrijetla. U radu je opisana podjela i mehanizam djelovanja antineoplastika, primjena i određivanje njihove toksičnosti, nuspojave te sigurno rukovanje antineoplastičnim lijekovima.Antineoplastic drugs or cytostatics are a group of drugs used to treat cancer cells. A large number of antineoplastic drugs that are mutually different has been discovered and described, and due to their mechanism of action, they can be divided into: alkylating agents, antimetabolites, intercalating agents and antimetabolites from plants. This paper describes the classification and mechanism of action of antineoplastic agents, application and detection of their toxicity, side effects and safe handling of antineoplastic drugs
Preparation of cinnamic acid esters with pyridinones containing meta substitudet aryl
No full textU ovom završnom radu opisana je priprava estera meta-supstituiranih N-aril-3-hidroksipiridin-4-ona. Za esterifikaciju N-aril-3-hidroksipiridin-4-ona korištena je cimetna kiselina koja je uvedena metodom Steglichove esterifikacije. Meta supstituirani N-aril-3-hidroksipiridin-4-oni pripravljeni su direktnom metodom iz 3-hidroksi-2-metilpiran-4-ona (maltol) i meta supstituiranih anilina, uz upotrebu p-toluensulfonske kiseline (p-TsOH) kao kiselog katalizatora, u autoklavu. Pripravljeni meta supstituirani derivati N-aril-3-hidroksipiridin-4-ona poslužili su kao polazni spojevi za sintezu njihovih esterskih derivata s cimetnom kiselinom [2-metil-1-(m-metoksifenil)piridin-4-on-3-il]-3-fenilprop-2-enoata (spoj 3) i [2-metil-1-(m-metilfenil)piridin-4-on-3-il]-3-fenilprop-2-enoata (spoj 4).In this work the preparation of meta substituted N-aryl-3-hydroxypyridin-4-one esters is described. For esterification of N-aryl-3-hydroxypyridin-4-one cinnamic acid is used which was introduced by Steglich esterification method. The meta substituted N-aryl-3-hydroxypyridin-4-ones were prepared by direct method from 3-hydroxy-2-methylpyran-4-one (maltol) and meta substituted anilines, using p-toluenesulfonic acid (p-TsOH) as acidic catalyst, in autoclave. Prepared meta substituted derivatives of N-aryl-3-hydroxypyridine-4-ones were used as starting compounds for the synthesis of ester derivates of cinnamic acid [2-methyl-1- (m-methoxyphenyl) pyridin-4-one-3-yl] -3-phenylprop-2-enoate (compound 3) and [2-methyl-1- (m-methylphenyl) pyridin-4-on-3-yl] -3-phenylprop-2-enoate (compound 4)
Assessment of selected rare earth elements in serum (ICP-MS)
No full textS obzirom na sve veću upotrebu elemenata rijetkih zemalja u različitim industrijama, posebno u elektronici, poljoprivredi i proizvodnji goriva od iznimne su važnosti istraživanja njihovih koncentracija u okolišu i ljudskom organizmu. U ovome istraživanju izabrano je dvanaest elemenata rijetkih zemalja cerij (Ce), disprozij (Dy), erbij (Er), europij (Eu), gadolinij (Gd), holmij (Ho), lantan (La), neodimij (Nd), praseodimij (Pr) i samarij (Sm) te je određena njihova koncentracija metodom masene spektrometrije induktivno spregnutom plazmom (ICP-MS) u uzorcima seruma 357 ispitanika sa područja Istočne Hrvatske. Uzorci su izabrani sa pet različitih lokacija u Istočnoj Slavoniji, u Vladislavcima, Dalju, Čepinu, Našicama i Osijeku. Vrijednosti medijana nalazile su se ispod razine detekcije instrumenta za Er, Eu, Gd, Ho i Tm, dok su se za preostale istraživane elemente (Ce, Dy, La, Pr, Sm, Nd i Yb) bile također niske i kretale su se u rasponu od 0,011 do 0,189 μg .Considering the increase of use of rare eart elements (REEs) in industry, especially in electronic, industry and agriculture, the concerne of its presence in the environment and human organism is of great imortance. Twelve elements of rare earth elements were chosen: Cerium (Ce) Dyspprozium (Dy), Erbium (Er), Europium (Eu), Gadolinium (Gd), Holmium (Ho), Lanthanum (La), Neodymium (Nd), Praseodymium (Pr) and Samarium (Sm) and determined by their concentration by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry, (ICP-MS) in 357 samples of serum. The samples were selected from five different locations in Eastern Slavonia, Vladislavci, Dalj, Cepin, Našice and Osijek. Median values were under the level of detection for the Er, Eu, Gd, Ho and Tm, while the remaining investigated elements (Ce, Dy, La, Pr, Sm, Nd and Yb) were also low and ranged from 0.011 to 0.189 μg