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Precipitation and characterization of calcium carbonate in a system with magnesium ions
No full textU ovom radu istraženo je djelovanje magnezijevih iona (Mg2+) na spontano taloženje kalcijeva karbonata (CaCO3) u sustavima početnih pH vrijednosti (pH0) u rasponu od 8,5 do 10,5 kao i na rast kristala kalcita na kristalnom sjemenu kalcita. Pri tom su svi relevantni parametri početnih taložnih sustava (početna prezasićenost, temperatura, ionska jakost te omjer aktiviteta kacijevih i karbonatnih iona u pokusima spontanog taloženja) bili isti. Napredovanje procesa taloženja praćeno je potenciometrijski, a dobiveni talozi su karakterizirani infracrvenom spektroskopijom i pretražnom elektronskom mikroskopijom. Dodatak Mg2+, u cijelom istraženom području pH0 vrijednosti uzrokovao je inhibiciju spontanog taloženja CaCO3, kao i promjenu morfologije te sastava taloga, s posebnim naglaskom na povećanje masenog udjela aragonita u talogu. Također, dodatak Mg2+ uzrokovo je inhibiciju rasta kalcita na kristalnom sjemenu kalcita kao i promociju rasta aragonita pri višim koncentracijama dodanog magnezija.In this Diploma thesis, the effect of magnesium ions (Mg2+) on the spontaneous precipitation of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) in systems with initial pH values (pH0) ranging from 8.5 to 10.5, was investigated as well as its effect on the crystal growth of calcite on calcite seed crystals. All relevant initial parameters of the precipitation systems (initial supersaturation, temperature, ionic strength but also activity ratio of calcium and carbonate ions in spontaneous precipitation experiments) were identical. The progress of the precipitation process was followed potentiometrically, and the obtained precipitates were characterized by infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The addition of Mg2+, in the entire investigated range of pH0 values, caused the inhibition of the spontaneous precipitation of CaCO3, as well as the change in the morphology and composition of the precipitates with a special emphasis on an increase in the mass fraction of aragonite in the precipitate. Also, the addition of Mg2+ caused inhibition of crystal growth of calcite on calcite crystal seeds as well as the promotion of aragonite formation at higher concentrations of added magnesium
Development of the potentiometric sensor with functionalized carbon nanotubes for determination of promethazine hydrochloride
No full textPrometazin hidroklorid (PM) lijek je koji se koristi kao antihistaminik, antiemetik, analgetik, antikolinergik, anestetik te sedativ. Budući da uzrokuje srčane, endokrine i reproduktivne promjene, važno ga je kvantitativno određivati u biološkim uzorcima te farmaceutskim pripravcima. Ovaj rad prikazuje razvoj novog potenciometrijskog senzora za određivanje PM. Radi se o ionsko selektivnoj elektrodi (ISE) s čvrstim kontaktom i tekućom membranom. Membrana ISE sastoji se od senzorskog materijala, polimernog matriksa i plastifikatora. Kao senzorski materijal korišten je hibridni materijal temeljen na višestjenčanim ugljikovim nanocjevčicama (engl. multi walled carbon nanotubes, MWCNT) kovalentno funkcionaliziranim sulfatnom skupinom i PM ionom, MWCNT OSO3PM. U ovom radu ispitan je utjecaj različitog postotka senzorskog materijala (2 %, 4 %, 6 %) te pet različitih vrsta plastifikatora na odziv elektrode. Kao polimerni matriks korišten je poli(vinil klorid) (PVC) koji je s plastifikatorom uvijek bio u omjeru 1:2. Senzor s 2 nitrofenil fenil eterom (NPPE) kao plastifikatorom te 4 % MWCNT OSO3PM kao senzorskim materijalom dao je odziv najbliži Nernstovskom, najšire mjerno područje, najnižu granicu detekcije i brzi odziv. Radno područje novog senzora za određivanje PM je u rasponu pH vrijednosti od 2 do 7. Novi senzor je dobre selektivnosti za PM te je pouzdan i za određivanje PM u realnim uzorcima, točnije u farmaceutskim pripravcima.Promethazine hydrochloride (PM) is a drug used as an antihistamine, antiemetic, analgesic, anticholinergic, anaesthetic and sedative. Since it causes cardiac, endocrine and reproductive changes, it is important to determine it in biological samples and pharmaceutical preparations. This thesis presents the development of a new potentiometric sensor for PM determination. It is an ion selective electrode (ISE) with a solid contact and a liquid membrane. The ISE membrane consists of a sensor material, a polymer matrix and a plasticizer. The hybrid sensing material based on multi walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) covalently functionalized with a sulfate group and PM ion, MWCNT OSO3PM, was used as a sensor material. In this work, different percentages of sensor material (2 %, 4 %, 6 %) and different types of plasticizers were tested for the response of the electrode. The used polymer matrix was poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) always in a 1:2 ratio with plasticizer. The sensor with 2 nitrophenyl phenyl ether (NPPE) as a plasticizer and 4 % of MWCNT OSO3PM as a sensor material gave the response closest to Nernstian, the widest measuring range, the lowest limit of detection and fast response. The working range of the new sensor for determination of PM is in the range of pH values from 2 to 7. The new sensor has good selectivity for PM and is also reliable for determining PM in real samples, more precisely in pharmaceutical preparations
Comparison of methods for determination of organic carbon in agricultural soils
No full textMetodama mokrog i suhog spaljivanja određene su koncentracije organskog ugljika u poljoprivrednim tlima kako bi se potvrdila usporedivost i podudaranje rezultata dobivenih primjenom tih metoda. U tu svrhu uzorkovano je i analizirano 12 uzoraka na području Osječko-baranjske i Vukovarsko-srijemske županije. Svaki uzorak analiziran je u triplikatu. Određivanje organskog ugljika metodom mokrog spaljivanja temelji se na spaljivanju organske tvari tla pomoću koncentrirane sumporne kiseline i kalijevog bikromata koji služi kao jako oksidacijsko sredstvo. Određivanje organskog ugljika metodom suhog spaljivanja temelji se na spaljivanju uzorka tla u prisutnosti kisika na visokoj temperaturi. Primjenom regresijske analize dokazana je usporednost dviju metoda za određivanje organskog ugljika u poljoprivrednim tlima s koeficijentom determinacije R2 = 0,9619.Wet and dry combustion methods were used to determine organic carbon concentrations in agricultural soils in order to confirm the comparability and matching of the results obtained using these methods. For this purpose, 12 samples were collected and analysed in the Osijek-Baranja and Vukovar-Srijem county. Each sample was analysed in triplicate. The determination of organic carbon by the wet burning method is based on the burning of soil organic matter using concentrated sulfuric acid and potassium bichromate, which serves as a strong oxidizing agent. The determination of organic carbon by the dry burning method is based on the burning of a soil sample in the presence of oxygen at a high temperature. By applying regression analysis, the comparability of two methods for determining organic carbon in agricultural soils was proven with the coefficient of determination R2 = 0.9619
Gallic acid and its complexes
No full textGalna kiselina pripada fenolima, skupini spojeva koji sadrže hidroksilnu skupinu (-OH) direktno vezanu na aromatski benzenski prsten. Galna kiselina u svojoj strukturi sadrži tri hidroksilne skupine, stoga pripada polifenolima. Uz hidroksilne skupine, galna kiselina sadrži i jednu karboksilnu (-COOH) skupinu koja ju dalje svrstava u fenolne kiseline. Antioksidansi su tvari koje imaju sposobnost odgađanja ili inhibiranja oksidacije neke tvari. Galna kiselina ima snažnu antioksidacijsku aktivnost, kao i protuupalno, antimikrobno te potencijalno i antikancerogeno djelovanje. Nalazi se u slobodnom obliku u raznim prehrambenim proizvodima, posebno voću i povrću, a biosintetizira se iz biljaka i gljiva iz šikiminske kiseline. Najznačajnije reakcije galne kiseline su reakcije esterifikacije, oksidacije i dekarboksilacije. Galna kiselina i njeni derivati tvore komplekse s nizom metala u različitim omjerima koristeći kelirajući potencijal hidroksilnih skupina. Galna kiselina sastavna je komponenta željezno-galne tinte, glavne tinte za pisanje i slikanje do 19. stoljeća.Gallic acid belongs to phenols, a group of compounds that contain a hydroxyl group (-OH) directly attached to an aromatic benzene ring. Gallic acid contains three hydroxyl groups in its structure, therefore it belongs to polyphenols. In addition to hydroxyl groups, gallic acid also contains one carboxyl (-COOH) group, which further classifies it as a phenolic acid. Antioxidants are substances that have the ability to delay or inhibit the oxidation of a substance. Gallic acid has strong antioxidant activity, as well as anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and potentially anti-cancer activity. It is found in free form in various food products, especially fruits and vegetables, and is biosynthesized from plants and fungi from shikimic acid. The most important reactions of gallic acid are reactions of esterification, oxidation and decarboxylation. Gallic acid and its derivatives form complexes with a number of metals in different proportions using the chelation potential of hydroxyl groups. Gallic acid is an integral component of iron-gal ink, the main ink for writing and painting until the 19th century
Determination of botulinum toxin
No full textPrema dosadašnjim istraživanjima, botulinum toksini su najjača identificirana skupina prirodnih toksina, a proizvode ih vrste bakterija roda Clostridium koje uzrokuju razvoj bolesti zvane botulizam s karakterističnom akutnom simetričnom paralizom. Zbog jačine simptoma koju izazivaju kod čovjek ove bakterije s mogućim fatalnim ishodom po čovjeka, smatra se važnom svaka prevencija bolesti botulizma za što je potrebno razvijanje kvalitetnih metoda određivanja botulinum toksina. Svrha je rada analizirati postojeće metode određivanja botulinum toksina pri čemu se one dijele na in vivo i in vitro metode. Smatra se da in vivo metode, iako osiguravaju veliku preciznost, zahtijevaju i duže vremenske periode za određivanje što kod određenih tipova toksina iznosi i do par dana. Osim navedenog, in vivo metode su skuplje u odnosu na in vitro metode zbog korištenja većeg broja živih laboratorijskih životinja. Za razliku od njih, in vitro metode skraćuju vrijeme potrebno za analizu, no često pokazuju nedovoljnu osjetljivost. Napretkom tehnologije problematika točnosti i efikasnosti metoda se sve više rješava te znanstvenici uspješno razvijaju in vitro metode određivanja s velikom osjetljivosti i preciznosti. Neke od najkvalitetnijih in vitro metoda su imunoanaliza, analize temeljene na biosenzorima i fluorescencijske analize.According to today's research, botulinum toxins are the strongest identified group of natural toxins, and they are produced by species of bacteria of the genus Clostridium that cause the development of a disease called botulism with characteristic acute symmetrical paralysis. Due to the severity of the symptoms caused by these bacteria in humans, with a possible fatal outcome for humans, any prevention of botulism disease is considered important, which requires the development of quality methods for determining botulinum toxin. The purpose of the work is to analyse the existing methods for determining botulinum toxin, whereby they are divided into in vivo and in vitro methods. It is considered that in vivo methods, although they ensure great precision, require longer periods of time for determination, which for certain types of toxins amount up to a couple of days. In addition to the above, in vivo methods are more expensive than in vitro methods due to the use of a larger number of living laboratory animals. In contrast to them, in vitro methods shorten the time required for analysis, but often show insufficient sensitivity. With the advancement of technology, the problems of accuracy and efficiency of methods are increasingly being solved, and scientists are successfully developing in vitro determination methods with great sensitivity and precision. Some of the best in vitro methods are immunoassays, analyses based on biosensors and fluorescence analyses
Investigation of correlation of TOC with BOD5 and COD on municipal wastewater treatment plants
No full textBiokemijska potrošnja kisika (engl. biochemical oxygen demand, BOD) i kemijska potrošnja kisika (engl. chemical oxygen demand, COD) najčešći su parametri za praćenje organskog opterećenja otpadnih voda te za projektiranje, modeliranje i analizu rada uređaja za pročišćavanje otpadnih voda (UPOV). Međutim dugo vrijeme provedbe te loša preciznost i ponovljivost BOD analize i nastajanje toksičnih spojeva kroma i žive kod COD analize stvaraju potrebu za njihovom zamjenom. U ovome radu ispitana je zamjena COD i BOD5 s ukupnim organskim ugljikom (engl. total organic carbon, TOC) na 3 komunalna uređaja za pročišćavanje otpadnih voda, UPOV Karlovac, UPOV Koprivnica i UPOV Čakovec. Utvrđena je pozitivna linearna korelacija za COD i TOC u uzorcima ulazne otpadne vode i izlazne pročišćene vode te pozitivna linearna korelacija za BOD5 i TOC samo za uzorke ulazne otpadne vode.Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) are the most common parameters for monitoring the organic load of wastewater and for designing, modeling and analyzing the operation of wastewater treatment plants (WWTP). However, the long implementation time and the poor precision and repeatability of BOD analysis and the formation of toxic compounds of chromium and mercury in COD analysis create the need for their replacement. In this paper, the replacement of COD and BOD5 with total organic carbon (TOC) at 3 municipal WWTP, WWTP Karlovac, WWTP Koprivnica and WWTP Čakovec, was examined. A positive linear correlation was found for COD and TOC in influent and effluent samples, and a positive linear correlation for BOD5 and TOC was only found in influent samples
Bioactive components in natural cosmetics
No full textPojam "bioaktivna tvar" odnosi se na svaki spoj ili tvar koja pokazuje određeni tip aktivnosti in vitro ili ex vivo ali se u kontekstu kozmetike odnosi na tvari koje imaju blagotvorno djelovanje na kožu ili kosu te pomažu u liječenju raznih stanja kože, održavanju higijene i usporavanju starenja kože. Ove se tvari uglavnom dobivaju iz biljaka a za kožu su važne jer održavaju lipidnu barijeru kože, neophodnu za održavanje hidratacije i čvrstoće kože. Međutim, koža posjeduje endogeni zaštitni sustav koji uključuje sintezu melanina i proizvodnju enzimskih antioksidansa (kao što je superoksid dismutaza), a koji omogućuje eliminaciju štetnih vrsta, npr. slobodnih radikala, koji u stanicama izazivaju oksidativni stres. Posljedica oksidativnog stresa je oksidacija bioloških makromolekula i njihova narušena funkcija. Posebno su aktivni u blizini membranskih lipida koji sadrže nezasićene veze, a njihovom se oksidacijom mijenjaju svojstva membrane i oštećuju stanice. U tom slučaju, za zdravlje kože može biti važna i od velike pomoći topikalna primjena aktivnih tvari, odnosno raznih antioksidansa i drugih spojeva koji pokazuju blagotvoran i/ili zaštitni učinak za kožu. Stoga biljke i priroda mogu imati veliku važnost za zdravlje i ljepotu kože budući da su biljke prirodan izvor antioksidansa. Svaka biljka ima specifičan sastav, odnosno sadrži određene bioaktivne spojeve, i djelovanje koje je rezultat prisutnih spojeva. U ovom radu dan je kratki pregled biljaka tradicionalno korištenih u njezi kože, bioaktivnih tvari u biljkama, njihovog djelovanje i prednosti korištenja ovakvih preparata.The term "bioactive compound" refers to any compound or substance that has some type of in vitro or ex vivo activity and in the context of cosmetics it refers to compounds with beneficial effects on skin or hair and helpful in the treatment of skin conditions, hygiene and postponing skin ageing. These compounds can mainly be found in plants and are important for skin due to maintaining of lipid barrier of the skin, necessary for skin hydration maintenance and skin firmness. However, the skin has endogenous defence system which includes melanin synthesis and production of enzymatic antioxidants (such as superoxide dismutase), that enables elimination of harmful species, free radicals, that cause cell oxidative stress. The main effect of oxidative stress is oxidation of biological macromolecules and disruption of their function. They are very active near unsaturated cell membrane lipids, and their oxidation changes membrane properties and damages the cell. In that case, topical application of active compounds, or various antioxidants and compounds with beneficial and/or protective effect, may have great importance for skin health. Hence, plants and nature may have great importance for skin health and beauty, since plants are a natural source of antioxidants. Every plant has a specific composition, meaning active compounds, and effect that is a result of those compounds. This thesis is a short overview of plants used traditionally in skin care, bioactive compounds in those plants, and also an overview of their effect and benefits
Electrochemical characterization of serotonin
No full textGlavni cilj istraživanja bio je ispitati elektrokemijska svojstva serotonina u dva otapala uporabom cikličke i difrencijalne pulsne voltametrije. Ispitan je utjecaj pH, brzine polarizacije elektrode i koncentracije serotonina na njegova oksido-redukcijska svojstva te istražiti moguću adsorpciju serotonina na površinu radne elektrode. Cikličkom voltametrijom utvrđen je porast potencijal a i struj e oksidacijskog strujnog vrha s povećanjem brzine polarizacije elektrode , te da je takav proces difuzijski kontroliran dok je proces redukcije pod miješanom adsorpcijskom i difuzijskom kontrolom D iferencijalnom pulsnom voltametrijo m utvrđeno je kako sukcesivnim snimanjem voltamograma opada visina oksidacijskog strujnog vrha serotonina što ukazuje da se oksidacijski produkt serotonina adsorbira na površinu radne elektrode Osim toga, utvrđene su i pH vrijednosti za oksidaciju serotonina u etanolnoj otopini pri pH=9 te vodenoj otopini pri pH=5. Također je utvrđeno da visina oksidacijskog strujnog vrha raste s porastom koncentracije te da struja oksidacijskog strujnog vrha linearno ovisi o koncentraciji u koncentracijskom području od 110-6 mol dm-3 do 1 ⸱ 10 4 mol dm 3 za alkoholnu otopinu serotonina te od 110-6 mol dm-3 do 9 ⸱ 10 5 mol dm 3 za vodenu otopinu serotonina.The main aim of the research was to investigate the electrochemical properties of serotonin in two solvents using cyclic and differential pulse voltammetry. The influence of pH, speed of electrode polarization and concentration of serotonin on its redox properties was investigated and the possible adsorption of serotonin on the surface of the working electrode was investigated. Cyclic voltammetry showed an increase in the potential and current peak with increasing electrode polarization speed, and such a process is under mixed adsorption and diffusion control. By means of differential pulse voltammetry, it was determined that the height of the oxidation current peak of serotonin decreases with successive recording of the voltammogram, which indicates that the oxidation product of serotonin is adsorbed on the surface of the working electrode. In addition, the pH values for the oxidation of serotonin in an ethanol solution at pH=9 and in an aqueous solution at pH=5 were determined. It was also determined that the height of the oxidation current peak increases with increasing concentration and that the current of the oxidation current peak depends linearly on the concentration in the concentration range from 1⸱ 10-6 mol dm-3 to 1⸱ 10-4 dm-3 for an alcoholic solution of serotonin and from 1∙10-6 mol dm-3 to up to 9 10-5 mol dm-3 for aqueous solution of serotonin. Thesi
Antimony and Beryllium in environment of eastern Croatia
No full textCilj istraživanja ovog rada bio je procijeniti koncentracije berilija i antimona u biološkim uzorcima seruma, urina i kose te zemlji, vodi, i maslačku na području istočne Hrvatske. Kako bi se utvrdile moguće sličnosti među lokacijama podatci su obrađeni metodom klaster analize. Srednja vrijednost koncentracija berilija u serumu kretala se u rasponu od 0,018 μg/L do 0,035 μg/L, u urinu od 0,0073 μg/L do 0,036 μg/L, u kosi od 0,0005 mg/kg do 0,046 mg/kg, u tlu od 0,027 mg/kg do 0,43 mg/kg, u vodi od 0,0 μg/L do 0,0095 μg/L i u maslačku u rasponu od <0,02 μg/kg do 4,1 μg/kg. Srednja vrijednost koncentracija antimona u serumu kretala se u rasponu od 0,32 μg/L do 1,1 μg/L, u urinu od 0,06 μg/L do 0,08 μg/L, u kosi od 0,01 mg/kg do 0,38 mg/kg, u tlu od 0,025 mg/kg do 0,59 mg/kg, u vodi od 0,0025 μg/L do 0,05 μg/L i u maslačku u rasponu od 3,5 μg/kg do 38,5 μg/kg. S obzirom na to da je istraživanje provedeno na velikom broju uzoraka, rezultati mogu poslužiti kao referentne vrijednosti za koncentracije berilija i antimona u istočnoj Hrvatskoj. Rezultati klaster analize nije ukazao na značajne razlike ili grupiranja s obzirom na istraživane lokacije.The goal of this study was to assess the concentrations of beryllium and antimony in biological samples of serum, urine, and hair, as well as soil, water, and dandelions in eastern Croatia. In order to determine possible similarities between the locations, the data were processed using the cluster analysis method. The mean concentration of beryllium in serum ranged from 0.018 μg/L to 0.035 μg/L, in urine from 0.0073 μg/L to 0.036 μg/L, in hair from 0.0005 mg/kg to 0.046 mg/kg. , in soil from 0.027 mg/kg to 0.43 mg/kg, in water from 0.0 μg/L to 0.0095 μg/L and in dandelion ranging from <0.02 μg/kg to 4.1 μg/ kg. The mean value of antimony concentrations in serum ranged from 0.32 μg/L to 1.1 μg/L, in urine from 0.06 μg/L to 0.08 μg/L, in hair from 0.01 mg/ kg to 0.38 mg/kg, in soil from 0.025 mg/kg to 0.59 mg/kg, in water from 0.0025 μg/L to 0.05 μg/L and in dandelion in the range of 3.5 μg/ kg to 38.5 μg/kg. Given that the research was conducted on a large number of samples, the results can serve as reference values for beryllium and antimony concentrations in eastern Croatia. The results of the cluster analysis did not indicate significant differences or groupings with regard to the investigated locations
Methods for gluten detection
No full textGluten je naziv za skupinu organskih komponenti u žitaricama koje nisu topljive u vodi. Proteinska komponenta glutena bogata je prolinom, glutaminom i glicinom i dijeli se na monomerne i u etanolu topljive prolamine i polimerne i u etanolu netopljive glutenine. Urođeni imunosni sustav prepoznaje gluten pomoću TL-receptora (engl. toll-like receptors) koji se nalaze na membranama dendritskih i mononuklearnih stanica. Stečeni imunosni sustav prepoznaje gluten vezanjem dijelova glutenskih peptida na molekule glavnog sustava tkivne podudarnosti tipa II (engl. Major histocompatibility complex II, MHC II) koje ih zatim predstavljaju T-stanicama. Najpopularnije metode detekcije glutena van ljudskog organizma su enzimski povezani imunosorpcijski test (engl. enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, ELISA), imunološki test s bočnim protokom (engl. lateral flow immunoassay, LFIA) i western blot. ELISA se temelji na označavanju antitijela ili traženog proteina enzimom i jedina je metoda koja može apsolutno odrediti koncentraciju glutena. LFIA se temelji na kretanju označenih antitijela kroz nitroceluloznu membranu; ova metoda ima vrlo nisku granicu detekcije i jednostavna je za provesti. Na temelju ove metode razvijeno je nekoliko prijenosnih uređaja za detekciju glutena, no oni još imaju vrlo visoke granice detekcije i nisku točnost. Western blot vrlo je osjetljiva metoda detekcije glutena koja se temelji na razdvajanju proteina elektroforezom u gelu nakon čega se na membrani detektiraju pomoću antitijela; ova metoda koristi se samo u laboratorijskim uvjetima za detekciju vrlo niskih koncentracija glutena. Jedina metoda detekcije koja ne uključuje antitijela je masena spektrometrija, no zbog vrlo skupih uređaja i kompleksnog procesa detekcije još se ne koristi izvan laboratorijskih uvjeta.Gluten is a name used for a group of water insoluble organic compounds present in cereals. The protein component of gluten is rich in proline, glutamine and glycine and is divided into two categories: monomeric and ethanol soluble prolamins and polymeric and ethanol insoluble glutenins. The innate immune system recognises gluten with the help of toll-like receptors which are found on the membranes of dendritic and mononucleic cells. The adaptive immune system recognises gluten by binding specific segments of gluten to major histocompatibility complex type II (MHC II) cells which present them to T cells. Most commonly used gluten detection methods are enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), lateral flow immunoassay, (LFIA) and western blot. The ELISA method is based on the labelling of antibodies or sample protein with an enzyme and is the only method that can directly detect the concentration of gluten. The LFIA method is based on the movement of labelled antibodies through a nitrocellulose membrane. This method is very simple and has a low detection limit. A small amount of portable gluten detection kits have been developed using this method, but they usually have high detection limits and low accuracy. Western blot is a very sensitive and accurate method based on the separation of proteins using gel-electrophoresis after which they're transferred to a membrane where antibody based detection is used. The only gluten detection method not using antibodies is mass spectrometry, but due to the very high cost of mass spectrometers and the complex process needed to ensure detection this method is not used except for laboratory applications