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Bayerisches Versammlungsgesetz (BayVersG). Art. 2 Begriffsbestimmungen, Anwendungsbereich
No full textCross-linguistic structural priming of innovations in Canadian French: Evidence from a language contact situation
No full textIntra-individual language contact in bilinguals is considered a potential source for the emergence of structural innovations in a language, eventually leading to grammatical language change. This study investigates the psycholinguistic mechanisms involved in this process, focusing on cross-linguistic structural innovation priming. In a web-based self-paced reading experiment with production pre- and posttests, we tested Canadian French–English bilinguals on innovative French ditransitive and monotransitive structures primed by English sentences with the same structure or by control primes. No priming effect emerged for monotransitives. For ditransitives, however, reading times in the segment immediately following the innovation were significantly faster when primed by the corresponding English structure. In production, the proportion of innovative sentences did not significantly increase from pretest to posttest for either structure. Yet, production rates of innovative forms in both tasks were modulated by the individual degree of French contact. We discuss these differential outcomes with reference to theoretical accounts of the psycholinguistics of contact-induced change. Overall, these findings suggest that cross-linguistic priming can provide a pathway for structural innovations to enter bilingual grammars, potentially leading to language change. However, such processes are apparently constrained by the linguistic properties of the respective structure
Do energy-saving nudges deliver during high-price periods? Field experimental evidence from the European Energy Crisis
Get PDFUrged by the European Energy Crisis and the threatening consequences of severe natural gas shortages, energy providers launched gas-saving initiatives incorporating financial incentives to reduce residential natural gas consumption. In collaboration with one of Germany’s largest energy providers, we conducted a natural field experiment (N = 2,598) to evaluate the effectiveness of a behaviorally-guided co-design of such a gas-saving initiative by implementing two established behavioral instruments – reminders of gas saving intentions and descriptive norm feedback. Our findings show limited effectiveness of the behavioural instruments during the high-price period. The feedback risks a “boomerang effect” among households with above-average initial savings, who reduce their conservation efforts in response. The reminder does not significantly enhance savings in our main specifications, yet, realizes 1 percentage point savings in alternate models refining for outliers. Potential mechanisms include a significant intention-action gap and misperceived effectiveness of energy-saving actions, which are not alleviated by the reminder
Beyond buying bytes: Complementing agile new product development with an agile procurement process
Get PDFBidding for subsidies with one's patience
Get PDFWe study the problem of distributing subsidies in a market that includes both marginal individuals in need of assistance and infra-marginal individuals who would purchase the subsidized product without additional incentives. We propose the use of a wait time auction, where individuals bid the amount of time they are willing to wait in exchange for a specified subsidy amount. This design enables more direct targeting of marginal individuals, thereby enhancing the overall effectiveness of the subsidy program. Furthermore, screening is costless in equilibrium as no wait times are imposed, and practical robustness against deviations from equilibrium behavior can be ensured by implementing a maximum allowable bid
Taxes and pay without performance : evidence from executives
Get PDFThis paper contributes to the ongoing discourse on the taxation of top-income earners by empirically investigating the impact of tax policy changes on pay without performance. Using data on executive compensation in the United States, I compare the sensitivity of executive compensation to performance shocks beyond the executives control before and after a change in the federal and state tax rate. Performance shocks beyond the executives control are measured using exogenous export demand shocks. I find that the effect of taxes on pay without performance depends on the type of tax levied. Specifically, state tax hikes increase the sensitivity of executive compensation to performance shocks exogenous to executive effort. Conversely, changes in federal tax rates have a negative but statistically insignificant effect on pay without performance. Pay without performance changes most in response to state tax hikes for executives with greater mobility. Based on a Nash bargaining model, I outline that these heterogeneous findings can be explained by the importance of outside options for the pass-through of exogenous profit shocks to executive earnings. Firms need to increase compensation more in response to exogenous performance shocks after a state tax hike to retain the executive