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Evaluating the Impact of Public Health Policies on Life Expectancy Trends in European Countries
Get PDFLife expectancy in Europe is influenced not only by socioeconomic conditions and healthcare system performance but also by government-led public health policies. This literature review examines the role of policy interventions in shaping longevity across European populations, focusing on measures such as smoking bans, alcohol regulations, obesity prevention programs, vaccination campaigns, and health promotion initiatives. Evidence indicates that proactive and evidence-based policies, particularly when integrated with equitable healthcare access and supportive social structures, contribute to measurable improvements in life expectancy and reductions in preventable mortality. The review also highlights gaps in current research, including the need for long-term evaluations, analyses of policy interactions, and assessments of equity in outcomes. Findings provide valuable insights for policymakers and public health practitioners seeking to design interventions that maximize longevity and promote health equity across European countries
Beyond the Benchmark: Magic Formula Outperformance in Indian Equity Markets
Get PDFMost existing studies on the Magic Formula strategy have been conducted in the context
of developed markets, while research in the Indian setting has remained limited and largely
exploratory. The present study implements and evaluates the Magic Formula in the Indian
equity market, focusing on NIFTY 100 constituents from 2007 to 2024. The Magic Formula,
introduced by Joel Greenblatt, ranks firms based on earnings yield and return on capital to
identify undervalued yet profitable companies. Using annual financial data and adjusted stock
prices, we construct portfolios following the standard Magic Formula rules and compare their
performance with the NIFTY 50 benchmark. Our findings reveal that even the unmodified
version of the Magic Formula outperforms the benchmark substantially, generating approximately
1.7 times higher returns over the study period. These results are particularly notable given that
the test universe consists of large, liquid, and relatively low-risk firms. The evidence suggests
that extending the strategy to broader indices such as the NIFTY 250 or NIFTY 500 could
yield even stronger results, underscoring the potential of systematic value-based approaches in
Indian equity markets
Cluster analysis of the furniture industry and agribusiness in Bulgaria: Innovation potential, challenges, and development opportunities
Get PDFThe report analyses the innovation potential of Bulgaria's furniture industry and agribusiness through a cluster approach, emphasizing regional disparities and challenges. The results indicate that the furniture industry suffers from low investment in innovation and limited digitization, while agribusiness faces low productivity and regional imbalances despite its steady growth. Leading regions (Ruse, Gabrovo, Dobrich, Yambol) demonstrate high economic activity and innovation development. National policies in the sector should focus on increasing investments in new technologies, promoting balanced regional development, and enhancing cluster coordination to improve competitiveness and sustainability in both sectors
Interrupciones laborales y cuidados infantiles: Resultados con técnicas de Machine Learning
Get PDFEste trabajo investiga los factores que predicen las interrupciones laborales de corta duración debidas al cuidado infantil, un mecanismo diario que subyace a la ‘penalización por hijos’ en el mercado laboral. Utilizando datos de la American Time Use Survey (ATUS) para el periodo 2010-2019, se aplica una metodología innovadora que combina el Análisis de Supervivencia con técnicas de Machine Learning, como los Bosques Aleatorios de Supervivencia. Se propone una nueva tipología de interrupciones (‘puras’ y ‘mixtas’) para capturar con mayor precisión el conflicto trabajo-familia. Los resultados revelan que los predictores más potentes del riesgo de interrupción son la edad del hijo menor y el género del progenitor, superando a variables económicas como los ingresos. Se identifica una ‘paradoja del privilegio’, donde un mayor nivel educativo y de ingresos se asocia con un mayor riesgo de interrupción, fenómeno explicado por la combinación de un estilo de ‘crianza intensiva’ y la mayor autonomía de los ‘trabajos codiciosos’. Los principales resultados arrojan que el riesgo de interrupción diario está determinado principalmente por factores sociodemográficos y normas de género, más que por consideraciones puramente económicas, ofreciendo una micro fundamentación empírica a la persistente brecha de género
Financial specialization, bank opacity, and the structure of credit markets
Get PDFFinancial specialization shapes the impact of financial institutions on the real economy. We study the determinants and real sector consequences of banks’ specialization in an economy where banks’ access to liquidity depends on investors’ information on the quality of banks’ assets. When choosing their sectoral specialization, banks trade off the benefits of sectoral expertise on borrowers’ investments with the incentive to maintain opacity on shocks to loan portfolios. The model generates a distribution of banks by size and specialization in which small banks specialize more, and lend to more informationally opaque firms, than larger banks. We show that regulations that promote financial disclosure enhance banks’ specialization, increasing welfare, while bank size regulations can distort banks’ specialization downward. The predictions of the model are consistent with evidence from granular matched bank-firm data from Peru
Limits of Knowledge Spillovers: Why Developing Economies Struggle to Catch Up
Get PDFWe examine the role of knowledge spillovers in shaping economic growth in developing countries, with a focus on their limitations in promoting convergence with advanced economies. Extending Romer (1986) and the North–South model, we construct a theoretical model in which government-funded knowledge accumulation drives long-run growth, while developing countries benefit from costless technology diffusion from advanced economies. Within this framework, we derive steady states for each economy and analyze how policy choices—such as taxation, savings, and technology protection—affect the growth trajectory of both economies through the spillovers. We then test the model’s predictions, setting the United States as the technological frontier. The analysis utilizes fixed-effects regression and incorporates foreign direct investment inflows and imports from the U.S. as proxies for openness to spillovers. Our results suggest that knowledge spillovers alone are insufficient for convergence, requiring substantial domestic investment by developing countries. This highlights the structural challenges these countries face in catching up to advanced economies. Additionally, technology protection ensures the long-term economic dominance of developed countries, but only when paired with significant domestic investment. Finally, we empirically demonstrate a complementary relationship between openness and technological disparity in determining the magnitude of spillovers, lending further support to our findings
سیاست های ساختاری، تجربه کشورها و ملاحظات اقتصاد سیاسی
Get PDFThis paper provides a comparative and analytical review of structural policies and structural reforms. It focuses on three interrelated dimensions: (1) the theoretical underpinnings and policy objectives of structural reforms (2) empirical evidence from country experiences with the design, sequencing, and implementation of structural reform packages; and (3) the political economy considerations that shape reform outcomes through cross-country comparative analysis, and synthesis of empirical findings to identify both the effectiveness and limitations of reform strategies.
The findings indicate that timing, and calibration of conditions critically influence the effectiveness and feasibility of reforms. Empirical evidence highlights that the impact of structural reforms on long-term growth is contingent upon their type, sequencing, and packaging—comprehensive reform programs that combine institutional strengthening, human capital investment, and targeted social protection tend to achieve more sustainable outcomes. The importance of social acceptance, transparency, and public communication. Without compensatory mechanisms and credible strategies, reforms remain unsuccessful. Effective reform design requires clear prioritization, careful sequencing, and embedding reforms within broader strategies for inclusive development
Socioeconomic Determinants and Tuberculosis Burden: A Panel Data Analysis of Indonesian Provinces
Get PDFThe threat of tuberculosis (TB) persists globally, with 10 million individuals affected by the disease in 2018, resulting in 1.5 million deaths. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), Indonesia ranks third in the world for TB cases. It is estimated that 845,000 individuals in Indonesia were afflicted with TB, yet only 68 percent of these cases were identified and treated in 2018. This study evaluated the impact of socioeconomic factors on the prevalence of TB in 34 Indonesian provinces from to 2005-2018 period. The findings indicate that demographic factors, such as population size, population density, and number of impoverished individuals, are positively and significantly correlated with the incidence of TB. Conversely, GRDP per capita, the number of healthcare workers, and literacy rates were negatively and significantly correlated with the incidence of TB. From the findings of this study, it can be concluded that population factors have influenced the increasing number of TB cases in Indonesia. Therefore, controlling population growth, high population density, and poverty must be the government’s focus to reduce new TB cases through family planning programs, transmigration programs to areas with low population density, and increased social assistance for the poor and vulnerable to improve their standard of living. Furthermore, the health infrastructure budget must be increased, the economy must remain competitive and secure, and investment in human capital must be continuously increased
Оценка взаимосвязи критического импорта и промышленного развития региона на основе пространственного анализа панельных данных
Get PDFУсиливающиеся санкционные рестрикциии внешнего порядка и последующие за ними логистические разрывы в поставках импорта формируют риски устойчивого развития национальной и региональных экономических систем РФ. В этой связи крайне важной задачей становится разработка адаптированных моделей исследования перспектив экономического развития в условиях новой зарождающейся макроэкономической повестки. Целью работы является разработка методических подходов к идентификации критически значимых товарных номенклатур, импортируемых из-за рубежа, и разработка моделей, определяющих их влияние на перспективы промышленного развития регионов. В качестве гипотезы принимается допущение о существенном уровне влияния критического импорта регионов на устойчивость их развития в условиях санкционного давления. По результатам проведенного исследования выделены главные компоненты, определяющие содержательную среду и концептуальную основу для идентификации критического импорта региона; разработан методический инструментарий пространственного анализа взаимосвязи между критически значимыми товарными номенклатурами и экономическим ростом региональных экономических систем в условиях внешних ограничений. Установлено, применительно к регионам Приволжского федерального округа, что для моделирования зависимости объемов промышленного производства от объемов критического импорта (к которому была отнесена в рамках предложенного методического инструментария 21 товарная номенклатура) в наибольшей степени статистически значимо уравнение модели пространственных эффектов со случайными эффектами (RE). Доказано, что снижение поставок валового критического импорта на 1 млн. рублей способствует замедлению объемов промышленного производства в исследуемой региональной группе на 750 тыс. руб.
The increasing sanctions restrictions of the external order and the subsequent logistical gaps in the supply of imports pose risks to the sustainable development of the national and regional economic systems of the Russian Federation. In this regard, the development of adapted models for studying the prospects of economic development in the context of a new emerging macroeconomic agenda becomes an extremely important task. The aim of the work is to develop methodological approaches to the identification of critically important commodity nomenclatures imported from abroad, and to develop models that determine their impact on the prospects of industrial development of the regions. As a hypothesis, the assumption is made about the significant level of influence of critical imports of regions on the sustainability of their development under the conditions of sanctions pressure. Based on the results of the study, the main components that determine the content environment and the conceptual framework for identifying critical imports of the region are identified.; A methodological toolkit has been developed for spatial analysis of the relationship between critically important commodity nomenclatures and the economic growth of regional economic systems under external constraints
Unearthing potential in Malawi’s bamboo industry
Get PDFMalawi currently sits on an enormous bamboo industry capable of transforming the social and economic fabric of the nation. The bamboo industry would address the acute shortage of desks in public schools and beds in the boarding schools. Import substitution in bicycles and umbrellas would save the meagre forex resources. There is also a lot of export potential which could earn the scarce foreign currency exchange to contain the cost-push inflation as Malawi is a predominantly importing nation. There is however no political will to tap funds from international green financing schemes. Technical and vocational training education does not support this industry. The conservationists need to appreciate it. The time to act is now