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The profession of veterinary nurse
Full text linkDen här uppsatsen inleder med en förklaring till hur det idag ser ut inom djurens hälso- och sjukvård med fokus på yrkesroller. Branschen har under de senaste åren genomgått förändringar, då behörigheter för olika yrkesroller har lagts till och förändrats. Idag finns två yrkesutbildningar som kan leda till legitimation som djursjukskötare eller veterinär. Det finns också möjlighet att arbeta inom djurens hälso- och sjukvård utan att tillhöra djurhälsopersonalen som djurvårdare på tre olika nivåer. I arbetet jämförs utbildning och arbetsuppgifter för leg. djursjukskötare med de tre nivåerna av djurvårdare. Resultatet visar att det är stora skillnader i utbildningarnas innehåll och längd. Skillnaden för vad en djurvårdare på nivå 3 och leg. djursjukskötare får utföra är i dagsläget inte så stora. Djurvårdare på nivå 3 får, precis som leg. djursjukskötare, ge både sederande läkemedel och läkemedel för narkos, samt intubera och extubera hund, katt och andra sällskapsdjur i samband med narkos Detta trots att utbildningen inom anestesi för en djurvårdare på nivå 3 motsvarar ungefär 5 % jämfört med en leg. djursjukskötares. Det som framför allt skiljer sig är att leg. djursjukskötare, men inte djurvårdare, får ge injektioner med vaccin, narkotiska
läkemedel, läkemedel för lokal bedövning, läkemedel för allmän bedövning, avlivningsvätska och cytostatika. En leg. djursjukskötare ska arbeta utifrån vetenskap och beprövad erfarenhet samt har en skyldighet att föra journal och kunna skriva intyg.
Den treåriga universitetsutbildningen inkluderar även kurser med innehåll såsom rådgivning,kommunikation, arbetsledning, ekonomi, professionellt förhållningssätt, djurskydd, smittskydd och arbetarskydd med mål att förse den leg. djursjukskötaren med färdighet och förmåga att ge adekvat vård och behandling. Vidare förs resonemang angående leg. djursjukskötares yrkesroll och vad de bidrar till, då det i djursjukskötarprogrammet ingår att inom djuromvårdnadsområdet kunna göra bedömningar med hänsyn till relevanta vetenskapliga, samhälleliga och etiska aspekter.This essay begins with an explanation of the current situation of animal healthcare, focusing on professional roles. In recent years, the industry has undergone changes, as the authorizations for various professional roles have been added and modified. Today, there are two vocational university programs that can lead to registered as a veterinary nurse or veterinarian. It is also possible to work in animal healthcare without being part of the registered veterinary staff, as a veterinary care assistant at three diverse levels.
This essay compares the education and duties of registered veterinary nurses with those of the three levels of veterinary care assistants. The results show significant differences in the content and duration of their training. However, the practical differences between what a level 3 veterinary care assistant and a registered veterinary nurse are allowed to perform are currently not that divergent. Level 3 veterinary care assistants are, like registered veterinary nurses, allowed to administer both sedative drugs and anaesthetic drugs, as well as perform intubation and extubation of dogs, cats, and other companion animals in connection with anaesthesia. This is even though the anaesthesia training for a level 3 veterinary care assistant is only about 5% of that for a licensed veterinary nurse.
What primarily sets them apart is that only registered veterinary nurses are allowed to administer injections of vaccines, narcotic drugs, local anaesthetics, general anaesthetics, euthanasia solutions, and cytostatic. The veterinary nurse’s license includes the requirement to work based on scientific knowledge and proven experience, to maintain medical records, and to be able to issue certificates.
The three-year university education also includes courses covering topics such as counselling, communication, leadership, economics, professional conduct, animal welfare, infection control, and occupational safety, with the goal of equipping veterinary nurses with the skills and competence to provide adequate care and treatment. Furthermore, the essay discusses the professional role of registered veterinary nurses and their contributions, as the Veterinary Nursing Program includes training in assessing animal care based on relevant scientific, societal, and ethical considerations
Investigation of Calcium Silicate Solubility in Various Aqueous Media
Full text linkCalcium silicate (CaSiO₃) is a potential source of calcium and silicon for both agricultural and cosmetic applications, but its limited solubility in water poses a challenge for practical use. This study investigated dissolution behavior of calcium silicate in different aqueous environments: pure water, NPK fertilizer solution, and citric acid-containing systems. Solubility was assessed through measurements of total and free calcium concentrations using ICP-OES and ion-selective electrode (ISE), along with pH, TGA, SEM-EDS, and XRD analyses to characterize solid residues.
Results confirmed very low solubility in water, with a sharp increase in pH and rapid saturation of free Ca²⁺ ions. In NPK solutions, calcium silicate partially dissolved but showed signs of secondary precipitation, likely due to interactions with phosphate. The addition of citric acid significantly improved calcium ion availability, particularly at a concentration of 0.035%, which maintained higher levels of free Ca²⁺ without excessive complexation. Solid-state analysis showed that crystalline residues remained at higher dosages, while low concentrations favored amorphous or partially reacted phases.
Overall, the findings suggest that citric acid could be an effective additive to improve calcium silicate solubility and bioavailability in nutrient formulations but needs further investigation and also comparison with other co-solvents. This work provides insight into optimizing calcium silicate use in controlled-release systems
Drainage distance and lime filter on clay soil in Västmanland : effects on flow, yield and transport of phosphorus and nitrogen
Full text linkJordbruket står för en stor del av transporten av näringsämnen till sjöar och hav, där den skapar problem med övergödning. En del av denna transport beror på täckdikning, som har potentialen att öka belastningen av kväve (N) och fosfor (P). Dränering är och andra sidan en viktig del av jordbrukets produktion och klimatsäkring inför framtiden. Dränering förbättrar markstruktur, minskar risken för ytavrinning och ökar skördar. Den uppskattade summan för klimatanpassning av dräneringen i Sverige är totalt 25 miljarder Skr. Det är med andra ord viktigt att välja ett system som uppfyller de positiva effekterna av täckdikning, men samtidigt minska potentiell utlakning av näringsämnen. Syftet med denna studie är att med resultat från ett långliggande dräneringsförsök besvara hur olika dikesavstånd och dikesmaterial påverkar skörd och transport av näringsämnena N och P, på en lerjord i Västmanland. I försöket finns fyra behandlingar totalt med tre upprepningar per behandling. Behandlingarna är A) Befintligt tegelrör från 1920-talet utan filter och 10 meter dikesavstånd. B) Ny dräneringsslang med grusfilter och 10 meter dikesavstånd. C) Ny dräneringsslang med grusfilter och 5 meter dikesavstånd. D) Ny dräneringsslang med grusfilter och strukturkalk blandad återfyllning och 10 meter dikesavstånd. Flödet uppmättes från försöksrutorna och var fjortonde dag togs ett vattenprov ut för att bedöma koncentrationerna. Dessa värden användes för att beräkna belastningen. Näringsläckage minskade generellt med ett lägre flöde och ett kortare dikningsavstånd resulterade i ett lägre flöde. Kalkfilterdike minskade förluster av P de flesta försöksåren i jämförelse med system utan kalkfilterdike. Skillnaden mellan behandlingar var dock endast signifikanta (p˂0,05) de första två försöksåren och endast för P utlakning mellan det gamla tegelrörsystemet (kontrollen) och det nya täckdikningssystemen. Skörden ökade i nya täckdikningssystem, men ej signifikant mellan olika dikningsavstånd eller med kalkfilterdike.Agriculture stands for a large part of the nutrient loads reaching lakes and seas, causing eutrophication. Part of this transport of nutrients is due to subsurface drainage, which has the potential of increasing loads of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P). Drainage is however also an important part in an effective food production and a security for future climate change. It improves soil structure, reduces risk of surface runoff and increases yields. The estimation of cost for a climate adaptation of drainage in Sweden is in total 25 billion Skr. It is in other words important to select a system of subsurface drainage that will keep the positive effects, while still reducing potential loss of nutrients. This study aimed to, with results from a long-term drainage trial, answer how different drainage distances and materials affect yield and flow of the nutrients N and P, on a clay soil situated in Västmanland.. The trial has four treatments in total with tree replicates each. The treatments are A) Original tile drainage from 1920, no filter and 10 meter distance between lines. B) New drainage using plastic lines with 10 meter distance and gravel filter. C) New drainage using plastic lines with 5 meter distance and gravel filter. D) New drainage using plastic lines with 10 meter distance and gravel filter and lime-filter. It was found that nutrient loss generally was reduced by a lesser flow and that a shorter distance between drains gave a lower flow. Lime-filters resulted in a lower loss of P and often an increase in N. Lime-filters did reduce P loss most years compared to a system without. The differences between treatments were however only significant (p<0.05) for the first two years of the study period and then only for P
and between the old system (control) and the new systems. Yields did increase with new systems but did not significantly differ between drain distance or with lime-filter
Care of wild hedgehogs : from clinic to rehabilitation
No full textDen europeiska igelkotten (Erinaceus europaeus) är ”nära hotad” i Sverige sedan 2020 eftersom
de har minskat i antal. Urbaniseringen har ändrat igelkottens föredragna miljö vilket gör att skador
direkt relaterade till mänsklig aktivitet har ökat.
För att hjälpa skadade igelkottar behöver veterinärkliniker och rehabilitationscenter samarbeta.
Eftersom igelkottar är ett vilt djur finns det lagar och regler som måste tas i beaktning:
veterinärkliniker som inte har tillstånd för att rehabilitera vilda djur får endast ha dem under 48
timmar och måste därför anpassa sig och kommunicera med viltrehabiliterare för att säkerställa att
igelkottar får den vård och rehabilitering som de behöver. Även den etiska biten av att hantera
vilda djur behöver tas i beaktning. Att vårda ett vilt djur kommer att innebära stress för djuret i
fråga. Därför är det viktigt att djurhälsopersonal och viltrehabiliterare väger den stressen som vård
innebär för djuret mot hur stor chansen är för överlevnad.
Intervjuer genomfördes där en djursjukskötare, en veterinär specialiserad på exotiska djur och
en rehabiliterare som rehabiliterar främst igelkottar tillfrågades om kommunikationen mellan
rehabiliteringsanläggningar och veterinärkliniker, omhändertagandet av igelkotten,
rekommenderad kost samt de vanligaste orsakerna till skada. En litteraturstudie genomfördes för
att jämföra respondenternas svar med aktuell litteratur.
Litteraturen överensstämde mestadels med vad som gjordes praktiskt men några svar skilde sig
åt beroende på hur mycket erfarenhet respondenterna hade. Den av respondenterna med minst
praktisk erfarenhet av att hantera igelkottar använde sig av ”skottkärrepositionen”, vilket de två
mer erfarna respondenterna inte gjorde. De ansåg att ”skottkärrepositionen” var för stressande för
igelkottar och antingen sövde de igelkotten inför undersökning och behandling, eller lät igelkotten
acklimatisera sig i ett särskilt rum avsett för att kunna undersöka igelkotten visuellt. Däremot var
respondenterna överens om att igelkotten är ett vilt djur som lätt blir stressat och som kräver
varsam hantering. Litteraturen var inte samstämmig angående användandet av
”skottkärrepositionen”. Vidare forskning om igelkottars stress vid hantering och vård behövs för
att klargöra hur igelkottar bäst tas om hand såväl på klinik som hos viltrehabiliterare.The European hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus) was declared near threatened in Sweden in 2020
as their numbers have progressively declined. Urbanization has changed the hedgehogs' habitat,
making them more prone to receiving wounds directly related to human activity.
In order to help wounded hedgehogs, veterinary clinics and rehabilitation centers must work
together. As hedgehogs are wild animals, there are certain laws that need taking into
consideration: veterinary clinics that are not registered rehabilitation rescues can only care for a
hedgehog for up to 48 hours and therefore must adapt and communicate with rehabilitation centers
in order to ensure that hedgehogs get the needed care and rehabilitation they need. The ethics of
handling wild animals must also be considered. To care for a wild animal will cause stress for the
animal in question. That is why it’s important for veterinary health care teams and wild life
rehabilitators to always measure the amount of stress caused in the animal that is being cared for
against the chance for successful treatment.
Interviews were conducted where a veterinary nurse, a veterinarian specialized in exotic
animals and a wild life rehabilitator rehabilitating almost exclusively hedgehogs were asked about
communication between rehabilitation facilities and veterinary clinics, clinical care of the
hedgehog, recommended food and the most commonly encountered conditions at their facilities. A
literature study was also conducted to compare the answers received by the professionals working
with hedgehogs with current literature on the similar themes that were taken up in the interviews.
The literature mostly coincided with what is done practically but a few answers differed
depending on the amount of experience with hedgehogs the practitioner had. The least experienced
of the interviewees used a technique called “wheel barrow position”, which the more experienced
interviewees did not. They considered “the wheelbarrow position” to be very stressful for
hedgehogs and instead they either heavily sedated or anesthetized the hedgehog before
examination or they put the hedgehog in a room where it could acclimatize and be examined
visually. What they agreed upon is that the hedgehog is a wild animal prone to stress that needs
careful handling. The literature was not conclusive regarding the use of “the wheelbarrow
position”. More studies should be conducted to ensure the best way to care for hedgehogs
During the Spring Floodings : The Conditions of the Torne Valley in Relation to Flooding and Climate Adaptation
Full text linkSyftet med arbetet är att undersöka hur lokal kunskap om översvämningar i Tornedalen kan förstås, tolkas och integreras i planeringsprocesser. Metoder för att möta klimatförändringar diskuteras på flera nivåer, lokalt, nationellt och internationellt, men i praktiken är det ofta otydligt hur lokal erfarenhet och traditionell kunskap faktiskt tas tillvara.
Arbetet utgår från ett teoretiskt ramverk som kombinerar Nature-Based Thinking (NBT), Policy Arrangement Approach (PAA) och Bacchis analysverktyg "What’s the Problem Represented to be?" (WPR). Tillsammans ger dessa perspektiv en möjlighet att förstå både formella strukturer, normer och de olika problemformuleringar som finns kring översvämningar. Studien bygger på en kvalitativ fallstudie med en aktörsanalys, dokumentstudie och intervjuer som grund. Resultatet visar att det finns stor kunskap om landskapet och översvämningar lo-kalt, men att denna sällan får genomslag i planeringen. Det finns olika uppfattningar om vad lokal kunskap innebär och hur den kan användas. Samtidigt pekar flera av de intervjuade på en vilja till förändring och behovet av bättre samverkan mellan kommuner, myndigheter och lo-kalsamhälle.The aim of this study is to explore how local knowledge about flooding in the Torne Valley can be understood, interpreted, and integrated into planning processes. While strategies for addressing climate change are widely discussed at local, national, and international levels, it often remains unclear how local experience and traditional knowledge are acknowledged and used in practice.
The study is based on a theoretical framework that combines Nature-Based Thinking (NBT), the Policy Arrangement Approach (PAA), and Bacchi’s analytical tool “What’s the Problem Represented to be?” (WPR). Together, these perspectives offer a way to understand both for-mal structures, norms, and the different problem representations that exist around flooding.The study uses a qualitative case study approach, drawing on actor analysis, document analysis, and interviews. The results show that there is extensive local knowledge about the landscape and flooding, but that it rarely influences formal planning. There are differing views on what local knowledge is and how it can be used. At the same time, several of the interviewees express a desire for change and a need for improved collaboration between municipalities, public au-thorities, and local communities
Reintroduction of European bison (Bison bonasus) in Sweden : how can the needs of the species be met?
No full textThe European bison is a large herbivore that became extinct in the wild 90 years ago. Its existence is still threatened, despite the fact that extensive conservation efforts have improved the status of the species. Several reintroductions have been made in countries around Europe, with mixed results. This study aims to investigate how a reintroduction in Sweden could best be implemented, with focus on the needs and behaviours of the European bison. This report describes what kind of risks that are associated with a reintroduction and how to prevent them, as well as how a reintroduction should proceed practically regarding for instance the habitat, the size of the area, number of individuals and composition of the herd.
Based on the literature research, the conclusion that a reintroduction could be beneficial for both the European bison as a species, and the biodiversity could be made. The habitat should include wood and grasslands with a sufficient food supply. It is important that the reintroduction area is large with an enough distance to roads and human settlements. This would minimize the risk of conflicts and accidents, as well as preventing fragmentation and barriers by a connected habitat. Hälleskogsbrännan, a nature reserve located in Västmanland, Sweden, is an example of an area suitable for reintroduction of European bison based on these criteria. After a completed reintroduction a detailed assessment should be made to determine whether the project has succeeded and what could possibly be revised
Behaviours in Amur tigers (Panthera tigris altaica) in two Swedish zoos : a behavioural study focusing on behavioural budget and stereotypical pacing
No full textAnimal welfare in zoos is a highly important subject since the individuals that live there acts as a reserve-population to the population in the wild. A high variety of natural behaviours performed by captive animals is one of the indicators used for measuring animal welfare. Another indicator that mostly points to a compromised welfare is the presence of stereotypic behaviours and at what rate they are shown. The most common stereotypic behaviour amongst large carnivores is pacing and unfortunately its’ occurrence amongst captive large felids is generally high.
The aim of this study was to map out behaviours shown by Amur tigers (Panthera tigris altaica) in two zoos in Sweden. The aim also was to detect if pacing occurred and in what rate. From the results collected in this study the aim was to investigate if the welfare of the individuals could be determined. Data was collected during six days of observations via focal animal sampling and continuous registration. Simultaneous observations were conducted by two observers distributed at both zoos.
The results in this study show a large range of behaviours presented by the tigers. It also shows that the tigers at Borås Zoo have a higher frequency overall, representing about two thirds of the total number of registrations. The behaviours with the highest mean value were ”walking” (24,11) followed by "standing/sitting" (16,59). Pacing was performed by every individual and occurred in mean value 2.31 every hour for all the tigers. The most pacing was seen by the tigers at Nordens Ark when comparing zoos and by the males when comparing sexes. That can likely be deduced to the female at Borås Zoo who only performed this behaviour two times, both within the same observation hour.
Regarding the welfare of the tigers in this study no definitive conclusions can be drawn from these results due to the small sample size. The results point to a low occurrence in pacing and a high variety of behaviours shown by the tigers and therefore point to a high level of welfare. Further research over a greater number of weeks with a wider observation span is needed for a statistically valid result. This study can be used as a pilot study or as inspiration to future projects involving animal welfare in large captive felids
Social behaviors of West African chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) depending on the type of enclosure
Full text linkThis study intended to answer whether chimpanzees’ social interactions and stereotypic grooming were affected by two different enclosure types: an outdoor enclosure and an indoor enclosure. Previous studies have shown that space and environment in enclosures can affect social interactions within groups of chimpanzees at zoos. Social interactions are essential for chimpanzees’ well-being and reproductive success. Understanding chimpanzees’ behavior in their housing environment enables the identification of their needs and, consequently, the future development of management strategies to promote good animal welfare. Five chimpanzees at Borås Zoo were observed over ten days to study their social interactions. The group, housed together with access to indoor and outdoor enclosures, was monitored using continuous behavior recording on frequency. The results showed that the chimpanzees exhibited more than half of their social interactions in the outdoor enclosure. The behaviors observed with the highest frequency were ”other social interactions (physical/non-physical)” and ”social play”. The behaviors with the lowest observed frequency were ”aggressive interactions”, ”submissive behavior”, and ”sexual interactions”. ”Aggressive interaction” was the only behavior observed with a higher frequency in the indoor enclosure. The study analyzed the relationship between the frequency of social interactions and morning and afternoon periods, but no clear correlation was found. No stereotypic grooming was observed during this study. An explanation for this could be the chimpanzees' short access to the outdoor enclosure before the study period. The access to a new environment could have been why the chimpanzees did not exhibit the stereotypic behavior. For future studies on stereotypic grooming, the author recommends that an observational study to be conducted during the winter, when the chimpanzees have no access to the outdoor enclosure. It was further concluded that the findings of this study can not be generalized to all chimpanzees, and more studies are required for results that can be reliably generalized
Generational shift within agriculture: : a sibling perspective on a successful implementation
No full textSverige har en lång tradition av jordbruk, men antalet jordbrukare har minskat med omkring 43 % under de senaste decennierna. Samtidigt har priserna på åkermark stigit med 39 % under de senaste tio åren. Denna utveckling har gjort det allt svårare för syskon att lösa ut varandra vid ett generationsskifte. I takt med att lantbrukarkåren blir äldre väntas många generationsskiften ske inom en snar framtid, vilket ökar behovet av ytterligare forskning på området. Generationsskiften inom lantbruk är komplexa, känslomässiga och tidskrävande processer som kräver tydlig kommunikation mellan alla inblandade. Den främsta utmaningen är ofta den höga finansieringen som krävs – både för att lösa ut syskon och den äldre generationen.
Studiens syfte är att undersöka vilka faktorer som enligt det syskon som valt att avstå från att ta över familjegården upplever påverkar ett lyckat generationsskifte. Studien avgränsas till lantbruksfastigheter med minst 100 hektar åkermark, där generationsskiftet skett under de senaste tio åren och endast ett syskon avstått från övertagandet. Studien bygger på en kvalitativ metod med induktiv ansats, där empiri samlats in genom semistrukturerade intervjuer.
Resultatet visar att fem faktorer är centrala för ett lyckat generationsskifte: att processen initieras i god tid, att de involverade parterna har en positiv inställning, att en opartisk revisor används, att det finns diversifierat kapital samt att syskonets behov beaktas. Dessa faktorer bidrar till att minska risken för konflikter och underlättar genomförandet av generationsskiftet.Sweden has a long tradition of agriculture, but the number of farmers has decreased by approximately 43% over the past few decades. At the same time, farmland prices have risen by 39% in the last ten years. This development has made it increasingly difficult for siblings to buy each other out during a generational shift. As the farming population continues to age, many generational transitions are expected to occur in the near future, highlighting the need for further research in this area. Generational shifts in agriculture are complex, emotional, and time-consuming processes that require clear communication among all parties involved. The main challenge is often the significant financing needed—both to buy out siblings and the older generation.
The purpose of this study is to investigate which factors are perceived to contribute to a successful generational shift, according to the sibling who chose not to take over the family farm. The study focuses on agricultural properties with at least 100 hectares of arable land, where the shift occurred within the last ten years, and only one sibling opted out of the takeover. The research is based on a qualitative method with an inductive approach, using semi-structured interviews to collect empirical data.
The results identify five key factors for a successful generational shift: initiating the process in a timely manner, maintaining a positive attitude among participants, involving an impartial auditor, ensuring diversified capital, and acknowledging the needs of the sibling who steps aside. These factors help minimize the risk of conflict and facilitate the overall process of the generational transition
To highlight urban natural environments in an agricultural landscape : a deep dive in Sege å as an example of how municipalities can work with EU:s naturerestoration law
No full textDenna studie undersöker möjligheten att arbeta med EU:s naturrestaureringsförordning i ett tätortsnära jordbrukslandskap, med fokus på den konceptuella utvecklingen längs Sege å i Svedala kommun. Syftet är att formulera vägledande planeringsprinciper som integrerar
ekologiska restaureringsmål med sociala värden och praktisk kommunal planering. Studien identifierar centrala landskapskaraktärer och formulerar principer för restaurering och platsutveckling. Studien utgår från teorier om naturbaserat tänkande, grön infrastruktur,
naturkontakt och deltagandebaserad planering. Metoden kombinerar platsanalys med kvalitativa metoder, inklusive platsbesök och "walk and talk"-intervjuer.
Resultaten visar att landskap med konkurrerande markanvändningsintressen, såsom jordbruk,
rekreation och naturvård, har potential för framgångsrik naturrestaurering. Förutsättningen är dock en integrerad, tvärsektionell och platsbaserad planeringsprocess med aktivt lokalt deltagande.
Slutsatsen är att de vägledande planeringsprinciperna kan utgöra ett ramverk för svenska kommuner som ska arbeta med naturrestaurering och samtidigt vill främja invånarnas tillgång till natur. Tillämpningen kräver tydliga riktlinjer och noggrann hantering av motstridiga mål för att effektivt balansera ekologiska och sociala behov.This study explores the potential for implementing the EU Nature Restoration Law in a peri-urban agricultural landscape, with a focus on conceptual development along the Sege River in Svedala Municipality. The aim is to formulate guiding planning principles that integrate ecological restoration goals with social values and practical municipal planning. The study identifies key landscape characteristics and develops principles for restoration and
place development. The study draws on theories of nature-based thinking, green infrastructure, nature contact, and participatory planning. The methodology combines site
analysis with qualitative methods, including site visits and "walk and talk" interviews.
The findings indicate that landscapes characterized by competing interests, such as agriculture, recreation, and nature conservation, have significant potential for successful ecological restoration - provided that an integrated, interdisciplinary, and place-based
planning process with active local community involvement is employed. The study identifies specific landscape characteristics and formulates principles to guide restoration and site development.
The conclusion is that the proposed guiding planning principles can serve as a framework for Swedish municipalities working with nature restoration while promoting residents' access to nature. Effective implementation requires clear guidelines and careful management of conflicting objectives in order to balance ecological and social needs