18101 research outputs found
Sort by
Multiple goal representation within voluntary set asides and natural disturbance-based ecosystem management
Full text linkTo mitigate landscape fragmentation, promote biodiversity and recreational values the Swedish forestry company Sveaskog created the concept of ecoparks. This thesis aims to evaluate if the current management system for forest planning reflects the ambition for increased nature conservation and ecosystem services. Data was collected and combined from the forestry plans of the ecoparks and compared to documented national interests of Sweden, thereby using the national interests as a proxy for potential multiple values within the ecoparks. The analysis suggests that these national interests and the multiple values and goals of the ecoparks are not effectively represented in the forest management plans, despite the ecoparks’ publicly communicated profiles emphasizing multifunctional values and land use. To address this lack of representation, a revised goal classification system was developed, based on natural disturbance dynamics in boreal forests. This framework potentially allows Sveaskog to more accurately represent the multiple values already present in its voluntary set-asides and could also be adapted for use in alternative forest management on private lands. The revised system offers a complementary, small-scale implementation pathway to enhance current forest planning with a voluntary, multifunctional perspective. In this way the revised system is a more flexible tool for alternative forest management planning and further illustrates the multiple values of forests
Beteskravets betydelse för svenska mjölkbönder : en kvalitativ studie om lönsamhet, djurhälsa och självbestämmande
Full text linkSyftet med denna studie är att undersöka hur svenska mjölkbönder förhåller sig till ett eventuellt slopande av det lagstadgade beteskravet för lakterande mjölkkor, samt vilka ekonomiska och praktiska konsekvenser detta skulle kunna få för deras verksamhet. Studien bygger på två kvalitativa intervjuer med mjölkbönder inom samma geografiska beteszon och har analyserats med hjälp av kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Det teoretiska ramverket utgörs av självbestämmandeteorin, modeller för marknadsstruktur (monopolistisk och perfekt konkurrens) samt utbuds- och efterfrågemodellen.
Resultatet visar att flera bönder efterfrågar större självbestämmande i hur betesdriften ska genomföras, då nuvarande lag upplevs som stelbent och svår att anpassa till olika gårdars förutsättningar. Ekonomiska kostnader kopplade till betesdrift lyfts som ett hinder, särskilt för större besättningar. Samtidigt uttrycks oro för att konsumenternas förtroende för svensk mjölk kan minska om beteskravet tas bort, vilket skulle kunna påverka efterfrågan negativt. Vissa respondenter nämner även djurhälsoproblem som juverinflammationer och viktnedgång under betessäsongen, särskilt hos högproducerande raser som Holstein.
Studien visar på en målkonflikt mellan effektiv produktion och bevarande av konsumentförtroende och djurvälfärd. En möjlig väg framåt kan vara att ersätta ett generellt krav med gårdsanpassade lösningar och ekonomiska incitament för frivillig betesgång. Då urvalet är begränsat till två intervjuer inom ett geografiskt område, föreslås vidare forskning med större urval och regional spridning.This study aims to explore how Swedish dairy farmers view a potential repeal of the mandatory grazing requirement for lactating dairy cows, and what economic and practical consequences such a policy change might have for their operations. The research is based on two qualitative interviews conducted within the same grazing zone in Sweden and analyzed through qualitative content analysis. The theoretical framework includes self-determination theory, models of market structure (monopolistic and perfect competition), and the supply and demand model.
The results indicate that some farmers seek greater autonomy in how grazing is managed, as the current legislation is perceived as rigid and difficult to adapt to individual farm conditions. The economic costs associated with grazing were highlighted as a burden, particularly for larger herds. At the same time, there was concern that consumer trust in Swedish milk may decline if the grazing requirement is removed, potentially leading to reduced demand. Both respondents also mentioned animal health concerns during the grazing season, including mastitis and weight loss, especially in high-yielding breeds such as Holsteins.
The study reveals a conflict between efficient production and the maintenance of consumer trust and animal welfare. A possible path forward could involve replacing the general requirement with farm-specific solutions and economic incentives for voluntary grazing. Given the limited sample size—two interviews within one region—further research with a broader and more geographically diverse sample is recommended
The influence of release style on rider balance and adaptability during jumping
Full text linkThe rider’s seat and position play a crucial role in influencing the horse and its movement, especially in jumping, where the rider must remain balanced and adapted throughout the jump. An important aspect of this is the release, which refers to how the rider adjusts their upper body and arm position to follow the horse’s motion without disturbing its balance. Previous research has shown that different types of release can affect both rider and horse balance in diverse ways, but objective measurements quantifying these effects on the rider are lacking. It remains unclear how hand position and the execution of the release impact the rider’s stability, balance and adaptability during the jump. The aim of this study was to investigate how different types of release and hand positioning affect the rider’s balance and adaptability during jumping, using two research questions: How does the position of the hands affect the rider’s balance and stability over the jump? What differences in adaptability can be observed between different types of release? Six riders performed jumps on a mechanical horse under three different conditions: automatic release, short release, and with hands on hips. Using the mechanical horse and a smart shirt equipped with IMU sensors, data on arm movements, trunk inclination, and the body’s centre of mass was collected. In addition, each jump was evaluated by an experienced riding instructor. The results showed that the type of release has a great impact on the rider’s movement pattern. Automatic release generally resulted in softer rein contact and more dynamic suppleness but could also lead to excessive upper body movement if the seat was not stable from the beginning. Short release often caused higher rein forces and greater variation in arm movements, which could hinder adaptability but also improve direction and control in certain cases. Hands on hips was proved particularly effective for some riders, as the influence of the arms was eliminated and the rider instead stabilized using the trunk and pelvis, which in some cases resulted in a more centered and harmonious seat. The study shows that a well-coordinated release is crucial for an adapted and balanced jumping motion. The measurement methods enabled objective analysis of seat dynamics. The use of a mechanical horse provided controlled and standardized conditions. Future research should include real horses and additional sensors to improve transferability to real-life riding. The results are relevant for both performance development and animal welfare in equestrian sports, as more adaptable riders reduce the strain on the horse. The conclusion of this study is that the type of release and hand positioning clearly influence the rider’s balance and adaptability over the jump. Automatic release was proved most effective in promoting stability, even rein contact, and dynamic suppleness, while short release and hands on hips produced greater variations depending on the rider’s technique and body control. The results emphasize the importance of a release that allows adaptability without compromising stability, which is crucial for both the rider’s performance and the horse’s freedom of movement.Ryttarens sits och position har en avgörande betydelse för inverkan på hästen och dess rörelser, särskilt inom hoppning där ryttaren behöver vara följsam och i balans genom hela språnget. En viktig aspekt av detta är eftergiften, som innebär hur ryttaren anpassar sin överkropp och armföring för att följa hästens rörelse utan att störa dess balans. Tidigare forskning har visat att olika typer av eftergift kan påverka både ryttarens och hästens balans, men det saknas objektiva mätningar som kvantifierar dessa effekter specifikt hos ryttaren. Framför allt är det oklart hur handens placering och eftergiftens utförande påverkar ryttarens stabilitet och följsamhet genom språnget. Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka hur olika typer av eftergift och handens placering påverkar ryttarens balans och följsamhet vid hoppning med hjälp av två frågeställningar; Hur påverkar handens placering ryttarens balans och stabilitet över språnget? Vilka skillnader finns i följsamheten mellan olika typer av eftergift? Sex ryttare genomförde språng på en mekanisk häst under tre olika förhållanden: automatisk eftergift, kort eftergift och med handen placerad på höften. Med hjälp av den mekaniska hästen och en smart-tröja utrustad med IMU-sensorer registrerades data från armarnas rörelser, bålens lutning samt kroppens medelpunkt. Dessutom utvärderades varje språng av en erfaren ridlärare. Resultaten visade att eftergiftstypen har betydande påverkan på ryttarens rörelsemönster. Automatisk eftergift gav generellt en mjukare tygelkontakt och mer dynamisk följsamhet, men kunde också leda till överdriven rörelse i överkroppen om grundsitsen inte var stabil. Kort eftergift skapade i de flesta fall högre tygelkrafter och större variation i armrörelser, vilket kunde försvåra följsamheten, men samtidigt förbättra riktningen och kontrollen i vissa fall. Handen placerad på höften visade sig särskilt effektiv för vissa ryttare, då armarnas inverkan eliminerades och ryttaren i stället stabiliserade sig med bål och bäcken, vilket hos en del resulterade i en mer centrerad och harmonisk sits. Studien visar att en välkoordinerad eftergift är avgörande för en följsam och balanserad rörelse genom språnget. Mätmetoderna möjliggjorde objektiv analys av sitsens dynamik och användningen av en mekanisk häst gav kontrollerade och standardiserade förutsättningar. Framtida forskning bör inkludera bland annat verkliga hästar och fler sensorer för att förbättra överförbarheten till verklig ridning. Resultaten har betydelse för både prestationsutveckling och djurvälfärd inom ridsporten, då mer följsamma ryttare minskar belastningen på hästen. Denna studies slutsats är att typen av eftergift och handens placering har en tydlig inverkan på ryttarens balans och följsamhet över språnget. Automatisk eftergift visade sig mest effektiv för att främja stabilitet, jämn tygelkontakt och dynamisk följsamhet, medan kort eftergift och hand på höft gav upphov till större variationer, beroende på ryttarens teknik och kroppskontroll. Resultaten understryker vikten av en eftergift som möjliggör följsamhet utan att kompromissa med stabiliteten och balansen, vilket är avgörande både för ryttarens prestation och hästens rörelsefrihet
Riders perspectives on riding with bits and bitless bridles
Full text linkSyftet med denna studie har varit att undersöka ryttares upplevelser av att rida med bett jämfört med bettlöst träns (sidepull), med fokus på kommunikation, hjälpgivning, hästens beteende och ryttarens subjektiva erfarenheter.
Studien hade en kvantitativ del baserad på enkäter och en kvalitativ del baserad på fokusgruppsintervjuer, båda delarna genomförda med ryttare som hade provat båda typerna av utrustning. Studien genomfördes på fyra ridskolor vid två tillfällen. Fyra ryttare red samma fyra hästar vid varje tillfälle med både bett och med bettlöst (sidepull). Efter varje ritt fick ryttarna skatta sin upplevelse, i en enkät, på en skala 0–10 utifrån om hästen var avslappnad, lyhörd och om ryttaren hade tygelkontakt, tygelkontakt vid övergångar samt kontroll. Efter avslutad dag genomfördes även en gruppintervju med ryttarna. Enkätresultatet har sammanställts med medelvärde, standardavvikelse samt för jämförelse mellan grupper ett t-test och för jämförelse inom ekipage ett parat T-test. För att identifiera mönster i intervjumaterialet har innehållsanalys använts.
Resultatet från enkätstudien visade att skillnaden i den upplevda känslan var signifikant högre med bett jämfört med sidepull gällande lyhördhet, tygelkontakt och tygelövergångar. Den upplevda känslan i förändringen mellan övergång från att rida med bett till att rida med sidepull gav inga signifikanta skillnader. Resultaten från fokusintervjuerna är i flera fall är dubbeltydiga. Övergången från bett till bettlöst uppfattades av ryttarna som utmanande men också utvecklande, kommunikationen blev mindre exakt och styrningen krävde mer av deras inverkan och sits vid ridning med bettlöst träns. Det noterades en initial känsla av minskad kontroll och precision, men även att hästarna kändes mer avslappnade och mjuka i kontakten.
Sammantaget visade resultaten på att ryttare upplever en bättre känsla vid ridning med bett än med sidepull, särskilt vad gäller lyhördhet, tygelkontakt samt tygelkontakt i övergångar. Övergången till bettlöst upplevs som utmanande men också utvecklande, där precisionen minskar något samtidigt som hästarna ofta känns mer avslappnade.The aim of this study was to explore riders’ experiences of riding with a bit compared to a bitless bridle (sidepull), with a particular focus on communication, aid-giving, horse behavior, and the rider’s subjective perception. The study included a quantitative component based on questionnaires and a qualitative component based on focus group interviews, both conducted with riders who had tried both types of equipment. The study was carried out at four riding schools on two separate occasions. Four riders rode the same four horses on each occasion, both with a bit and with a bitless bridle (sidepull). After each ride, the riders rated their experience on a 0–10 scale in a questionnaire, assessing whether the horse was relaxed, responsive, and whether the rider had rein contact, rein contact during transitions, and control. At the end of each day, a group interview was also conducted with the riders.
The questionnaire results were analyzed using mean values, standard deviation, and for comparison between groups a t-test and, within a rider-horse combination a paired t-tests. To identify patterns in the interview material, content analysis was applied.
The results from the questionnaire study showed that the perceived feeling was significantly higher with a bit compared to the sidepull in terms of responsiveness, rein contact, and rein contact during transitions. The perceived change when switching from riding with a bit to riding with a sidepull showed no significant differences. The results from the focus group interviews were, in several cases, ambivalent. The transition from bit to bitless was perceived by the riders as challenging but also developing; communication became less precise, and steering required greater use of rider’s aids and seat when riding with the bitless bridle. An initial sense of reduced control and precision was noted, but riders also reported that the horses felt more relaxed and softer in the contact.
Overall, the results indicate that riders experience a better feeling when riding with a bit than with a sidepull, particularly regarding responsiveness, rein contact, and rein contact during transitions. The transition to bitless is perceived as challenging but also as a valuable learning experience, where precision is somewhat reduced while the horses often feel more relaxed
Artificial intelligence in livestock production : animal welfare and legal barriers
Full text linkDetta examensarbete undersöker varför artificiell intelligens (AI) ännu inte är fullt ut
implementerat i animalieproduktionen, trots att teknologin visat tydlig potential inom flera andra
branscher, såsom transport, sjukvård och industriell automation. Inom animalieproduktionen
skulle AI kunna bidra till ökad djurövervakning, förbättrad resurseffektivitet och tidigare upptäckt
av sjukdomsförlopp. Trots detta har införandet av AI på gårdsnivå varit långsamt. Syftet med
studien är att identifiera och analysera juridiska och djurvälfärdsrelaterade hinder som påverkar
införandet av AI-baserade system i lantbrukets praktiska tillämpning. Särskilt fokus har lagts vid
EU:s AI-förordning (2024/1689), Dataförordningen (2023/2854) samt relevanta delar av svensk
lagstiftning och vetenskaplig litteratur inom djurvälfärd, teknik och policy.
Metodiken utgår från en kvalitativ litteraturanalys där vetenskapliga artiklar, rapporter från
myndigheter, EU-lagstiftning och tidigare etiska ramverk har granskats. En fiktiv fallanalys
användes som verktyg för att sätta resultaten i en lantbrukspraktisk kontext. Generativ AI
användes som hjälpmedel för att tolka komplex lagtext och stödja struktureringen av
referenshantering. Resultaten visar att AI-teknikens potential är betydande, men implementeringen
hämmas av flera faktorer: rättsliga gråzoner kring dataägande, osäker ansvarsfördelning, bristande
interoperabilitet mellan olika tekniska system, otydlig riskklassificering av AI-produkter samt
avsaknaden av en gemensam och tillämpbar definition av djurvälfärd i teknisk utveckling.
Diskussionen visar att det inte främst är den tekniska kapaciteten som är begränsningen, utan
snarare otillräcklig anpassning av regelverk, avtal och etiska riktlinjer. Det är avgörande att
principen om mänsklig kontroll, Human-in-the-loop (HITL), säkerställs för att AI inte ska ersätta
det mänskliga omdömet vid beslut som rör djurens hälsa och välbefinnande. Studien pekar också
på behovet av förbättrad transparens, krav på loggning i högrisk-AI samt möjlighet till
återanvändning av data. För att AI ska kunna införas på ett ansvarsfullt och djurvälfärdsfrämjande
sätt krävs ett tydligare juridiskt ramverk, praktiskt användarstöd för lantbrukare, och
branschövergripande standardisering av tekniska lösningar.This thesis investigates why artificial intelligence (AI) has not yet been widely implemented in
livestock production, despite its demonstrated benefits in other sectors such as transport,
healthcare, and manufacturing. In agriculture, AI holds the potential to enhance animal
monitoring, increase efficiency, and enable early detection of disease. However, adoption remains
limited at the farm level. The aim of this study is to identify and analyse the legal and animal
welfare-related barriers that hinder the practical implementation of AI-based systems in livestock
farming. Special focus is placed on the EU AI Act (2024/1689), the Data Act (2023/2854),
relevant Swedish regulations, and current research in animal welfare, policy, and digital
technologies.
The method is based on a qualitative literature review involving scientific publications,
government reports, EU legislation, and ethical frameworks. A fictional case was used to
contextualise theoretical findings and simulate real-world applications. Generative AI tools were
employed to support legal interpretation and reference organisation. The results show that
although AI has strong potential for production optimisation, animal health monitoring, and
decision support, implementation is slowed by legal uncertainty around data ownership, unclear
distribution of liability, lack of interoperability between systems, difficulties in risk classification
of AI products, and the absence of a shared operational definition of animal welfare in the context
of AI design.
The discussion reveals that technological limitations are not the main obstacle; rather, the
issues lie in insufficient regulation, weak contractual clarity, and underdeveloped ethical oversight.
Ensuring the Human-in-the-loop (HITL) principle is essential for upholding ethical responsibility
and legal accountability, particularly in decisions affecting animal health and welfare. The study
also highlights the need for transparency in AI systems, mandatory logging for high-risk
applications, and clearer rights for data reuse. Responsible and welfare-focused AI implementation
in livestock production will require harmonised legislation, improved user guidance for farmers,
and cross-sectoral standardisation of digital infrastructures
The impact of the EU plastic waste export ban on EU exports to OECD, relative to other trade flows : a gravity model analysis of bilateral trade patterns (2017-2023)
Full text linkThis paper investigates the effects of the European Union’s 2021 ban on plastic waste exports to
non-OECD countries. Using bilateral trade data from 2017 to 2023, this study applies a Poisson-Psuedo Maximum Likelihood (PPML) estimator to with various sets of fixed effects to capture the causal effect of the ban. EU exporters, OECD importers, and the post-2021 period capture the regulation’s differential impact. Results suggest a modest, statistically insignificant adjustment in EU exports to OECD countries relative to pre-2021 trade and non-EU exporters, indicating limited redirection of flows under the ban. Standard gravity variables, such as distance and GDP, exhibit expected effects, supporting model robustness. These findings provide nuanced evidence on the trade effects of environmental regulation, illustrating that while the EU ban may shift trade patterns toward OECD countries, the overall impact on bilateral flows is subtle. The study contributes to the literature on environmental trade policies and the evaluation of transboundary waste regulations, offering insights for both researchers and policymakers
Practicing yoga and caring for nature : how yoga practitioners relate to the self, the natural environment and planet Earth
Full text linkModern lifestyles have increasingly disconnected people from nature, contributing to ecological degradation and mental health challenges. Holistic practices like yoga may represent a pathway for addressing the human-nature detachment by raising self-awareness and a deeper connection to the natural world. This study investigated the relationship between yoga practice, nature connection and pro-environmental attitudes employing a mixed-methods approach. Three experienced yoga practitioners participated in semi-structured interviews, and a total of 28 participants completed a questionnaire measuring yoga practice, nature connection, eco-spiritual values and ecological attitudes. Interviews examined whether yoga is associated with participants’ connection and attitudes toward the natural world, while the questionnaire provided quantitative insights into these relationships.
Interpretative phenomenological analysis revealed four main themes: nature as a space for mindful awareness, yoga as a transformative journey, yoga’s role in reconnecting with nature and self and, the influence of yoga and nature on environmental attitudes. Quantitative analyses showed that practicing yoga outdoors was positively associated with nature connection, eco-spiritual values and pro-environmental attitudes, emphasizing the importance of context in yoga practice. Notably, a strong correlation between nature connectedness and eco-spirituality values suggested that emotional and spiritual bonds with nature are closely linked, with a spiritual dimension appearing essential for authentic connection.
These findings suggest that yoga, particularly when practiced in natural settings, may support reconnection with both self and the environment. Although outdoor practice was less common, those who engaged in it described deeper emotional and spiritual experiences, highlighting the potential of natural settings to enhance yoga’s transformative impact
Torvmarks restaurering i Västerbotten, Sverige : en undersökning av vegetations sammansättningen som bedömer effekterna av restaurering
Full text linkIt is estimated that approximately 1.5 million hectares of peatlands in Sweden have been drained to benefit forestry. Ditching affects the hydrology of peatlands, driving the surface peat to become drier by lowering the water table, which diminishes the provided ecosystem services and natural vegetation composition. Peatlands are crucial ecosystems for nature-based solutions to combat climate change. Boreal and subarctic peatlands cover only a small percentage of the earth´s surface but store almost one-third of the earth’s carbon. Peatlands are also meaningful because they give rise to ecosystem services and a diversity of life forms. Conducting ecological restoration could effectively cease the loss of biodiversity in degraded ecosystems. Restoring degraded peatlands might be one way to tackle both climate change and biodiversity loss. However, certain dynamics of peatland restorations are still unexplored. Further research is needed to improve restoration effectiveness and knowledge of how the vegetation composition is affected by restoration. This study aims to examine the early effects of peatland restoration and its impact on vegetation composition in northern Sweden on mire and swamp forest sites. Floristic inventories were collected across ten sites in Västerbottem, Sweden, from the 5th of June until the 5th of July 2024. Each site was divided into three separate treatments: restored, drained and pristine. The analysis revealed that peatland restoration in northern Sweden, at least in the short term, might increase the presence of typical wetland species and decrease the presence of forest species in mires. This is positive since the recovery of peatland ecosystems is recognised by a decline in species typical to unrestored conditions. Additionally, a difference in species richness between the treatments across swamp forests and mires was observed. Vegetation composition also differed between the majority of treatments across swamp forests and mires, whereas the investigated environmental variables had a small effect on the explained variance. Further research is needed to be done on nutrient availability and restoration success when selecting sites for restoration efforts. With more knowledge, it might be possible to improve the restoration effort and thus increase biodiversity in restored peatlands
Territoriality and movement dynamics of Scandinavian wolves (Canis lupus)
Full text linkTerritorial behaviour in wolves (Canis lupus) plays a central role in shaping social dynamics, resource access, and population structure. Although wolf packs are typically territorial, spatial overlap between neighbouring territories does occur. Understanding the drivers of these overlaps provides insight into wolf social organisation, resource competition, inter-pack conflict risk, and individual movement between packs, factors that collectively influence broader population dynamics.
This study investigates spatial overlap among neighbouring wolf territories in Scandinavia using GPS collar data, genetic relatedness, and spatial modelling. I applied Generalized Additive Models (GAMs) to model the size of spatial overlap (km²) between territorial pairs as a function of several covariates: (1) normalized difference in territory size, (2) dyadic social status (scent-marking pair vs. family group combinations), (3) genetic relatedness between alpha males and between alpha females, and (4) time since territory establishment. These covariates were selected based on ecological relevance and were derived from long-term monitoring data and pedigree records.
Spatial overlap was best predicted by territory size differences, dyadic social status, and female genetic relatedness. Overlap increased with greater disparity in territory size and was higher between scent-marking pairs compared to family groups. Female relatedness showed a non-linear effect; overlap increased with initial relatedness but declined beyond a threshold. Male relatedness had no notable effect.
Complementary Generalized Linear Mixed Models (GLMMs) were used to assess how wolves used different territorial zones (core, peripheral, overlap). These models revealed that wolves generally spent less time in overlap zones, with scent-marking pairs using these areas more than family groups. Additionally, territory age (defined as years since establishment) was negatively associated with overlap use, suggesting that older territories exhibit greater spatial stability and reduced inter-pack intrusion.
Together, these findings highlight the importance of social structure, territorial history, and genetic relationships in shaping spatial interactions among wolf packs. Understanding these drivers is essential for interpreting wolf space use in multi-use landscapes and has consequences for the management including monitoring of the population
Remediation of an anoxic arsenic-contaminated site with zero valent iron (ZVI) : evaluation of a field study and subsequent mobility experiments with sulfidized ZVI
Full text linkArsenic (As) is a toxic metalloid that can lead to serious health effects. Based on promising lab results, microscale and nanoscale zero valent iron (mZVI and nZVI) were injected into an anoxic As-contaminated site in Sweden as a remediation effort. However, monitoring showed a limited effect on groundwater As concentrations. For this study, we took groundwater and soil samples, along with x-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) measurements, to determine why the pilot test was mostly unsuccessful. Aggregation upon injection was the main cause of poor performance for mZVI: there were concentrated high levels of solid-phase Fe and visible black clumps in soil cores. As a result, mZVI had no impact on groundwater conditions. On the other hand, nZVI showed an impact on groundwater conditions at one sample point. At this point, the nZVI had a better distribution than mZVI, but was limited to upper layers of the aquifer, and did not have a large-scale impact. Additionally, after 2 years in the field it had not fully corroded—up to 38% of Fe(0) remained in some areas. Groundwater conditions were more reducing than expected, leading to As(III), the more toxic and mobile species of As, dominating over As(V) in the groundwater at all sites, further limiting As immobilization. Immobilization mechanisms were very different compared to previous lab studies, with sulfur (S) playing a bigger role than expected, as monothioarsenate, orpiment, realgar, and arsenopyrite were present. Sulfidized mZVI (S-mZVI) has been shown to be more mobile than unmodified ZVI, so follow-up short-term column experiments were conducted at varying flow speeds with sediment material from this field site to determine feasibility for future implementation. Overall, recovery rates (of <2% for all flow rates) were not promising. Subsequent modeling with HYDRUS-1D, however, showed evidence of heavy blocking (when the binding of particles to a collector limits the binding of subsequent particles), a property which could be beneficial for field distribution of S-mZVI. This study shows the limitations of transferring successful lab tests to the field. It also indicates that ZVI, regardless of size, is not an effective remediation strategy for As at this site, where heterogeneous ZVI distribution and very reducing conditions are strong limiting factors. S-mZVI, however, could be a promising remediation strategy in the field, despite recovery rates in the lab