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Validation of water content estimates and modeling of relationships with deep soil moisture
No full textMarkpackning utgör ett betydande hot mot jordbrukets produktivitet, eftersom den påverkar rotutveckling, vatteninfiltration och näringsupptag. Markens vattenhalt spelar en avgörande roll för att bestämma risken för packning. Denna studie fokuserar på att validera satellitbaserade estimat av markens vattenhalt från Planet Lab, som används inom Compaction Prevention System (CPS) för att bedöma packningsrisker. Grunddatan från Planet Lab har en upplösning på 1 km x 1 km och skalas ned med hjälp av en modell baserad på Sentinel-2-data för att uppnå en högre rumslig upplösning. Studien analyserar hur väl dessa estimat överensstämmer med fältmätningar och undersöker statistiskt sambandet mellan ytlig och djupare vattenhalt i marken.
Data samlades in från jordbruksfält med varierande jordtexturer och vegetation under hösten 2024. Satellitestimaten validerades mot vattenhaltsmätningar vid ytan, och olika metoder användes för att analysera felmått och dataöverensstämmelse. Statistiska modeller utvecklades för att undersöka sambandet mellan vattenhalten vid ytan och vid ett djup på 30–40 cm. Modelleringen baserades på variabler såsom textur (lera, silt, sand och mull), topografi (höjd över havet och lutning), biomassa (från fältmätningar och biomassaindex) och meteorologiska data (från SMHI).
Resultaten visar att dygnsmedelvärdet av satellitdata överensstämmer väl med fältmätningarna, vilket tyder på att grunddatan från Planet Lab är tillförlitlig. Däremot uppstår större avvikelser på enskilda punkter, vilket tyder på att nedskalningsmodellen inte fungerar i svenska förhållanden. Därför går det inte att använda PlanetLabs som en tillförlitlig källa på vattenhalt på jordbruksmark i Sverige.
En annan möjlig felkälla är att fältmätningarna bygger på vägpunktprover, där enstaka mätningar används för att representera hela 1 km x 1 km-rutor. Eftersom markvattenhalten kan variera avsevärt inom en sådan yta, kan detta bidra till osäkerheter i valideringen. För att förbättra noggrannheten skulle fler mätpunkter per ruta behövas.
Statistiska analyser visar också att sandhalt och ytvattenhalt hade en signifikant påverkan på vattenhalten i djupare jordlager (30–40 cm). Studien belyser därmed fjärranalysens potential för att uppskatta markens vattenhalt och bidra till utvecklingen av mer robusta verktyg för att förbättra riskbedömningar av markpackning. För att öka precisionen i framtida prediktioner kan det vara nödvändigt att kalibrera nedskalningsmodellen specifikt för svenska förhållanden och komplettera valideringen med fler markbaserade mätpunkter.Soil compaction poses a significant threat to agricultural productivity as it affects root development, water infiltration, and nutrient uptake. Soil moisture plays a crucial role in determining the risk of compaction. This study focuses on validating satellite-based soil moisture estimates from Planet Lab, which are used within the Compaction Prevention System (CPS) to assess compaction risks. The base data from Planet Lab has a 1 km x 1 km resolution, and this data is downscaled using a model based on Sentinel-2 data to achieve higher spatial resolution. The study analyzes how well these estimates align with field measurements and examines the statistical relationship between surface and deeper soil moisture.
Data were collected from agricultural fields with varying soil textures and vegetation during the autumn of 2024. Satellite estimates were validated against surface soil moisture measurements, and various methods were employed to analyze error metrics and data consistency. Statistical models were developed to investigate the relationship between surface soil moisture and moisture at a depth of 30–40 cm. The modeling was based on variables such as texture (clay, silt, sand, and organic matter), topography (elevation and slope), biomass (from field measurements and biomass indices), and meteorological data (from SMHI).
The results show that the daily mean values of satellite data align well with field measurements, indicating that the base data from Planet Lab is reliable. However, larger deviations at individual points suggest that the downscaling model may be a significant source of error. Since the daily mean values match, but local variations are not well captured, it indicates that downscaling from 1 km x 1 km to a higher resolution may be insufficient for Swedish conditions. Therefore, PlanetLabs cannot be used as a reliable source for soil moisture data on agricultural land in Sweden.
Another potential source of error is that field measurements are based on point samples, where single measurements are used to represent an entire 1 km x 1 km grid cell. Since soil moisture can vary considerably within such an area, this could contribute to uncertainties in the validation. To improve accuracy, additional sampling points per grid cell would be needed.
Statistical analyses also show that sand content and surface soil moisture significantly impacted soil moisture in deeper layers (30–40 cm). This study highlights the potential of remote sensing for estimating soil moisture and contributing to the development of more robust tools for improving soil compaction risk assessments. To increase the precision of future predictions, it may be necessary to calibrate the downscaling model specifically for Swedish conditions and complement validation with more ground-based measurement points
Angled : a design proposal that creates opportunities for place-making at Norra entrétorget supported by temporary landscape architecture
Get PDFSlakthusområdet i Stockholms södra stadsdel Johanneshov har sedan år 2011 varit under omvandling som en del av stadsbyggnadsprojektet Söderstaden, initierat av dåvarande politiker. Området ska utvecklas från ett industriområde med storskaliga slakterier till en levande urban stadsdel med bland annat nya bostäder, kontor, parker och restauranger. Den urbana omvandlingen kommer att ske över en längre tidsperiod och genomföras i olika byggnadsetapper. Trots den urbana omvandlingen förblir både befintliga och nya verksamheter aktiva. Mot denna bakgrund har Stockholms Stad identifierat ett behov av att utveckla aktiva och tillfälliga platser i Slakthusområdet under byggtiden fram tills stadsbyggnadsprojektet står färdigt. En av dessa identifierade platser är Norra entrétorget.
Norra entrétorget är i sitt nuvarande skick en bortglömd och intetsägande entré till Slakthusområdet, utan signalvärde och entréfokus. Syftet med detta arbete är att utforma ett temporärt och platsaktiverande gestaltningsförslag för Norra entrétorget. Att grafiskt förklara och beskriva hur designelement och temporär landskapsarkitektur kan bidra till att aktivera platsen och uppmuntra till social interaktion under stadsbyggnadsprojektets byggtid.
För att kunna besvara frågeställningarna och skapa lösningar på gestaltningsproblemet användes gestaltning som arbetsmetod. Gestaltningsarbetet delas upp faserna pre-design, design och post-design. Resultatet av gestaltningsarbetet är ett platsaktiverande gestaltningsförslag med stöd i temporär landskapsarkitektur för Norra entrétorget. Arbetet fokuserar på fyra huvudområden; platsaktivering, temporär landskapsarkitektur, designelement och social interaktion.
Gestaltningsförslaget "Vinklat" beskriver hur Norra entrétorget kan utvecklas för att skapa en användarvänlig, intresseväckande och aktiv nordlig entré till Slakthusområdet. Förslaget inkluderar fyra huvudelement av temporär landskapsarkitektur; neontak, konstväggar, sittytor och urban grönska. De tillfälliga installationerna har som mål att bidra till att aktivera torget under en begränsad tidsperiod tills att torget fått sin permanenta utformning.
Arbetet bidrar till ökad förståelse och kunskap hur strategin platsaktivering kan implementeras i offentliga rum med stöd i designelement och temporär landskapsarkitektur. Gestaltningsförslaget bidrar med inspiration till hur ett oanvända och nedgånget torg kan utvecklas till en aktiv, intresseväckande och kreativ plats.Since 2011, Slakthusområdet in Johanneshov, a southern district of Stockholm, has been undergoing transformation as part of the urban development project Söderstaden, initiated by local politicians of the time. The area is set to evolve from an industrial zone with large-scale slaughter industry into a vibrant urban district with inter alia new housing, offices, parks, and restaurants. This urban transformation will take place over an extended period and will be divided into various construction phases. Despite the ongoing changes, both existing and new businesses remain active. In this context, the City of Stockholm’s Planning Department has identified the need to create active and temporary spaces in the area during the construction period until the urban development project is completed. One of these identified spaces is Norra entrétorget.
Currently, Norra entrétorget is a forgotten and uninspiring gateway to Slakthusområdet, lacking a clear signal value or focus as an entrance. The purpose of this work is to design a temporary and place-making proposal for Norra entrétorget. This includes graphically explaining and describing how design elements and temporary landscape architecture can contribute to activating the space and encouraging social interaction during the urban development project's construction period.
To answer the research questions and address the design problem, a design process was used as the working method. The design process is divided into the phases of pre-design, design, and post-design. The result of the design process is a place-making proposal based on temporary landscape architecture for Norra entrétorget. The work focuses on four main areas: place-making, temporary landscape architecture, design elements, and social interaction.
The design proposal "Vinklat" describes how Norra entrétorget can be developed into a user-friendly, engaging, and active northern entrance to Slakthusområdet. The proposal includes four main elements of temporary landscape architecture: a neon roof, art walls, seating areas, and urban greenery. The purpose of the temporary installations is to activate the square for a limited period until the square receives its permanent design.
The work contributes to increased understanding and knowledge of how the strategy of place-making can be implemented in public spaces through design elements and temporary landscape architecture. The design proposal provides inspiration on how an unused and neglected square can be transformed into an active, engaging, and creative space
Utfall av ett timmermaximerat skogsbruk : En jämförelse med Sveriges vanligaste skogsbruk, trakthyggesbruk
Get PDFSweden has an intense debate about sustainable forestry today. To find the balance between the three pillars social, economic and ecological value is a conflict which permeates the forest sector together with different stakeholders. The production of forest raw material needs to increase to make it possible to substitute fossil-based products meanwhile as the carbon storage strengthens.
Today’s forestry indicates todays it is oriented towards pulpwood while research shows that the timber volume will decrease in the near future. Despite this, the forest companies emphasize their contribution to sustainable development and their focus on long-lived products.
A comparative study, between even-aged production forestry, the traditional sweden forestry and a forestry were all the focus is on produce timber is therefore substantially. With data from The Swedish National Inventory as well as modelling in Heureka PlanWise, this has been investigated and evaluated. The result showed that a Timber maximazed forestry with the ability to a lot more care alternatives than just todays even-aged production forestry both increase the timber share, but also net income and carbon storage. This strengthens that the forestry today is more pulpwood oriented than how the forest companies emphasize their self
Begagnade lantbruksmaskiners ekonomiska bärighet
Get PDFAs agricultural margins tighten, farmers are considering strategies to minimize costs to create a greater revenue, one being optimizing machinery costs (Zwilling 2021). Niléhn (2023:1) discusses the significant price development on agricultural equipment, where the prices have increased 30-50% from 2020 to 2023. It would therefore presumably be more cost-effective to utilize used agricultural equipment, none where however written on the subject. The aim of this study was therefore to identify the economic viability of used agriculture machinery as part of a cost-effective equipment strategy in a Swedish context.
The study approached the aim by conducting machinery cost calculations on seven different common agricultural machines found on a grain farm of roughly 300 hectares. The calculations were conducted on the individual machines, and as part of a machinery system. When compared, the system with the older machines gave a lower annual cost than the new. The cost minimized system did, however, contain a combination of new and old machinery, notably older tractors and combines and newer implements.
The results did prove the economic viability of older agricultural equipment as part of a cost-effective equipment strategy. The results are however, based on contextual variables as interest rates and grain prices that may change over time, which may alter the outcome
CSRD implementation in Sweden : a qualitative study of how Swedish companies in finance, manufacturing, and consulting adapt to the EU’s new sustainability directive
Get PDFDetta examensarbete undersöker hur svenska företag inom tre olika branscher – finans, tillverkning samt revision och konsult – arbetar med implementeringen av EU:s nya hållbarhetsdirektiv, Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive (CSRD). Direktivet ersätter det tidigare NFRD och syftar till att öka transparens, jämförbarhet och ansvarstagande inom företags hållbarhetsrapportering. En central aspekt i CSRD är kravet på dubbel väsentlighet, vilket innebär att företag både ska redovisa sin påverkan på omvärlden samt hur hållbarhetsrelaterade faktorer påverkar företagets ekonomi.
Studien baseras på en kvalitativ metod med semistrukturerade intervjuer och analyseras med hjälp av den institutionella teorins tre pelare: den regulativa, normativa och kognitiva. Resultaten visar att även om regelverket är likadant för alla företag, skiljer sig implementeringen avsevärt beroende på branschspecifika förutsättningar såsom värdekedjornas komplexitet, interna resurser och externa förväntningar. Finans- och konsultbranschen upplever ett större yttre tryck från investerare och kunder, medan tillverkningsindustrin främst brottas med praktiska utmaningar i spårbarhet och datainsamling.
Slutsatsen är att CSRD inte enbart innebär juridisk anpassning utan även kräver organisatorisk förändring, där företagskultur, normer och branschpraxis spelar en avgörande roll för hur framgångsrik implementeringen blir.This thesis examines how Swedish companies in three sectors – finance, manufacturing, and auditing/consulting – are implementing the European Union’s new sustainability directive, the Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive (CSRD). The directive replaces the former NFRD and aims to increase transparency, comparability, and accountability in corporate sustainability reporting. A central element of CSRD is the requirement of double materiality, meaning that companies must report both their impact on the environment and society, and how sustainability-related factors affect their financial performance.
The study applies a qualitative method using semi-structured interviews and is analyzed through the three pillars of institutional theory: regulative, normative, and cognitive. The findings show that although the directive is the same for all companies, its implementation differs significantly depending on sector-specific conditions such as value chain complexity, internal resources, and external stakeholder expectations. The finance and consulting sectors experience greater external pressure from investors and clients, while the manufacturing sector primarily struggles with practical challenges such as traceability and data collection.
The conclusion is that CSRD requires not only legal compliance but also organizational transformation, where company culture, norms, and industry practices play a key role in how successfully the directive is implemented
Contributions of allotments to food security and urban resilience
Get PDFAs having possibilities for local food production and storage is known to foster food security in urban settings, this thesis explored contributions of an allotment site in Hamburg, Germany, to food security and urban resilience. For this, the following two research questions were formulated: What are the legal structures governing the use of allotments in Hamburg, Germany on food security and urban resilience and how are they perceived? And how does an allotment garden in Hamburg, Germany contribute to the food security of its members and to urban resilience? To answer these, a systematic review of policy documents and semi-structured interviews with eight allotment gardeners were carried out. This thesis identified 17 governance documents for allotments in Hamburg across different levels. In these, German allotments are positioned in way that eliminates challenges community gardens often face in the US and, but the recognition given to allotments fails to acknowledge the full scope and multitude of ES produced by allotments. The interviews revealed that gardeners had an increased food availability, awareness of food sources, utilization of fresher and higher-quality produce, and practices like preserving surplus food. They further showed that allotments contribute to urban resilience through several mechanisms aligned with resilient ES management principles, where diversity and redundancy are maintained, reinforcing and dampening feedbacks are actively managed, and learning and experimentation are enabled. Also, gardeners were aware of the governing documents that directly mention allotments, appreciated specific regulations, and voiced only three changes to the regulations imposed on allotment gardening
Forests at the front
Get PDFThe environmental impacts of armed conflicts is often a matter that is overlooked both during and after conflicts. This has been the case historically and continues to be the case in modern conflicts such as the Russian invasion of Ukraine. Environmental impacts of modern conflicts, however, when put in the context of ever-increasing and increasingly pressing global environmental challenges, require extra care through strengthened governance frameworks. However, literature has shown the general lack of applicability of international legal frameworks pertaining to the matter. Therefore, analysing national-level environmental governance highlights what gaps could be more realistically tackled.
The research of this thesis is conducted at the hand of interviews with relevant stakeholders and literature research. It gives an overview of Ukrainian environmental governance responses to challenges facing forests in Ukraine resulting from the Russo-Ukrainian conflict. This is done first by giving context to the matter through an overview of the primary challenges facing Ukrainian forests. First, I highlight issues primarily relating to littering of explosives in forested areas, forest fires, illegal logging, and contamination of soil and groundwater. Next, a review of Ukrainian governance responses to these challenges is given, underlining the difficulties caused by the simplification of logging procedures, a lack of cooperation between stakeholders, and a lack of standardized environmental impact assessment methodology, among others. This is followed by a series of suggestions given for improving the existing governance framework
What is Alternative Forest Management?
Get PDFForests are facing an increasing number of challenges from human activities, including projected
increases in wood consumption. Growing demands for forest-based products are driven by
technological advances and the conceptualisation of forests as a sustainable resource. In response,
novel approaches to forest management have emerged in recent decades, often based on divergent
rationales and ideologies. Among these, Alternative Forest Management (AFM) is frequently
mentioned in both scientific literature and practice. Its meaning and application remain inconsistent
and therefore difficult to apply in science and policy. The central objective of this study is to
scrutinise AFM, in a conceptual sense, by examining its utilisation and underlying motivations in
scientific publications. The study addresses four research questions: (1) Is Alternative Forest
Management (AFM) understood and used as a concept in scientific literature, (2) What forest
management practices are categorized under AFM in scientific literature over the past decades, (3)
How is AFM associated with different scientific disciplines, and what is its geographic distribution
in global research, and (4) What are the motivations influencing the introduction of AFM? To
answer these questions, a systematic literature review was conducted using two major bibliographic
databases. The investigation applies different theoretical entry points to dissect AFM. The results
demonstrate that, while the term 'AFM' is frequently mentioned in the literature, approximately only
10% of the literature refer to AFM as concept. AFM functions as an umbrella term for different
forest management practices, especially Continuous Cover Forestry (CCF). AFM appears mainly in
studies focusing on the boreal regions with some mentions in the global south. The motivations
behind the use of AFM are consistently linked to addressing a plurality of forest-related goals, needs
and values. This study shows that AFM is not only a practical term, but also an evolving scientific
concept that reflects the complexity of contemporary needs addressing forest management and the
necessity for multi-dimensional approaches
Observatoripark in Uppsala : identification of cultural-historical green values
Get PDFParker kan upplevas som självklara beståndsdelar i dagens samhälle, men det finns skillnader mellan olika parker. Vissa parker är mer betydelsefulla ur en kulturhistorisk synpunkt och kan därmed bli byggnadsminnesförklarade. Dessa parker kan bland annat förmedla kunskap om historiska epoker och människan är i behov av dessa berättelser för att tolka sin förflutna. Inom Uppsala kommun finns det 42 parker varav 27 tas upp i en sammanställning som anses vara intressanta ur ett kulturhistoriskt perspektiv. Observatorieparken däremot tas inte upp trots att parken är byggnadsminnesförklarad. Tillsynsansvaret för Observatorieparken ligger på Länsstyrelsen, men deras beskrivning redogör dock inte om parken skulle ha några kulturhistoriska värden. Syftet med arbetet är att ta reda på parkens historia, och att undersöka hur Observatorieparkens kulturmiljövärden kan inventeras och bedömas. Detta görs genom en sammanställning av parkens historia utifrån bland annat arkivstudier, ett platsbesök och genom att använda analysmetoden Kulturhistorisk bedömning av parker och grönområden – en metodutveckling. Resultatet visar att Observatorieparkens placering var ej slumpmässig. En anledning till parkens placering var tillgången till fast berggrund. Astronomiprofessorn Gustav Svanberg var aktiv i både planeringen och anläggningen av byggnaden och parken. Han nämner i sin bok några detaljer om parken, men en mer sammanfattad helhetsbeskrivning saknas i dagens läge. Ur analysen framkommer det att parken besitter en del olika värden som kan vara intressanta ur ett kulturhistoriskt perspektiv. Det finns därmed indikationer på att parken skulle kunna vara mer värd ur ett kulturhistoriskt perspektiv än vad Länsstyrelsen beskriver, dock skulle man behöva vara sakkunnig inom ämnet och utföra jämförelseanalyser för att kunna fastställa något sådant.Parks can feel like obvious components in today’s society, but there are differences between them. Some parks are more meaningful from a cultural and historical point of view, and can therefore be granted status as a cultural-historical building or environment. These parks can among other things tell stories about the past, and people need these stories. Within Uppsala County there are 42 parks of which 27 are brought up in a list as interesting in a culturally significant way, where Observatorieparken isn’t mentioned even though it is a cultural-historical environment. The supervisory responsibility for Observatorieparken is Länsstyrelsen, and according to Länsstyrelsen’s description the park does not has any cultural or historical significance. The objective of this thesis is to find out about the park’s history, and to research how Observatorieparken’s cultural environmental significance can be inventoried and assessed. This is done via a compendium of the park’s history according to archival studies, a site visit and by using the analyzing method “Kulturhistorisk bedömning av parker och grönområden – en metodutveckling”. The result shows that the placement of Observatorieparken wasn’t coincidental. The reason for the park’s location was the bedrock. The professor of astronomy Gustav Svanberg was active in both the planning and the realization of the buildings and the park. Svanberg gave some details about the park, but there lack a more summarized overall description of the park. It is evident in the analysis that the park possesses several valued objects that can be deemed as interesting from a cultural-historical perspective. Thereby there are indicators that the park could be more valuable from a cultural-historical perspective then what Länsstyrelsen describes
Place branding and urban development in a post-industrial city : lessons from the case of Landskrona
Get PDFI takt med att städer och regioner allt oftare konkurrerar om kapital, invånare och uppmärksamhet har platsvarumärket blivit ett centralt verktyg i dagens stadsutveckling. Särskilt i postindustriella kontexter där tidigare ekonomiska strukturer försvunnit har kommuner börjat använda sig av ett platsvarumärkesarbetet för att förbättra sin attraktionskraft och vända bilden av staden. Ett arbete som ofta sker i spänningsfältet mellan offentlig sektor och en marknadslogik där värden som inkludering, autenticitet och delaktighet ställs mot krav på konkurrenskraft, tillväxt och positiv image. Med fallet Landskrona är syftet med uppsatsen att undersöka hur Landskrona stad arbetar med sitt platsvarumärke och hur stadsutvecklingen påverkas av platsvarumärkesarbetet. Genom en kvalitativ fallstudie baserad på dokumentstudier och intervjuer med tjänstepersoner på Landskrona stad analyseras kommunens arbete med platsvarumärket. Uppsatsen sätter arbetet med platsvarumärket i relation till en bredare nyliberal samhällsutveckling där marknadsprinciper i ökande grad påverkar kommunens strategiska planering av platsvarumärket.
Resultatet åskådliggör att platsvarumärkesarbetet är komplext speciellt i ett kommunalt sammanhang. Platsvarumärket handlar inte enbart om symboler eller marknadsföring, det är också integrerat i den fysiska och sociala planeringen av Landskrona. Där platsvarumärket och stadsutvecklingen hänger ihop samt påverkar varandra. Slutligen identifieras flera lärdomar från Landskronas platsvarumärkesarbete, som visar sig inte vara fritt från utmaningar. Bland annat är platsvarumärket en katalysator för både positiva och negativa effekter vilket påverkar staden på olika sätt.As cities and regions increasingly compete for capital, inhabitants and attraction place branding has become a major strategy in modern urban development. Especially in postindustrial contexts where previous economic structures have disappeared, municipalities have started to use place branding to improve their attractiveness and turn the image of the city around. This work often takes place in the tension between the public sector and a market logic where values such as inclusion, authenticity and participation are set against demands for competitiveness, growth and a positive image. With the case of Landskrona the purpose of the thesis is to examine how the municipality works with their place brand and how urban development is affected by place branding. Through a qualitative case study based on document studies and interviews with officials at Landskrona stad the municipality's work with place branding is analysed. The thesis puts the work with place branding in relation to a broader neoliberal social development where market principles increasingly affect the municipality's strategic planning of place branding.
The results illustrate that place branding is complex especially in a municipal context. Place branding is not just about symbols or marketing it is also integrated into the spatial and social planning of Landskrona. Place branding and urban development are interrelated and affect each other. Finally, several lessons are identified from Landskrona's place branding which is not free from challenges. Among other things, place branding is a catalyst for both positive and negative effects which affect the city in different ways