Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences

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    Kväve i åldrande gröna tak

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    Gröna tak kan erbjuda ekosystemtjänster på annars outnyttjade ytor vilket kan vara fördelaktigt i städer om strävar efter förtätning. Gröna tak bildar ett ekosystem som är konstruerat av människan och det finns idag inte så mycket forskning på hur ekosystemtjänsterna förändras över tid och med olika typer av tak. Växtligheten är de som bidrar till att dessa ekosystemtjänster fungerar. Men växtligheten är samtidigt beroende av kväve för att inte tillväxten ska begränsas. Därför är det viktigt att studera hur kvävet i taken förändras över tid och för olika taktyper. Detta arbete har utförts som en del i ett pågående forskningsprojekt på SLU i Alnarp. Forskningsprojektet studerar ett antal gröna tak i Malmö och Helsingfors utifrån hur dess ekosystemtjänster förändras över tid. Detta arbete har fokuserat på att studera hur kvävehalt och kvävemängd i substraten förändras över tid och med olika taktyper vid gröna tak i Helsingfors. Men även att undersöka indikation på kvävefixering i mossan på de gröna taken. Slutsatser som kan dras av arbetet är att kvävet i substraten påverkas av taktyp och takålder. Där sedumtak tenderar förlora kväve med åldern och ängstakens kvävehalt ökar med åldern. Resultaten visar även att kvävet i sedumtaken påverkas av substratdjupet mer än vad ängstaken gör. Kvävehalt och kvävemängd ökade även med ökad organiskhalt i substraten oavsett taktyp. Att kvävehalten i ängstakens substrat ökar med åldern kan minska risk för kvävebrist och på lång sikt gynna växtligheten på taken, vilket i sin tur gynnar takens förutsättningar för att leverera de förväntade ekosystemtjänsterna. Slutsats kan även dras om att det fordras mer forskning om mossans roll på gröna tak och dess bidrag till kvävefixering.Green roofs can offer ecosystem services on otherwise unused surfaces, which can be beneficial in cities if they strive for densification. Green roofs form an ecosystem that is constructed by humans and there is currently not much research on how ecosystem services change over time and with different types of roofs. Vegetation is what contributes to the functioning of these ecosystem services. But at the same time, vegetation is dependent on nitrogen so that growth is not restricted. Therefore, it is important to study how the nitrogen in the green roofs changes over time and for different roof types. This work has been carried out as part of an ongoing research project at SLU in Alnarp. The research project studies a number of green roofs in Malmö and Helsinki based on how their ecosystem services change over time. This work has focused on studying how the nitrogen content and amount of nitrogen in the substrates change over time and with different roof types at green roofs in Helsinki. But also to investigate indication of nitrogen fixation in the moss on the green roofs. Conclusions that can be drawn from the work are that the nitrogen in the substrates is influenced by roof type and roof age. Where sedum roofs tend to lose nitrogen with age and the nitrogen content of meadow roofs increases with age. The results also show that the nitrogen in the sedum roofs is affected by the substrate depth more than the meadow roofs do. Nitrogen content and amount of nitrogen also increased with increased organic content in the substrates regardless of roof type. The fact that the nitrogen content in the meadow roof substrate increases with age can reduce the risk of nitrogen deficiency and in the long term benefit the vegetation on the roofs, which in turn benefits the roofs' conditions for delivering the expected ecosystem services. Conclusion can also be drawn that more research is needed on the role of moss on green roofs and its contribution to nitrogen fixation

    Forestry education and competition – an analysis of the student’s path to their final choice.

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    Förutsättningar för de skogliga utbildningarna har förändrats mycket bara de senaste åren. Utbudet av skogliga utbildningar har länge dominerats av endast tre program: Jägmästar-, Skogsmästar- och Skogsteknikerprogrammet. Flera nya aktörer har kommit in på marknaden för skogliga utbildningar och till hösten 2021 fanns det mer än sju olika skogliga program. Den nyaste förändringen är den reform som gjorts av Jägmästarprogrammet, som resulterat i tre nya kandidatprogram (Jägmästare u.å.). En annan ny aktör är även Linnéuniversitetet, som idag erbjuder ett Skogskandidatprogram som etablerades 2008 (Skogskandidatprogrammet startar hösten 2016 u.å.). Syftet med den här studien är därför att undersöka konkurrensläget mellan Skogmästarprogrammet och andra skogliga utbildningar, samt undersöka vilka som varit de mest avgörande faktorerna för studenterna vid valet av utbildning. Undersökningen innefattar följande utbildningsprogram: Skogsmästare, Skogligt Basår för blivande Skogsmästare, Skogstekniker, Skogskandidat, Skogsvetare, Skogsekonomi och Forest and Landscape. Syftet gör att denna studie är av intresse för alla undersökta institutioner, för att utvärdera sitt eget konkurrensläge och få bättre förståelse av sin egen studentgrupp. För att undersöka detta gjordes en enkät som skickades ut till respondenterna vid tre olika tillfällen. I enkäten fick respondenterna möjlighet att svara på frågor gällande bakgrundsfaktorer, direkt konkurrens och avgörande faktorer. Bakgrundsfaktorer innefattade aspekter som studenternas uppväxt, tidigare studier, historiken kring deras intresse för skog m.m. Direkt konkurrens baserades på om studenterna sökt alt. övervägt någon annan av de skogliga utbildningarna, och avgörande faktorer baserades på de aspekter som respondenterna ansåg var viktigast för deras val av utbildning, såsom utbildningens inriktning, studieortens goda rykte etc. I sammanställningen av resultatet lades Skogsmästare och Skogligt basår ihop under namnet Skogsmästarspåret. Resultatet visade att det starkaste konkurrensläget återfanns mellan Skogsmästar-spåret och Skogsvetare. Resultatet baserades på att denna grupp hade flertalet liknande bakgrundsfaktorer och att respondenter från Skogsvetare övervägt att studera vid Skogsmästarspåret och vice versa. Det konstaterades att den avgörande faktorn för att respondenterna ändå valde Skogsvetare var ”studieortens goda rykte”, i detta fall refererat till studieorten Umeå. Konkurrens påvisades även mellan Skogskandidat och Skogsmästarspåret, men kunde senare dementeras baserat på Skogkandidats nischade målgrupp som hade en högre medelålder, hög andel vårdnadshavare och värdesatte högst att inte behöva flytta. Konkurrens konstaterades mellan Skogsmästarspåret och Skogstekniker, men då i form av att Skogsmästarspåret var den största konkurrenten gentemot Skogstekniker och inte tvärtom. Avgörande faktorer var spridda mellan de olika utbildningarna, men en som rankades högt av alla undersökta utbildningar var ”Utbildningens innehåll och inriktning”.The conditions for the educations in forestry has drastically changed in the last couple of years. The market of forestry educations has gone from three dominating programs, Jägmästare-, Skogsmästare- and Skogstekniker- programme, to the stage of today where there are more than seven programs available. Many new actors of providing programs in forestry has entered the market. Some of the new programmes comes as a result of the recently laughed reform of the Jägmästar-programme that resulted in three new bachelor programmes in forestry (Jägmästare u.å.). One other new actor on the market of forestry education is Linné-university that provides the Skogskandidat- programme that was established in 2008 (Skogskandidatprogrammet startar hösten 2016 u.å.) The purpose of this examination is therefore to analyse the potential competition between Skogsmästar-programme and other forestry educations and also to evaluate the most important decisive factors for the students when choosing a forestry education. The survey include evaluation of seven different forestry programmes which is the following: Skogsmästare, Skoglig Basår for future Skogsmästare, Skogstekniker, Skogskandidat, Skogsvetare, Skogsekonomi and Forest and Landscape. The purpose of this study makes of interest not only for the Skogsmästar- institution but also for the institutions of the other programmes to singly evaluate their own standing point in the competition but also to get to know their students through an analysis of the most decisive factors. To evaluate this, a survey was made that was sent out three times. In the survey, the respondents were given the opportunity to answer questions about background factors, direct competition, and crucial factors. Background factors contained aspects regarding the students’ childhood, previous education, the history regarding their interest in forest etc. Direct competition was based on students applying to or consideration to study other forestry programs included in the study. The decisive factors were based on what aspect had the largest impact on their final choice of education, such as the focus of the programme, good reputation of the city where the education was conducted etc. To ease the interpretation of the results, the Skogsmästare and Skogligt Basår was combined to become one category named “Skogsmästarspåret”. The results showed that the strongest competitions existed between Skogsmästarspåret and Skogsvetare. The result was based on several similarities in the programmes background factors and that several respondents from Skogsvetare had considered to study in Skogsmästarspåret and vice versa. It was found that the crucial factor “Good reputation of the city where the education is conducted”, in this case referred to the city of Umeå, had a large impact on the final decision to study Skogsvetare instead of Skogsmästarspåret. Competition was also found between “Skogsmästarspåret” and Skogskandidat, but this could later be demented based on the highly niched student group of the Skogskandidat-programme. Competition was found between “Skogsmästarspåret” and Skogstekniker, but in that case in the opposite direction. Skogsmästarspåret was the largest competition against Skogstekniker and not the other way around. The result of decisive factors was widely spread between the different educations but one that was highly ranked in all the examined educations was” The programmes content and orientation/Specialization”

    Circular economy in the textile industry : a case study on the value of working with upcycling in the textile industry

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    Företagens ansvar inom hållbarhet är väldiskuterat i näringslivet såväl som i samhället. Regeringskansliet rapport om ansvar beskriver hur näringslivet kan främja arbetet inom hållbarhet med hjälp av verktyget Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). Ett annat sätt att arbeta med hållbart företagande är genom att använda cirkulära affärsmodeller. Den cirkulära affärsmodellens syfte är att man använder de resurser som redan har producerats och på så sätt skapa ett nytt värde. Det handlar främst om att hitta nya produktionsmöjligheter inom branscherna för att arbeta mer hållbart. Inom textilbranschen är återanvändning av textilavfall och återvinning två produktionsmetoder som syftar till att arbeta mer cirkulärt. I den här studien har syftet varit att analysera ett företag som använder en cirkulär affärsmodell i textilbranschen, samt att undersöka det värdeskapande som genereras för företag vid användandet av dessa cirkulära affärsmodeller och cirkulära produktionsmetoder. Studiens teoretiska ramverk har sin grund i företagsekonomin. För att förstå företagens perspektiv på ansvarstagande kommer studien därför att analysera företagets värdeskapande utifrån en teori om ansvarsnivåer och CSR. För att förstå hur företaget ser på konkurrensfördelar med att arbeta med återanvändning används den så kallade resursbaserade teorin. Med hjälp av studiens fallföretag Reuse Remade har författarna av denna studie gjort en kvalitativ studie och med hjälp av semistrukturerade intervjuer. Resultatet av den insamlade empirin har delats in i fyra globala teman: cirkulära produktionsmetoder, miljövärdet, ansvar och utmaningar. Genom det valda teoretiska ramverket och den insamlade empirin tolkar författarna av denna studie att det finns ett värdeskapande i att arbeta med ansvar och återanvändning av textilavfall. Vidare diskuterar författarna om det är är en konkurrensfördel att arbeta med återanvända textilier i en bransch som är designad för linjär produktion. Författarna av denna studie finner, genom analysen och diskussionen, inte att det finns starka argument för ett finansiellt värdeskapande, men att det finns ett stort icke-finansiellt värdeskapande genom att arbeta med textilavfall och den cirkulära produktionsmetoden upcycling.Sustainability is well-discussed in business and society. The Government Offices' report in Sweden when dealing on the subject of responsibility describes how business can integrate sustainability with the framework of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). Another perspective to frame sustainability in business is to create circular business models. This approaches companies to use resources, which have already been produced which create new products and value. Business models need to find new production methods to be able to integrate sustainability practices. In the textile industry, the resource of textile waste and recycling are two production methods aimed at working more circularly. In this study, the purpose is to analyze a company that uses a circular business model in the textile industry. Furthermore, the authors of these thesis will analyze the value creation generated by using these circular business models and circular production methods. The study's theoretical framework is based on business administration. To understand the companies' perspective on responsibility, the study will therefore analyze the company's value creation based on a theory of responsibility levels (CSR). To understand these perspectives on competitive advantages by working with reused textiles, the theory of resource-based is being applied. With the help of the company Reuse Remade and aided by semi structured interviews the authors of this study have conducted a qualitative study. The results of the collected empirical data have been divided into four global themes: circular production methods, environmental value, responsibility, and challenges. Through the chosen theoretical framework and the collected empirical data, the authors of this study interpret that there is value creation in working with responsibility and the reuse of textile waste. Furthermore, the authors discuss whether it is a competitive advantage to work with recycled textiles in an industry that is designed for linear production. The resulting findings are through the mediums of analysis and discussion that there are not only strong arguments for financial value creation, but that there is also a large non-financial value creation by working with textile waste and the circular production method of upcycling

    Användning av en Sperm-Hyaluronan bindningsanalys för utvärdering av spermiekvalitet i Dromedar-kameler

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    The objective of this study was to assess the potential of Hyaluronan Binding Assay (HBA) to predict freezability and fertilization capacity of dromedary camel spermatozoa, and to determine if conventional sperm quality parameters and precursor of A-Kinase Anchoring Protein 4 (proAKAP4) values correlate with HBA results. Two semen samples were collected from each of six male camels. In experiment 1, the samples were assessed fresh (fresh), pre-freezing (PF) and post-thawing at 0 h (PT0H), and post-thawing at 1.5 h (PT1.5H). HBA slides coated with molecular layer of hyaluronan were used together with a proAKAP4 biomarker-test to validate semen quality of fresh samples and PT0H. Total motility (TM), Progressive motility (PM), motility-related kinematics, morphological abnormalities (MA), vitality (VIT), intact acrosome (IA) and mitochondrial membrane potential (MIT) were evaluated in fresh and PT0H and PT1.5H sperm to find possible correlations with HBA test results. In experiment 2, fertilizing ability of PT0H sperm was evaluated with a heterologous sperm penetration assay (SPA) using zona pellucida free goat oocytes resulting in values for number of oocytes (N), penetration rate (PEN), formation of male pro-nucleus (PN) and number of sperm penetrated per oocyte (SP/OC). The results showed that dromedary camel spermatozoa bound to hyaluronan; there were no significant differences between males. However, there was no correlation between HBA in fresh sample and PT0H results. Furthermore, the proAKAP4 test results also did not differ between males and did not correlate with HBA results, with the exception of PT0H HBA and proAKAP4 results (r = - 0.62; p-value 0.03). Of the conventional semen analysis parameters (TM, PM, VIT, IA, MIT, Volume, Viscosity, Concentration and MA) none were significantly different between males and only PM correlated with the HBA results in fresh sperm r = 0.65; (p-value 0.02). From LSMean values of computer-assisted semen analysis (CASA) kinematics of fresh spermatozoa, beat cross frequency (p-value 0.01), straightness (p-value 0.01) and curvilinear velocity (p-value 0.05) showed significant variation between males. From the PT0H samples, the lateral head deviation (p-value 0.01), average path velocity (p-value 0.04) and curvilinear velocity (p-value 0.02) varied between males, as did PT1.5H linearity (p-value 0.05). The kinematic straightness correlated with the HBA result for fresh semen (r = 0.69; p-value 0.01). The analysis for freezability was done using HBA results (fresh and PT0H) and post thaw values of different parameters (TM, PM, VIT, IA, MIT, PEN, PN and SP/OC); no significant correlations were found. In the SPA, dromedary camel sperm bound, penetrated, decondensed, and completed pro-nucleus formation in goat oocytes. Significant correlations were identified between fresh sperm HBA result and PEN (p-value 0.03) as well as with PN (p-value 0.03). The proAKAP4 test results from fresh sperm samples and PT0H results did not correlate with penetration assay results. There was an association between proAKAP4 and HBA at PT0H. In conclusion, the results suggested that the HBA score from fresh dromedary camel sperm may predict post-thaw IVF performance, but further investigation is needed

    Brandförsäkring utifrån en enkild privat skogsägares prespektiv : en kostnads-nyttoanalys

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    Forest insurance is seen as a management tool for preventing losses in a business. 48 percent of the forest landscape are owned by Individual owners (IO´s) and are divided into 222 000 user units. A large share of them are insured today. The aim of this thesis is to answer these questions: 1) Based on the burnt area for the past 24 years, when is it profitable, with factors from climate change and past trends of fire, to acquire forest fire insurance? 2) Based on the burnt area in the past 24 years, at which fire probability is it beneficial to acquire forest fire insurance? Results from the report were the following: 1) It is not beneficial for IO´s to acquire forest fire insurance in the next 24 years investigated in the report. 2) Profitable scenarios when acquiring forest fire insurance need probabilities of fire of at least 0.068, 0.047, 0,033, in southern, central and northern Sweden respectively. In the worst case scenario, the point at which it is beneficial to acquire a forest fire insurance is when the probability of fire becomes 30 times higher that the probability today. The results of this thesis shows that probability of fire today makes the investment of forest fire insurance a bad investment for an individual owner, based on a cost benefit analysis.Försäkringar ses som ett verktyg för att förebygga eventuella försluster som kan drabba företag. Av all skogsmark som finns i Sverige ägs 48 procent av enskilda ägare, vilka är uppdelade i 222 000 brukningsenheter. Av dessa är en stor andel försäkrade idag. Syftet med rapporten är att svara på dessa frågor: 1) Är det lönsamt för en enskild skogsägare att anskaffa en brandförsäkring? 2) Vid vilken sannolikhet för brand är det lönsamt att skaffa en brand-försäkring i de södra-, centrala- och norra delarna av Sverige? 3) Är de beslut som en enskild skogsägare gör idag angående en brandförsäkring rationellt? Resultaten från rapporten är följande: 1) Det är inte lönsamt för en enskild skogsägare att försäkra sin skog för de kommande 24 åren undersökta i rapporten. 2) I det värsta scenariot bör sannolikheten för brand vara 30 gånger högre än vad den är idag för att en brandförsäkring ska vara lönsam. 3) Enskilda ägare tar inte rationella beslut angånde att investera i en brandförsäkring. Resultat från rapporten visar att dagens sannolikhet för skogsbrand inte gör investeringar av brandförsäkring lönsam för en ensklid ägare, genom kostnads-nytto analys

    Elephants and aboveground carbon stocks in a South African protected savanna

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    Savanna elephants (Loxodonta africana) are known to exert transforming impacts on the vegetation. Due to these impacts, one would expect elephants to have significant effects on aboveground carbon stocks. However, we still know relatively little about the magnitude and direction of the effects of elephants on aboveground carbon stocks. Here, I combined historical data from vegetation surveys and wood density field measurements to estimate the change in aboveground carbon stocks between 1999 and 2017 in relation to different elephant impact levels in Hluhluwe-iMfolozi Park, South Africa. Despite an increasing and relatively high-density elephant population compared to other South African reserves, aboveground carbon stocks did not generally decrease over time, although we found weak evidence for a reduction in aboveground carbon stocks at extreme elephant impact levels. In addition, variation in stem diameter and elephant impact among individuals influenced the wood density of these individual for certain tree species but not for others. This demonstrates the importance of considering drivers of wood density and how their effects vary among tree species when estimating aboveground carbon stocks. Our findings support previous findings and show that elephants might not necessarily conflict with goals focused on conserving aboveground carbon stocks

    Analysing the determinants of food security among farm households in northern upland Vietnam

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    The objective of this study is to analyse food security status and the factors affecting food security in Son La, a province in northern upland of Vietnam. The results suggest that 90% of the observed households experience food insecurity, in different levels including mild, moderate, and severe. Furthermore, the results from logistic regression analysis show that age, education, household size, and the number of livelihood related activities have a positive effect on food security. All the results above are consistent with those from previous similar studies. The findings from the study can provide relevant information to the development of food and agriculture policies in Son La and other mountainous provinces in Vietnam

    Supporting wild bees on green roofs and green walls

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    The importance of pollinators in urban areas have become a topic of current interest with increasing urbanisation. The current trend of urbanisation, e.g., tall buildings, concrete and densification, has forced green structures to adapt to the changes, resulting in biodiversity loss. As urbanisation continues, cities will continue to expand and thereby, it is crucial to halt the loss of biodiversity. A solution to tackle the limited space has been the implementation of green roofs and green walls. With the promising opportunities that emerged with the development of green roofs and living walls, this study aimed to investigate how the habitat requirements of wild bees could improve on these constructions. The study conducted a literature review about wild bees and projects focusing on wild bees from municipalities in Sweden. Additionally, lists (Tab. 1-6) of attractive plants to wild bees were created to improve habitat requirements. The study results indicate that preserving wild bees requires an interdisciplinary approach as multiple factors should be considered. Although the literature review results have shown that green roofs can effectively support biodiversity, uncertainties of the effectiveness of supporting biodiversity remain on green walls. The compiled lists of plants suitable for semi-extensive green roofs and wild bees is based on literature and all plants have not been tested in practice; therefore, it should be used as a guideline to reference/experiment. The study results also showed successful biodiversity preservation projects from municipalities, indicating that the cooperation and incentives from planners, the public and municipalities are valuable to halt the loss. Green roofs and green living walls are merely a complement to further enhance the existing green structures for wild bees. Urban areas are merely one of the habitats for wild bees and cannot replace their natural habitats

    Lekmiljöer formar framtida generationer

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    Denna uppsats avser att, genom en litteraturgenomgång, genomförda intervjuer och påföljande analys, undersöka hur lekmiljöer bör utformas för att öka möjligheten för barn i förskoleåldern att utvecklas och lära. Intervjumaterialet är insamlat från pedagoger som jobbar på förskolebussarna, ett koncept där Uppsala kommun tillhandahåller bussar designad att fungera som en vanlig förskola som kan ta barnen till skogsområden eller lekmiljöer i och utanför staden. Idag finns det sju förskolebussar som tilldelas till de förskolor som har högt tryck på platser. Pedagogerna kopplade till förskolebussen bestämmer destination utifrån läroplan och barnens önskemål. Vi ansåg att valet av destination var talande för vad som saknas på förskolegårdar. Ett teoretiskt koncept med utgångspunkt i affordance som teori används som ett verktyg för att undersöka frågeställningen. Analysmaterialet leder till en diskussion där insamlat material från litteratur och intervjuer jämförs, vägs mot Uppsala kommuns riktlinjer, och slutligen vad det kan innebära för en praktiserande landskapsarkitekt som utformar lekmiljöer för barn. Vikten av naturkontakt och en rymlig yta identifierades som två huvudfaktorer som spelar stor roll i skapandet av utmanande och lärorika lekmiljöer som stimulerar fysisk aktivitet positiv utveckling. Detta följs av diskussion om riskerna som förtätning medför och vilka konsekvenser det riskerar få för barns utveckling. Kritik riktas mot Uppsala kommuns riktlinjer, som genom dess formulering, kan kringgås och inte ställer tillräckligt höga krav på förskolegårdarna. Slutligen avhandlas hur landskapsarkitekten kan vara en ambassadör för barns rättigheter till lek i samhället.The purpose of this thesis is, by a review of literature, interviewing pre-school teachers and an analysis of the results from these two, investigate how areas where children in pre-school age play, might be developed to enable positive mental and physical growth. The material from the interviews has been gathered during interviews with pre-school teachers working on the pre-school-on-wheels, in which a bus designed to be a functional pre-school, is granted to pre-schools in high demand by Uppsala County. The teachers working on these buses chooses the destinations of the bus, with the pre-school curriculum and the wishes of the children involved, in mind. These destinations might be hinting at what the pre-school yard could be lacking regarding its content and design. A theory with its roots in affordance has been crafted to serve as a tool to investigate a theoretical solution to the issue at hand. The analysis leads to a discussion in which the gathered material from literature and interviews will be compared, weighed against the guidelines of Uppsala County, and what it might imply for a landscape architect in designing areas designated for children’s playing. During the process of writing this text, two important aspects have been identified as key in forming high quality playing areas enabling children’s development and good health. These aspects are contact with nature and natural elements and having an abundance of space. The results of analyzing the gathered data, leads to a discussion involving the risk of densification and what consequences it might lead to, regarding children’s development. The guidelines of Uppsala County will be criticized for having such terminology, as to allow its own guidelines to be circumvented and not requiring enough in developing and maintaining pre-school yards. Finally, how the landscape architect can become an ambassador for children’s rights to adequate environments for playing in cities

    Climate governance in a well-ordered world

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    The aspiration of normative theory to conceptualise climate justice is a contested endeavour. At best there are certain agreements about what constitutes distributional justice on a surface level, while it remains challenged whether such conceptualisation is helpful in the realisation of climate justice. This thesis sets out to derive the limitations of Rawls’ Political liberalism as a theory of climate justice, and as a basis of achieving climate action (SDG 13). This is achieved through the utilisation of a conceptual analysis and dialectical reasoning based on communitarianism. In the process, the thesis disavows the benefits and drawbacks of Rawls’ definition of justice as described in the theory of a well-ordered society. Rawls’ perception of justice perpetuates injustices in the well-ordered society by focusing on a few metrics of distributional justice which is caused by Rawls’ conception of public reasoning, the original position, the self, and rationality. The limitations of Rawls’ theory result in that other concepts as defined by Rawls become infeasible, such as: autonomy, rights, and freedom. The justification of the well-ordered society also becomes questionable, as it does not result in the motivation for moral behaviour, and it undermines democracy. This threatens the stability of Rawls’ ideal society. This is worsened by the conception of the primacy of justice over the good, neglecting the driving forces of the self and society. When applied to climate justice Rawls’ Political liberalism results in an inability to include key actors, actions, a commitment to global agreements, and essential features of distributional justice. The latter is an outcome of the limitations of the original positions, public reasoning, methodological nationalism, methodological individualism, self-determination, and the definition of distributional justice. When Rawls’ Political liberalism is applied to climate action, it becomes evident that it is an insufficient theory to achieve climate action. The lack of recognition of others and the monopoly of primary goods in Rawls’ Political liberalism as reflected in the contemporary global basic structure could result in the unity of weaker states, NGOs, and intergovernmental organisations. The chain of equivalence between these actors may result in a convergence based on thick values in the strive for transnational climate justice, resulting in greater motivation and a more stable agreement than one based on Rawls’ overlapping consensus. The achievement of an agreement is contingent on individuals having the material possibilities and a subjectivity suited for a hegemonic struggle for climate justice

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