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How sustainable funds assess sustainable investments
Get PDFSustainability focus within businesses has gained increased attention in recent decades, not least in the financial market in recent years. Even though sustainability has received increasing consideration and attention, research still shows that the concept is difficult to define as many definitions exist and at least as many approaches to achieving it. This means that the concept also becomes difficult to measure in practice.
In step with the increased attention to sustainability in the financial market, demand has also followed. To meet demand, many of today's financial institutions today offer sustainable funds. Sustainable funds are put together and managed by fund managers who work for the fund companies. Due to this, this study aimed to explore how sustainability is understood and integrated with the help of Environmental, Social and Governance factors and how these are assessed by fund managers in Sweden.
The study was conducted through a qualitative content analysis of three semi-structured interviews with three fund managers in Sweden. The study found that the understanding and definition of sustainability distinguish fund managers from each other and there is no clear consensus on the concept. It is through their understanding of the concept that sustainability is integrated into the investment processes using sustainable investment strategies and compliance with corporate policies. However, it is difficult to give a clear answer on how Environmental, Social and Governance factors are assessed as the fund managers rather assess an assessment already made and subsequently use different types of sustainable investment strategies to create an appropriate investment
Sustainable development of on-shore wind power : integrated landscape character assessment as a tool to improve assessment of on-shore wind power in southern Sweden
Get PDFTo meet the increasing demand of renewable energy and move from the fossil-fuel economy, Sweden aims to expand the onshore wind power production from 30 TWh today, to 80 TWh by 2040, with a strong expansion in Southern Sweden aiming to complement the infrastructure implemented in Northern Sweden. The implementation in Southern Sweden has created growing conflict as landscapes of cultural, ecological, and social importance try to accommodate this new energy landscape. The citizenry has also been affected, with their role or lack of it being crucial to the development of wind power in the South of Sweden. The aim of my analysis is to estimate the increase in these overlapping goals and how processes that improve decision-making at regional level and citizen participation can be crucial to the successful implementation of wind power in Southern Sweden. This aim will be mainly achieved through the answering of 4 main research questions: 1) estimate land ownership and land cover types in present and proposed onshore wind power developments Southern Sweden 2) How do present and approved wind power developments relate to National Interest areas in the southern counties of Skåne. Halland, Kronoberg and Jönköping? 3)How do present and approved wind power developments relate to National Interest areas in the southern municipalities of Falkenberg and Uppvidinge? 4) Have ILCA and similar assessments had an influence on successful Wind Power development implementation and Landscape Democracy in Falkenberg and Uppvidinge? All spatial analyses were carried out with a Geographical Information System.
My results showed an increase up to 50% in impacted Arable Land in nemoral regions of Sweden and 94% in Conifer forests in boreonemoral regions of Sweden, with these land covers being the most relevant in each respective region. Private landowners are also shown to bear the brunt of the impacted areas, with an increase of 124% and 194% in nemoral and boreonemoral regions, respectively. Wind Power sites were found to visually impact up to 50% of National Interest areas in Skåne, Halland, Kronoberg and Jönköping. 68% of National Interest areas impacted are present within 4km of proposed wind power sites in Uppvidinge, and 34% of National Interest areas impacted are present within 4km of proposed sites in Falkenberg. Finally, the existence of a landscape character analysis based on ELC principles prior to wind power implementation in Falkenberg linked with the successful implementation of wind power infrastructure in the municipality, while the opposite in Uppvidinge led to an unsuccessful implementation of wind power infrastructure. By highlighting the dimension of land use and actor conflict linked to wind power infrastructure, as well as the processes that can solve these conflicts and enhance regional planning and landscape democracy, I am confident I can provide with important information that can improve sustainable landscape planning in the multifunctional landscape of the present and the future
Complete removal of biomass from oilseed radish as a cover crop decreased nitrous oxide emissions
Get PDFOne of the many benefits of utilizing cover crops in crop rotations is their carbon sequestrating
effect. However, frost-sensitive cover crops could emit high levels of the potent greenhouse gas
nitrous oxide. To avoid a system where the effect of carbon sequestration is simultaneously
mitigated through nitrous oxide emissions, it is important to identify which methods that are able to
decrease nitrous oxide emissions. A field trial was performed with 4 treatments of the frost sensitive
cover crop oilseed radish; (1) untreated, (2) cut and removed, (3) uprooted and removed and (4)
addition of a high C: N ratio material for immobilisation of nitrogen. The hypothesis was that all
treatments 2-4 would decrease nitrouse oxide emissions from oilseed radish, but that treatment 3
would have the largest effect. The mean cumulative emissions over the whole measuring period of
78 days were 774.3, 459.2, 271.2 and 651.7 g N2O-N ha-1, for treatments 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively.
Only treatment 3 was significantly different from the other treatments and proved to have potential
in decreasing N2O emissions from oilseed radish. However, the results need to be confirmed through
further studies, as well as the treatments economic and practical feasability. The results for
treatments 2 and 4 were not as expected, but raised questions and impulses for further research
The interest for broad-leaf tree plants among Södras members in Oskarströms operation area
Get PDFLövskogarna var för 200 – 300 år sedan överexploaterade i södra Sverige och förekommer idag främst i mindre och fragmenterade områden. Efterfrågan på barrsågtimmer från industrierna steg och på de tidigare lövbevuxna markerna planterades istället gran och tall. Detta resulterade i att lövträden aktivt började rensas bort med herbicider som t.ex. Hormoslyr. Idag har lövträden en större betydelse i skogarna och framtiden ser mer positiv ut tack vare t.ex. certifieringar, ny teknik, biologisk mångfald, rekreation och ur en klimatsynpunkt. Den positiva trenden syns hos markägare då fler värnar om lövträden och i olika utsträckning väljer att satsa på dem. En tydlig indikator är den ökade försäljningen och en högre efterfrågan av lövplantor, som bl.a. setts hos Södra skogsplantor.
Syftet med studien är att undersöka de främsta faktorerna som styr intresset hos markägare till att plantera lövträd, och hur skogsinspektorerna upplever intresse för lövträd bland markägarna. Undersökningen har utförts genom litteraturstudier, en enkätundersökning riktad till markägare samt intervjuer med markägare och skogsinspektorer. Enkätundersökningen och intervjuerna riktade sig till Södra skogsägarnas medlemmar som beställt lövplantor från Södra skogsplantor. Skogsinspektorerna som intervjuades var verksamma vid Södras verksamhetsområde i Oskarström. I litteraturstudien söktes relevant information om lövträd och lövplantor huvudsakligen i databasen Primo.
Enligt resultatet från enkäten och intervjuerna var de främsta anledningarna till att markägarna valt att plantera lövplantor natur- och landskapsvård samt klimatpåverkan. Anledningen till att det är viktigt för markägarna med lövträd handlar bland annat om en förhoppning att lövinblandningen skapar en skog som är mer beständig mot storm, torka, rotröta etc. Andra faktorer som visade sig ha stor betydelse var ståndortsanpassning, miljöhänsyn, produktionsmål, rekreation och nyfikenhet. I de flesta fall planterades det triviallöv följt av en något lägre mängd ädellöv. Trädslagsvalet berodde på vilka mål markägarna hade och hur de ställde sig till ädellövslagen där vissa var för och andra emot. Stödet som ges från skogsinspektorerna i frågan om anläggning av lövskog upplevdes enligt markägarna olika. I vissa fall var bara granen intressant och i andra fall upplevdes ett fullt stöd och stort intresse för lövplantor.
Det man kan konstatera är att markägarna är mer benägna att tänka på miljön och hur de kan förhindra framtida skador till följd av klimatförändringar. Valet att plantera lövträd är främst beroende av markägarens eget intresse och delvis en generationsfråga där den yngre generationen generellt är mer positiv. De hinder som finns för en ökad lövandel är att det är viltbegärligt, kostsamt att anlägga och arbetsintensivt, vilket troligen gör att många avstår. En annan viktig del är att det finns en stor kunskapslucka gällande dels hur lövskogen ska skötas, och dess egenskaper och möjligheter inom industrin. Spridningen av den kunskap som finns går också långsamt. Detta gör att valet hamnar på att plantera gran i stället för lövträd. Skogsägare ansåg dock att det är viktigt att se till hela perspektivet i sitt skogsbruk och därför sprida sina risker för en hållbar framtid, men framför allt att öka kunskapen om lövträd och sprida den till andra.200 – 300 years ago the broad-leaved forests were overexploited in southern Sweden and today they only exist in smaller fragmented sites (area). The demand for timber from the industries increased and the earlier broad-leaved forests were instead planted with the fast-growing tree species such as spruce and pine which led to broad-leaved trees being cleared away with the herbicide Hormoslyr. Today broad-leaved trees have a bigger importance in the Swedish forests and the future looks brighter thanks to for example the certification, new technique, biodiversity, recreation and from a climate perspective. Among landowners there is a vaguely positive trend seen where it's more common to enshrine broad-leaved trees and in different ways of extension choosing to invest in broad-leaved trees. A clear indicator is a higher sale and increased demand for broad-leaved trees in Södra nursery.
The aim with the survey is to investigate the prime factors that direct the interest among landowners to plant broad-leaved trees and how inspectors experience the interests for broad-leaved trees among landowners.
The survey have been conducted by a literature study, a questionnaire survey with landowners and interviews with landowners and inspectors. The survey study and the interviews were addressed to Södras members that had ordered broad-leaved plants from Södra nursery and the interviews were done with the inspectors in Södras area of operation in Oskarström. In the literature study relevant information about broad-leaved trees was searched mainly in the databases Primo and Google Scholar.
According to the results of the questionnaire survey and the interviews, the main factors why landowners chose to plant broad-leaved plants were nature and landscape conservation and climate impact. The reason why broad-leaved trees were important for landowners is for example a hope that an increased amount of broad-leaved trees will create a forest that is more resistant to storms, droughts and root decay. Other factors with great impact on the landowner were siteadaption, environmental consideration, production goals, recreation and curiosity. The most common trees that were planted was for example birch followed by a slightly lower amount of noble broad-leaved plants. Why a certain tree species were planted depended on what goals the landowner had with their forestry and how they responded to the noble broad-leaved law, because some landowners supported the law and others did not. When it comes to support for broad-leaved forest the support given from the inspectors was very differently experienced among landowners. In some cases, the inspectors only seemed to value the spruce and in other cases the landowners experienced good support and a great interest.
What could be established is that landowners are more willing to consider the environment and how they could prevent future damages in the forest caused by climate changes. The choice to plant broad-leaved forest is mainly because of the landowners own interest about broad-leaved trees, but it is also affected by the younger generation that has a bigger interest for broad-leaved forests. The obstacles that remain to get an increased amount of broad-leaved forest is that it's expensive to retention broad-leaved trees, there are big problems with browsing and the sites demand a big amount of work. Probably that affects landowners to refrain from broad-leaved forests. Another important part is the big lack of knowledge about management of the broad-leaved forests, its characteristics and opportunities in the industry. The knowledge that is available about broad-leaved forest today is not spread as much as it should because the spruce often is more important. Some landowner emphasized that it's important to see the whole perspective in the management of the forest and therefore spread the risks for a sustainable future, but above all to spread the knowledge to other landowners
Rehabiliteringsmetoder för hundar efter operation av osteokondros i bogleden
Get PDFOsteokondros (OC) och osteokondros dissecans (OCD) i bogleden är vanliga tillväxtrubbningar och
utvecklingssjukdomar hos unga hundar av medel- till stora raser. Dessa sjukdomar behandlas ofta
kirurgiskt och den vanligaste metoden för både diagnostik och åtgärd är artroskopi. Rehabilitering
inom veterinärmedicin är ett område med begränsad forskning och många behandlingsmetoder som
används är extrapolerade från studier inom humanvård. Eftersom OC och OCD i bogleden är vanliga
sjukdomar hos unga hundar är det av intresse för djurhälsopersonal med en sammanställning av
användbara rehabiliteringsmetoder för behandling av dessa patienter efter en operation.
Syftet med denna kandidatuppsats var att undersöka vilka rehabiliteringsmetoder som i Sverige
används efter en artroskopi av hundar som diagnosticerats med OC eller OCD i bogleden, för att
sedan jämföra resultatet med vetenskaplig litteratur. En kombinerad litteraturstudie med en
internetbaserat enkätstudie utfördes för att besvara frågeställningarna. Enkätstudien riktade sig till
djurhälsopersonal och icke-djurhälsopersonal som arbetar med rehabilitering av hundar i Sverige.
Litteraturstudien inkluderade vetenskaplig litteratur från flera olika länder. Enkäten distribuerades
till kliniker och företag som erbjöd rehabilitering av hundar i Sverige. Enkätresultatet baserades på
32 fullständiga enkätsvar och data analyserades deskriptivt. Det framkom i denna
enkätundersökning att respondenterna använder sig av passiv rörelseträning, massage och
laserterapi under det akuta stadiet postoperativt och att de samtidigt upplever att restriktiv rörelse är
nödvändigt. Ännu ett undersökningsresultat visar att respondenterna använder sig av massage,
vattentrask och laserterapi under uppbyggnadsstadiet efter operation. På samma gång upplever de
att passiv rörelseträning (PROM) är en betydelsefull behandlingsmetod i uppbyggnadsstadiet. Det
var en låg svarsfrekvens på enkäten vilket gjorde det svårt att dra generella slutsatser till att inkludera
all personal som arbetar med rehabilitering av hundar i Sverige. Däremot talar resultatet i enkäten
för att vissa rehabiliteringsmetoder som används också rekommenderas i studier. Utbudet av
vetenskapliga studier av rehabilitering efter operation av OC/OCD hos hund var begränsat. Flertalet
artiklar som hittades var översiktsartiklar som nämnde rehabiliteringsmetoder, men inte hur de
skulle användas eller varför. Det som rekommenderades i artiklarna användes även av
respondenterna i enkäten. Det var fler metoder som används i praktiken än vad som
rekommenderades i litteraturen. Vidare forskning krävs för att ta reda på vilka
rehabiliteringsmetoder som har visad effekt för att hundar ska återfå rörlighet och styrka i bogleden
efter en operation av osteokondros och osteokondros dissecans.Osteochondritis(OC) and osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) in the shoulder joint are common growth
disorders and developmental diseases of young, middle to largersized dogs. These diseases are often
treated surgically. The most common method for both diagnosis and treatment is arthroscopy.
Rehabilitation in veterinary medicine is an area with limited research and many treatment methods
used are extrapolated from studies in human care. Considering that OC/OCD is a common disorder
in young dogs, a compilation of rehabilitation methods would be of particular interest to animal
health personnel.
The objective of this bachelor thesis was to investigate what rehabilitation methods that are most
frequently used in Sweden after an arthroscopy of dogs diagnosed with OC or OCD in the shoulder
joint, and to compare the result with scientific literature. A literature study was combined with an
internet-based questionnaire with questions relevant to the survey. The survey was directed to
animal health personnel and non animal health personnel who work with rehabilitation of dogs in
Sweden. The literature study included scientific literature from several different countries. The
questionnaire was distributed to clinics and companies that offer rehabilitation of dogs in Sweden.
The survey results are based on 32 complete questionnaire responses and data were analyzed
descriptively. The result of this study showed that the respondents use passive range of motion
(PROM), massage and laser therapy during the acute postoperative phase and that they at the same
time experience restrictive motion to be essential. Furthermore, the result of the survey also showed
that the respondents use massage, water treadmill and laser therapy during the regeneration and
repair phase. At the same time the respondents experience that passive range of motion is a necessary
treatment method in this phase. The response rate in this study was low which makes it difficult to
draw a conclusion about the result to apply to all personnel that work with rehabilitation of dogs in
Sweden. However, the results of the survey suggest that certain rehabilitation methods used are also
recommended in the scientific literature. The range of scientific studies on rehabilitation after
surgery of OC/OCD in dogs was limited. Most articles found were review articles that mentioned
rehabilitation methods, but not how they should be used or why. Methods being recommended in
the articles were also used by the respondents in the survey. More methods were used by the
respondents than recommended by scientific literature. Further research is required to find out which
rehabilitation methods are useful for shown effect in dogs to gain mobility and strength in the
shoulder joint after surgery of osteochondritis and osteochondritis dissecans
Mapping of transport managers work process at SCA Skog AB
Get PDFVirkesförsörjning är en komplex logistisk process med stor variation. Det krävs därför olika strukturella nivåer och processer tillsammans med god planering för att hantera komplexiteten och variationen. Hittills är det få som kartlagt hur transportledare arbetar och vilka faktorer som kan påverka transportledares prestationer.
Syftet med arbetet är därför att processkartlägga samt beskriva arbetsprocessen för transportledare vid SCA Skog AB. Detta genom att: 1) identifiera skillnader i arbetsprocessen och flödesmässiga faktorer för transportledarna samt 2) kvantifiera samband mellan skillnaderna och transportledarnas prestationer.
Intervjuer utfördes med sju transportledare på SCA Skog AB för att samla in information om transportledarnas arbetsprocess, vilket var basen vid framställningen av en processkarta. Utöver intervjuerna samlades kvantitativ data in för olika flödesmässiga faktorer. Arbetsprocessen beskrevs och skillnaderna i arbetsprocessen tillsammans med de flödesmässiga faktorerna, kvantifierades mot leveransprecisionen.
Resultaten visar att arbetsprocessen för transportledare på SCA Skog AB är relativt standardiserat och decentraliserat där mycket ansvar läggs på områdesåkare (OÅ) och åkerier.
Leveransprecisionens variation var som störst vid lågt transportarbete och kort medeltransportavstånd, och variationen minskade med ökat transportarbete och ökat medeltransportavstånd.
En av de största skillnaderna i arbetsprocessen var att vissa transportledare kvoterade både OÅ och flödesområde (FLO) medan andra endast kvoterade OÅ. En annan stor skillnad var variation i antalet extra uppföljningsmetoder. Att kvotera FLO:t kan vara fördelaktigt i industrinära områden med låga volymer och korta avstånd till mottagare, men vid större volymer och längre avstånd är det fördelaktigt att använda OÅ och dess extra planeringsprocess. Desto fler mottagare en transportledare levererar till, desto mer komplex logistisk process på grund av fler flödesriktningar, och därmed krävs fler extra uppföljningsmetoder för att upprätthålla en god leveransprecision.Roundwood supply is a complex logistic process. Different structural levels and processes combined with adequate planning is needed to handle the complexity and variety. So far, there is few studies made on transport managers work processes and which factors that could affect their performance.
The goal with the study is to map and describe the work process for transport managers at SCA Skog AB. By identifying internal differences in the work process and key numbers, connections will be quantified between these differences and transport managers performance.
Interviews were made with transport managers at SCA Skog AB to collect information about their work process and to produce a process map. Quantitative data regarding key numbers was collected. The work process was described and connections between differences in the process and the key numbers, were quantified towards delivery precision.
Results show that the work process for transport managers at SCA Skog AB was relative standardized and decentralized with much responsibility on the contractors.
The delivery precision’s variety was greatest at low transport work and short distances. The variety decreased with greater transport work and longer distances.
One of the greatest differences in the work process were that some transport managers allocate by quotas, both geographic responsible contractors (GRC) and company functional areas (CFA), and some only GRC. Another great difference was variety in the number of extra follow-up methods. Quota the CFA could be advantageous in industry close areas with low volumes and short distances, but with greater volumes and longer distances it is more advantageous to use a GRC and their extra planning process. The more receivers of wood, the more complex logistic process because of multiple flow directions, and the more extra follow-up methods are needed to maintain an acceptable delivery precision
Do I care: How does the provision of information about the environmental benefits of grain legume cultivation in Sweden influence consumers?
Get PDFGrain legume cultivation is promoted to be beneficial for Swedish agriculture due to grain legumes´ ability to engage in biological nitrogen fixation, function as break-crops in cereal-based cropping systems and a general increase in biodiversity. Furthermore, grain legumes are an important pillar of more sustainable diets. Yet, cultivation remains relatively low and consumption levels are below suggested thresholds for achieving sustainable diets: the current daily consumption is 12 grams per person while research suggests that it should reach 50 grams. To achieve this increase means tackling barriers that hinder Swedish farmers from growing more grain legumes and consumers to consume more grain legumes.
This study aims to explore how providing information on environmental benefits from grain legume consumption influences consumers’ Willingness-to-pay for Swedish produced yellow peas. In this, individual differences are measured through the Environmental Schwartz Values Survey. It is further accounted for differences in products by including conventional, organic and small-scale organic resellers of Swedish yellow peas. In this, descriptions of operations and goals of the companies were provided to participants. An online survey with 329 participants showed that providing information on environmental benefits did not affect participants’ Willingness-to-pay. This result was independent of participants’ endorsement of biospheric values as well as the product type. However, participants were willing to pay a significantly higher price for small-scale organic yellow peas compared to conventional or organic yellow peas. Still, this increased Willingness-to-pay was limited and showed that participants were not willing to pay the real shelf price of the product. Furthermore, endorsement of biospheric values only correlated weakly with participants’ Willingness-to-pay. One of the most mentioned barriers to increasing the consumption of grain legumes was the lack of recipes. The results of the study suggest that providing information about environmental benefits resulting from the cultivation of grain legumes does not influence participants´ WTP. Future research could focus on the relation between information provision about environmental benefits and intentions to consume grain legumes in the future. Furthermore, it has not been controlled for the effect of the information provided on the operations and goals of the different companies which could have influenced participants´ indication of WTP
Investigation of climate action and climate requirements in the electricity network industry
Get PDFThe climate change is a growing issue that is put high up on the agenda for countries as well as businesses. In 2015 both EU and Sweden initiated joint initiatives to actively promote reduction of climate impact and stop the increase in global temperature. A part of the solution is electrification, which requires comprehensive investment in both new and old electric networks. The purpose of this master thesis was to examine how Ellevio as an electric grid owner can reduce their climate impact using requirements within the tender offer in procurements. The report should also work as a basis for the development of future requirements. This was done through a field study based on interviews with frequently used contractors and suppliers. Following the compilation of the interviews, an internal workshop was also held in which benefits, disadvantages and implementation were discussed for selected ideas from the interviews.
The study has shown that there is widespread interest within the electricity network industry to reduce climate impact, but it also emerged that there is significant spread in both knowledge and focus as well as in the work mapping and reducing their impact. The larger companies interviewed tended to have climate targets established and actively worked to reduce their climate impact while smaller companies had less knowledge and less structured work. The study also showed that there was a greater awareness of reducing the climate impact among producing companies compared to contractors and that most of them worked on the development of measurement tools and programs for climate impact.
The solutions reducing climate impacts identified through the study has been dominated by methods and strategies linked to documentation and administrative procedures to use within the procurement more than concrete requirements for emisson reduction. One reason for this has been lack of knowledge of climate impact within the sector along with absence of established communication routes regarding greenhouse gas emissions. One solution identified in the study, is to establish requirements within the tender offer that companies must include a description of their work reducing climate impact based on preidentified areas. Appropriate areas identified is climate impact from materials, circular use of construction machines and materials, waste management and resource efficacy management strategy. Furthermore, the next step would be to require accounting for climate calculations for the areas above. Another solution is to, within selected projects, work with deeper cooperation with contractors and to promote internal and external knowledge development regarding climate impact. One option would be to certify the selected projects with a CEEQUAL-certification, which is a type of sustainability certification of projects. By doing so, the development of cooperation with entrepreneurs in the climate impact area should increase, the possibility to get support from a third party who are familiar with both the work process and climate impact mitigation work is also a great benefit. For the procurement of cable, which takes place both in the form of framework contracts and project-specific, it has not been possible to establish a clear recommended route forward, but that further investigation in this area must take place due to the fact that most emission derives from it, and that the future investigations should focus on the the areas logistics, energy use, climate calculations and climate impact from material production.Den globala uppvärmingen är ett växande problem som hamnat högre och högre upp på agendan för såväl länder som företag. Sedan 2015 finns gemensamma mål inom både EU och nationellt i Sverige om att aktivt arbeta för minskad klimatpåverkan och ett avstannande av den temperaturökning som sker globalt. I denna omställning har elektrifiering en central roll och därmed också Ellevio i form av nätägare.
Detta examensarbete har haft som syfte att undersöka hur Ellevio genom sina krav i upphandling kan minska sin klimatpåverkan och arbetet ska även fungera som underlag för utveckling av framtida upphandlingskrav. Detta gjordes genom intervjuer med externa personer i olika entreprenörs och leverantörsföretag. Efter sammanställning av intervjuerna hölls även en intern workshop där fördelar, nackdelar och implementerbarhet diskuterades för utvalda idéer från intervjuerna.
Arbetet har visat att det finns ett utbrett intresse inom elnätsbranschen att minska klimatpåverkan, men det framkom även att det finns en stor spridning i både kunskap samt fokus samt i hur man arbetar för att minska sin klimatpåverkan. De större företagen som intervjuades tenderade vara de som hade utpekade klimatmål och som mer utbrett arbetade för minskad klimatpåverkan medan mindre företag hade sämre vetskap om sina utsläpp samt hade färre och mindre utbredda metoder för att minska denna.
De vägar för minskad klimatpåverkan som identifierats i arbetet har präglats av metoder och arbetssätt för att på sikt minska utsläppen mer än att konkretisera krav. En anledning till detta har varit branschens bristfälliga kunskap om klimatpåverkan tillsammans med en avsaknad av etablerade kommunikationsvägar gällande klimatpåverkan. En metod för upphandling av entreprenad som identifierats i arbetet är att i anbud efterfråga en beskrivning av klimatreducerande åtgärder ur livscykelperspetiv utifrån på förhand utpekade punkter. Ett förslag på punkter är klimatpåverkan från material, cirkulär användning av entreprenadmaskiner, massor etc., avfallshantering samt strategi för effektiv resurshantering. Vidare från detta steg bör nästa vara att kräva redovisning av klimatberäkningar utifrån ovanstående punkter. Ytterligare en väg framåt är att i utvalda projekt arbeta i djupare samarbete med entreprenörer, detta för att främja kunskapsutveckling internt och externt. Ett alternativ skulle vara att CEEQUAL-certifiera ett antal projekt, vilket är en typ av hållbarhetscertifiering av projekt. Genom detta skulle de dels utveckla samarbete med entreprenörer i klimatpåverkansfrågan men även få stöd från tredjepart som är insatt i både arbetsprocessen samt klimatpåverkansreducerande arbete.
Vid upphandling av kabel, som sker både i form av ramavtal och projekt specifikt har det i arbetet inte gått att etablera en tydlig rekommenderad väg framåt, men att vidare undersökning i området måste ske och att det framförallt är inom områdena logistik, energianvändning, klimatberäkningar samt klimatpåverkan från materialproduktion som potentialen för minskad klimatpåverkan finns
Knowledge and expectations of rabbit owners in Sweden
Get PDFDet blir allt vanligare i Sverige och resten av världen att kaniner hålls som sällskapsdjur.
Bristande kunskap om kaninens naturliga behov, beteende, omvårdnad och utfodring är trots detta
inte ovanligt. Det skulle kunna leda till att kaniner införskaffas i tron om att de ska ha ett visst
beteende eller skötas på ett visst sätt men som inte alls stämmer överens med en kanins faktiska
behov. Därav är det intressant att undersöka hur svenska kaninägares förväntningar och kunskaper
såg ut innan de skaffade kanin och huruvida dessa motsvarar verkligheten efter införskaffandet.
En enkät bestående av 24 frågor skapades för att undersöka respondenternas förväntningar inför
införskaffandet av kaninen och hur verkligheten efter införskaffandet av kaninen motsvarade dessa
förväntningar med avseende på naturliga behov, beteende, omvårdnad och utfodring. Enkäten
publicerades i tre olika Facebookgrupper samt delades av Sveriges kaninvälfärdsförening på deras
Facebooksida. Totalt 604 fullständiga svar inhämtades vilka har sammanställts och redovisas i
denna rapport.
Kaninägandet motsvarade till stor del respondenternas förväntningar vilket troligtvis beror på att
majoriteten av respondenterna hade ansvarat för en kanin tidigare, vilket i sin tur innebär att de både
har kunskap och erfarenhet. Resultatet visar att en majoritet av respondenterna spenderade lika
mycket tid på både skötsel och kel som de hade förväntat sig. De upplevde även att deras kanin sökte
kontakt med människor i samma eller större utsträckning än de förväntat sig. När det kom till hur
kelig kaninen var, var det stor variation mellan djurägarnas förväntningar och hur kelig kaninen
visade sig vara. Vissa (30%) upplevde sina kaniner mer keliga än förväntat, 35% att de var mindre
keliga än förväntat medan 31% ansåg att kaninen var lika kelig som de förväntat sig.
Utfodringsfrekvensen av olika fodermedel stämde bra överens med förväntningarna. Den
skillnad som framkom i studien handlade om utfodringsfrekvensen av müsli.Det var en större andel
respondenter som uppgav att de idag aldrig utfodrade sina kaniner med müsli än andelen som
förväntat sig att aldrig utfodra med müsli. Samma mönster gällande utfodringen av müslisågs hos
såväl förstagångskaninägare som de som haft kanin tidigare. Inledningsvis fick respondenterna
besvara frågor om bland annat tidigare erfarenhet av att äga kaniner, där en stor andel av
respondenterna (76%) angav att de ansvarat för en kanin tidigare. Det här tros ha påverkat resultatet
avsevärt och vidare studier krävs för att dra slutsatsers om förväntningar hos de djurägare som inte
tidigare ansvarat för en kanin. Studiens resultat är inte representativt för Sveriges alla kaninägare då
det enbart var kaninägare som hade Facebook och aktivt deltog i någon av de utvalda Facebookgrupperna eller Sveriges kaninvälvärdsförenings Facebooksida som hade möjlighet att besvara
enkäten.Rabbits are becoming a more and more popular pet, both in Sweden and internationally. Despite
this, lacking knowledge about the rabbits natural needs, behaviors, care and nutrition is not unusual.
This could possibly lead to acquiring rabbits with expectations about their behavior or how to care
for them which do not at all match rabbits actual needs. Therefore it’s interesting to investigate what
expectations Swedish rabbit owners had prior to acquiring a rabbit and how well these expectations
were met after the acquisition.
A survey containing 24 questions was made to investigate the respondents' expectations around
rabbit-owning and how the reality matched these expectations regarding natural needs, behaviors,
care and nutrition. The survey was published in three different rabbit-themed Facebook Groups and
was shared by Sweden's Rabbit Welfare Association on their Facebook Page. A total of 604
complete answers were obtained and used in the data compilation.
Owning a rabbit corresponded to a large extent the respondents’ expectations. This is believed
to be because the majority of the respondents previously had owned a rabbit which means they had
both knowledge and experience. The results showed that the respondents spent as much time caring
for their rabbit and cuddling with it as they expected they would. The owners thought their rabbits
sought contact with humans as much as expected or more than expected. Regarding how cuddly the
rabbit was, a big difference was seen between the rabbit-owner's expectations and how cuddly the
rabbit was shown to be. Some (30%) thought their rabbit to be more cuddly than expected, 35% less
cuddly than expected and 31% as cuddly as they expected.
The frequency in which the rabbit-owners fed the rabbit different types of fodder matched their
expectations. One small but notable difference was that müsli was fed to a lower extent than
expected. The same pattern was seen in both first time rabbit-owners and those who had previously
owned a rabbit. The beginning of the survey contained a question about previously having owned a
rabbit, which the majority (76%) of the respondents had. This is believed to have affected the result
considerably and more studies are therefore needed to draw conclusions about first time pet owners.
This study is not representative of all of Swedens’ rabbit owners because of the distribution of the
survey, only rabbit owners who had Facebook and were active in one of the selected Facebook
groups or SKVF Facebook Page had the opportunity to participate in the survey
Swedish horse owners’ experience of euthanization of the horse in the clinic and in the field
Get PDFAvlivning av sin häst är en process många hästägare måste gå igenom. Det kan vara en upprörande
process som ofta väcker starka känslor. Hur händelseförloppet upplevs av hästägaren kan påverkas
av många faktorer, bland annat vilken avlivningsmetod som används och hur djurhälsopersonalens
bemötande upplevs. Syftet med detta kandidatarbete var att skapa en ökad förståelse för vilka
fördelar och risker som finns med de olika avlivningsmetoderna, samt hur djurhälsopersonalens
bemötande påverkar helhetsintrycket av avlivningen för hästägare.
För att besvara dessa frågor användes litteratursökning och en enkätstudie som riktade sig till
hästägare som hade varit med om en avlivning av en häst de själva ägt. Studiens resultat kan däremot
inte generaliseras till hela Sveriges hästägarpopulation bland annat på grund av att enkäten
distribuerades i ett urval av hästinriktade Facebook-grupper. Många hästägarare kan därmed ha
förbisetts då troligtvis inte alla hästägare är medlemmar i Facebook eller i de valda grupperna.
Resultatet från enkäten visade att majoriteten av hästägarna upplevde djurhälsopersonalens
bemötande som positivt, men det framgick även att ett mindre antal respondenter upplevt mindre
positiva bemötanden.
Enligt denna enkätstudie var den vanligaste avlivningsmetoden bultning följt av blodavtappning,
intravenös avlivning och sist kulgevär som endast ett fåtal respondenter angav som metod.
Respondenterna upplevde avblodningen som den största nackdelen vid användande av bultpistol på
grund av den stora mängden blod. Att hästen faller och att utövaren som avlivar kan träffa fel med
bultpistolen är risker som beskrivs i litteraturen. Däremot upplevdes denna metod av hästägarna som
ett snabbt slut för hästen, vilket de upplevde som positivt. Hantering av avlivningsvätska är en stor
risk i samband med intravenös avlivning, däremot upplevde hästägarna att den största nackdelen
med denna metod var att det kunde ta lång tid innan hästen dödförklarades. Dock upplevdes detta
som en lugn och smidig process. Kulgevär var en avlivningsmetod som endast ett fåtal respondenter
valde som svarsalternativ, vilket gör det svårt att dra slutsatser från. Risker med den metoden kan
vara att kulan rikoschetterar och att den som skjuter träffar fel.
Nyckelord: avblodning, avlivningsmetod, bemötande, bultpistol, djurhälsopersonal, intravenös,
kommunikation, kulgevärEuthanasia of a horse is a procedure many horse owners must go through. It can be an upsetting
procedure that many times evokes strong feelings. How the course of events is experienced can be
influenced by many factors, for example which method of euthanasia was used and how the horse
owners perceived the treatment from the animal health personnel. The purpose of this bachelor thesis
was to create a better understanding of the advantages and risks associated with the different
methods of euthanasia, as well as how the animal health personnel influence the experience of
euthanasia for horse owners.
To answer these questions, a literature search and a questionnaire study were used, which were
aimed at horse owners who had been involved in the euthanization of a horse they owned. The
study’s results can’t however be generalized to the whole horse owner population in Sweden because
of different factors, including the distribution of the questionnaire in a selection of horse-oriented
Facebook groups. Many horse owners can therefore have been overlooked as not every horse owner
is a member of Facebook or the selected groups. The results from the questionnaire showed that the
majority of horse owners experienced the treatment from animal health personnel in a positive way,
but it also appeared that few of them experienced less positive treatment.
According to this questionnaire study, the most common used method of euthanasia was
penetrating captive bolt followed by bleeding, intravenous euthanasia and lastly bullet rifle which
only a few respondents chose as an alternative. The respondents experienced the bleeding as the
biggest disadvantage with penetrating captive bolt followed by bleeding because of the excessive
amount of blood. The horse falling and the euthanizer missing the right spot are risks that are
described in the literature. However, this method was by the horse owners thought of as a quick end
for the horse, which was perceived as positive. Handling of euthanasia medication is a big risk
associated with intravenous euthanasia; however, the horse owners perceived the biggest
disadvantage being that it could take long time before the horse was declared dead. On the other
hand, it was experienced as a calm and smooth process. Bullet rifle was a method of euthanasia that
only a few respondents chose, which makes it difficult to draw any adequate conclusions.
Disadvantages with this method is the risk of ricochets as well as the euthanizer missing the correct
location.
Keywords: animal health personnel, bleeding, bullet rifle, captive bolt, communication, intravenous,
methods of euthanasi