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Supplementary feeding of reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) in slaughterhouses : routines and challenges
Get PDFUtfodring av ren blir alltmer vanligt inom renskötseln på grund av krympande betesmarker och förändrade klimatförhållanden. Faktorer som skogsbruk och infrastruktur har bidragit till konkurrens om marken. Vidare har klimatförändringar i form av temperaturväxlingar och mer nederbörd bidragit till svårare vinterbetesförhållanden. En stor mäng snö i kombination med regn kan bilda en hård skorpa av is på betet vilket gör det svårt för renen att gräva och hitta föda. Allt detta kan innebära en utmaning för renskötaren eftersom renen är fysiologiskt anpassad till det naturliga betet och är känslig för plötsligt insatt foder och foderbyten. Utfodring kan även vara nödvändigt på slakteriet om den sammanlagda tiden för transport och uppstallning på slakteriet överstiger tolv timmar. Enligt föreskrifter och allmänna råd från Statens jordbruksverk får renen hållas i hägn vid slakteriet upp till fem dygn. Syftet med detta arbete är att undersöka hur utfodringsrutinerna ser ut vid slakt på två slakterier och vilka utmaningar de upplever när utfodring innan slakten blir nödvändig. För att undersöka detta kontaktades två slakterier, Arvidsjaur renslakt och Harads vilt. Resultatet visade att rutinerna mellan slakterierna skilde sig åt. Det har i enstaka fall observerat diarré hos ren men ingen utav slakterierna upplevde några specifika utmaningar kring utfodringen då de ansåg det vara en så liten samt självgående del inom verksamheten. Slutsatsen med denna intervjustudie var att det inte upplevdes att det finns större problem med utfodringen på slakterier. Det som anses vara en utmaning är de ibland förekommande långa väntetiderna på grund av brist på tillgänglig veterinär men enligt intervjuerna påverkar inte detta i vanliga fall utfodringen eller renens fysiska tillstånd på slakteriet.Supplementary feeding of reindeer has become more common due increased other land use and climate change. Factors such as forestry and government regulations have contributed to competition for land. A changing temperature, more rain and snow during winter makes the pasture less accessible due to the big amount of snow and a hard crust of ice. All of this can pose a challenge for reindeer herders because the reindeer are physiologically adapted to the natural grazing and are sensitive to suddenly inserted feed or changes in feed practices. Feeding may also be necessary at the slaughterhouse if the total time for transport and waiting time at the slaughterhouse exceeds twelve hours. According to the regulations and general guidelines by the Swedish Board of Agriculture, the reindeer may be kept in pens at the slaughterhouse for up to five days. The purpose of this work is to investigate what the feeding routines look like at the slaughterhouses and what challenges may be experienced when feeding before slaughter becomes necessary. To investigate this, two slaughterhouses were contacted, Arvidsjaur renslakt and Svantes vilt. The result showed that the routines between the slaughterhouses differed. Metabolic disorders in reindeer have been observe in a few occasions, but none of the slaughterhouses experienced any specific challenges regarding feeding as they considered it to be such a small and self-sustaining part of the business. The conclusion of this interview study is that it is not perceived that there are major problems with feeding in slaughterhouses. What is considered a challenge is the sometimes long waiting times due to lack of available veterinarian, but according to the interviews, this does not usually affect the feeding or the reindeer's physical condition at the slaughterhouse
Enhancing Solid Wastes Separation Behaviour at the Residential Towers, using the Garbage Chute Systems.
Get PDFSolid wastes separation is important for enhancing materials recycling that is good for environment and conservation of natural resources. Citizens have the central role in enhancing solid wastes separation at the household level. Inhabitants’ participation in sorting wastes is a low-cost task but has great economic advantage, but it is very challenging and expensive to engage inhabitants and enhance their sorting behaviours. Despite the municipal efforts in establishing and developing the existing households’ solid wastes separation schemes in Sweden, there are lots of necessary developments needs to be in place. This study is grounded on testing the garbage chute systems to induce solid wastes separation habitual changes at the residential towers. Important facts have been gathered from different studies on existing solid wastes separation schemes and behaviours on national and regional perspectives. Empirical data was gathered through directly asking inhabitants in the residential towers that has the built-in garbage chute system in how these systems can help them sorting their solid wastes. Research leaders at the field of developing the existing solid wastes separation schemes and circular economy initiatives in Sweden, were approached for understanding behavioural transformation determinants available in using garbage chute systems for solid wastes separation at the residential towers. Strategic development of the garbage chute systems to be used for sorting solid wastes at the residential towers was suggested in the work to enhance engagement level of households’ solid wastes separation
Urban meadows in residential yards : a study of attitudes, communication and participation when establishing urban meadows
Get PDFDen ökande urbaniseringen kräver en mer hållbar stadsutveckling. Idag växer sig städerna större
och kräver mer mark i anspråk, vilket utgör ett hot mot den biologiska mångfalden. I många fall
kan de urbana miljöerna, med blommande grönytor erbjuda mer heterogena livsmiljöer för
pollinerande insekter och andra organismer, men dessa utgör emellertid bara en liten del av det
urbana landskapet och i stället har den kortklippta gräsmattan en dominerande roll vilket leder till
homogena grönytor och låg artdiversitet.
Att anlägga ängsmark i stället för den kortklippta gräsmattan har på senare tid fått större
uppmärksamhet som åtgärd för att gynna biologisk mångfald. En ängsmark kan dock uppfattas
väldigt olika från människa till människa, där vissa tycker att ängsmarker och högt gräs ser
ovårdat och misskött ut, medan andra tycker att det är fint och livfullt. I HSB Skånes arbete med
biologisk mångfald och ängsmark på bostadsgårdar vill de ta reda på hur inställningen till
ängsmark ser ut, samt hur de bör gå till väga för att förändra attityden hos sina hyresgäster.
Det här arbetet syftar till att undersöka vad som ligger till grund för vilken attityd man har till
ängsmark, samt hur man på ett bra sätt kan gå till väga för att öka acceptansen och skapa en mer
positiv inställning till ängsmark på bostadsgårdar. Arbetet syftar vidare till att ta reda på hur man
kommunicerar ut förändring och hur man kan öka förståelsen hos hyresgästerna varför biologisk
mångfald är viktigt.
För att få en uppfattning av hur de boende i HSB Skånes fastigheter i Kristianstad, Lund och
Bjärnum, som är inkluderade i ängsprojektet, upplever sina bostadsgårdar, använder
bostadsgårdarna samt hur deras inställning till etablering av ängsmark ser ut genomfördes en
enkätundersökning. Enkäten inkluderade frågor om bostadsgårdens utseende, användningsområde
och information, samt frågor om kunskap, biologisk mångfald och ängsmark.
Resultatet visar på att respondenterna överlag är positiva till ängsmark på bostadsgården så
länge vissa faktorer är uppmätta. Viktiga faktorer att hänsyn till i arbetet med ängsmark på
bostadsgården är tecken på omsorg, användningsområde, kommunikation, deltagande och
utbildning. Tecken på omsorg, i form av klippta kanter som visar att ängsmarken är en planerad
åtgärd ansågs viktig. Andra inslag som till exempel fågelholkar, insektshotell, blommor och
sittplatser ansågs betydande för att öka acceptansen på ytan. Att ta reda på hur ytan används i
dagsläget för att inte ta viktiga sociala och kulturella aspekter i anspråk visade sig betydelsefullt
för att undvika missnöje och klagomål. Eftersom bostadsgården är en viktig mötesplats för
människor, är den sociala aspekten viktig att beakta. Genom att inkludera boende i processen, både
innan i gestaltning och i fortsatt förvaltning, kan HSB Skåne höja projektets hållbarhet både
socialt, ekonomiskt och längden ekologiskt. En deltagandeprocess kan innefatta till exempel
skötsel, utformning eller lärande. Att vara proaktiv genom att informera i god tid, ta reda på de
boendes preferenser och attityd, och att anpassa arbetet därefter, kan leda till en högre acceptans
av förändringarna. Att informera och utbilda om biologisk mångfald, naturen och miljön är en
viktig del i att förändra människors attityd, minska klagomål och öka acceptansen. Utbildning,
deltagande och bra kommunikation skulle kunna öka de boendes kunskap, platsanknytning och
även deras inställning till ängsmark på bostadsgården.The increasing urbanization requires more sustainable urban development. Today, cities are
growing larger and demanding more land, which poses a threat to biodiversity. In many cases, the
urban environments, with flowering green areas, can offer more heterogeneous habitats for
pollinating insects and other organisms, but these form only a small part of the urban landscape
and instead the short-cut lawn has a dominant role which leads to homogeneous green areas and
low species diversity.
Establishing urban meadows instead of the short-cut lawn has recently received more attention
as a measure to promote biodiversity. However, urban meadows can be perceived in different
ways, where some people think that urban meadows and tall grass look neglected and messy,
while others think that it is nice and lively. In HSB Skåne's work with biodiversity and urban
meadows in residential yards, they want to investigate the attitude towards urban meadows and
how they should go about changing the attitude of their tenants.
This study aims to investigate attitudes and drivers towards urban meadows, and how you can
increase acceptance and create a more positive attitude toward urban meadows in residential yards.
The study also aims to investigate how to communicate change and how to increase the tenants'
understanding of why biodiversity is important.
To get an understanding of how the tenants of HSB Skåne's properties in Kristianstad, Lund
and Bjärnum, who are included in the project, experience and use their residential yards, and what
their attitude towards urban meadows are, a survey was conducted. The survey included questions
about the yard's appearance, usage, and information, as well as questions about knowledge,
biodiversity and meadows.
The results show that the respondents are generally positive towards urban meadows in the
residential yard if certain factors are considered. Important factors to consider are signs of care,
how the area is used, communication, participation, and education. Signs of care, in the form of
cut edges that emphasize that it is a planned measure, were considered important. Other elements
such as birdhouses, insect hotels, flowers and seating were considered significant to increase
acceptance. Researching how areas are used to not neglect important social and cultural aspects
proved to be important in order to avoid dissatisfaction and complaints. Because the residential
yard is an important meeting place for people, the social aspect is important to consider. By
including tenants in the process, both beforehand and in continued management, HSB Skåne can
increase the project's sustainability both socially, financially and in the long run ecologically. A
participatory process can include management, design and/or learning. Being proactive by
informing in advance, finding out the residents' preferences and attitudes, and adapting the work
accordingly, can lead to a higher acceptance of the changes. Informing and educating about
biodiversity, nature and the environment is an important part of changing people's attitudes,
reducing complaints and increasing acceptance. Education, participation, and good communication
could increase the residents' knowledge, place connection and their attitude toward urban
meadows
Variation in dry matter content between bales from the same forage harvest batch and its impact on feeding
Get PDFHorses are adapted to eat grass and require sufficient amounts of forage with good hygienic quality. Forage with good hygienic quality have low levels of detrimental bacteria, fungi and toxins. For this reason, conserved grass such as hay, silage or haylage is necessary during the winter period, due to the absence of fresh grass. If horses are fed too low amounts of forage, there is a risk of development of stereotypic behaviour and digestive problems. The recommended minimum forage amount for horses is 1 kg dry matter per 100 kg bodyweight and day. Therefore, it is important to know the dry matter content of the forage, to be able to calculate the amount of forage that should be given to the horse. It is common to feed overweight horses the minimum recommended amount of forage, and it is also known that the dry matter content varies in silage and haylage bales harvested from the same field. Large variation in dry matter content between bales can lead to horses not getting sufficient amounts of forage or highly various forage dry matter amounts from day to day. The aim of this study was to investigate the variation in dry matter content between bales from the same harvest batch and its potential impact on horse feeding.
Nineteen bales from the same batch were used, and each bale was sampled at eight different sites. The method for taking the samples was grab samples. To determine the dry matter content in each forage sample, the samples were weighed and dried in a microwave oven until no further weight loss was observed. The results of this study showed that there were differences in dry matter content between bales harvested from the same field at the same time. Some bales showed a large variation in dry matter content depending on where the samples were taken. It is unclear whether this was due to the composition of the bale or the analytical procedure. The variation in dry matter content can lead to overfeeding or underfeeding. If the horses are overfed, there is a risk of obesity and extra costs for the horse owners. If the horses are underfed, there is a risk of nutrition deficiency and too low amount of forage which may contribute to development of stereotypic behaviours in the long run. To ensure that the horses get adequate forage amounts, it is important to continuously examine the forage dry matter content
Effects of management and plant traits on tree-related microhabitats in second-growth stands of the Białowieża Forest
Get PDFThe study presents research conducted on Tree-related Microhabitats (TreM) in managed stands and nearly unmanaged stands in the Białowieża Forest (BF). A TreM is an above-ground structure that creates substrate, site or place for forest-dwelling species, and could be an important tool for assessing the level of biodiversity. The studied area has the same origin and comes after naturally regenerated clearcuts of the British company – “The Century European Timber Corporation” from 1924-1929, however it differs in management approach. Four plots were established in stands unmanaged over the last 30-40 years located in the Władysław Szafer’s Landscape Reserve and another four in commercial forests managed by the Polish State Forests Enterprise.
The main hypothesis of the thesis is that trees in unmanaged forest are more abundant and richer in TreMs in comparison to managed stands with the same origin. Another assumption is that abundance and richness of TreMs increase with increasing DBH and depend on plant traits (light requirements and lifespan). Based on these traits the species were grouped into three categories: light-demanding, plastic and shade-tolerant species.
Data analysis was carried out in the R Studio Software 1.3.1073 and Microsoft Excel 2016. Main drivers of TreM abundance and richness were identified using generalized linear mixed models (GLMMs) with plot identity regarded as a random factor. Abundance was defined as the total number of TreMs per tree, while richness was calculated as a total number of TreM types per tree. The differences in abundance and richness overall and at TreM group level between managed and unmanaged stands were tested using nonparametric tests.
The results showed that TreM abundance and richness differ significantly between managed and unmanaged stands. Higher TreM abundance and richness occurred in unmanaged stands compared to stands of similar origin but with a longer history of silvicultural practices. In addition, the GLMM confirmed that the main drivers of TreM abundance and richness in the studied stands were the tree DBH and its plant trait category. TreM abundance and richness increased with the increase of tree DBH. Moreover, light-demanding trees were associated with the highest predicted values of TreM abundance and richness, regardless of the stand management.
The feasibility of the method used suggests that it could be widely used in forest management by locating and preserving trees containing TreMs. Retention of trees with higher TreM abundance and richness, notably large and light-demanding trees such as birch and aspen, is likely to be an important conservation action in managed forests
Multi-miljöscreening av Timotej (Phleum pratense) Växtförädlingsmaterial för Bättre Foder Avkastning i Sverige.
Get PDFTimothy (Phleum pratense) is one of the most widely used forage crops in hay and pasture grass mixtures in Nordic countries; it’s also used in areas where it is one of the top forage crops harvested high yield, especially in boreal climates. There hasn’t been any large-scale breeding of Timothy to develop varieties that are adapted for Swedish climate and standards, which is surprising given that Timothy is the main forage crop used in Sweden. This thesis is a part of a bigger project which aims for developing a “starter package” that offers a more efficient breeding method to commercial actors, which can be implemented together with traditional breeding for the development and improvement of new varieties of Timothy that enable sustainable farming.
This study is aimed to evaluate eco-agronomic traits such as fresh weight (cut), dry matter (DM), and botanical development stage (botdev) among advanced breeding material of timothy and estimate the impact of genotype-by-environment interactions (GEI) by testing the material at three geographic locations. A set of 264 modern accessions developed by Lantmännen were grown at three sites (Röbäcksdalen (RBD), Lövsta (LVT), and Svalöv) in Sweden together with two check varieties (Switch and Tryggve) that are well-known commercial varieties. The field trial was conducted according to a modified block design.
The results of an Anova indicated a significant difference in yield among the modern accessions. There was a significant difference between the length of growing degree days in RBD and LVT. The genetic variability analyses reveal the broad-sense heritability increase across the season from DM1 to DM3 and that the genetic gain was higher than environmental effects in LVT. However, the environmental effects were large for the traits DM1 and DM3 in RBD. The suggestion is that DM2 could be more efficiently bred among the modern accessions for the site RBD, while in LVT all three DM could be bred to increase the yield. A combination of PCA and GEI reveals a significant effect on accessions and the environment.
The conclusions are based on a combination of analyses such as PCA, GEI and genetic variability analyses and indicates suitable parental lines as we demonstrate here. Furthermore, these findings can speed up the breeding program and understanding of the GEI of Timothy in Sweden. There is an imperative need for a comprehensive understanding of the GEI of Timothy for today and future challenges and opportunities, to comply with climate changes. Additionally, more harvesting years and locations will provide a better understanding of the GEI of Timothy, an experiment of this kind is currently underway at the Swedish University of Agriculture
Magnesium and mid lactation paresis in dairy cows : is there any connection?
Get PDFKor som blir liggande och förlamade mitt i laktationen förekommer hos svenska mjölkproducenter. Magnesium är viktigt för en god muskelfunktion och det är känt att kalium påverkar magnesiumabsorptionen negativt. Syftet med detta arbete var att undersöka om det kan finnas en koppling mellan mittlaktationsförlamningar och magnesium.
Grovfodret hos svenska mjölkproducenter innehåller måttliga till höga halter av kalium och låga halter av natrium vilket kan minska absorptionen av magnesium i våmmen. Förekomsten av mitt-laktationsförlamningar analyserades utifrån djursjukdata på veterinärbehandlingar från Växa Sverige med hjälp av Microsoft Excel. Av korna som var anslutna till kokontrollen mellan åren 2015–2019 behandlades 0,2% av korna för förlamning och kramper och 67% av korna var i laktation tre eller mer. Antalet kor behandlade för förlamning och kramper var fler mellan mars och augusti än september och februari.
Slutsatsen är att det är av god idé att se över foderstaten så att åtminstone rekommenderat minimumintag av magnesium är uppfyllt.At the Swedish dairy farms there are cows that are laying in paretic in the middle of the lactation. Magnesium is essential for proper muscle function, and it is well known that potassium decreases rummen magnesium absorption. The purpose of this study is to examine if there is any connection between middle lactation paresis and magnesium.
In Swedish forage for dairy cows generally has a moderate to high concentration of potassium and a low concentration of sodium which can decrease the absorption of magnesium from the rumen. To analyze the incidence of middle lactation disease data of dairy cows from veterinary treatments from Växa Sverige was processed in Microsoft Excel. The result showed that 0.2% of the dairy cows in the Swedish dairy assosiation were treated for paresis and tetany between 2015-2019 and 67% of the cows were in lactation three or higher. The number of cows treated for paresis and tetany was higher between March and August than between September and February.
The conclusion of this study is that it is a good idea to have diet that at least meets the minimum requirement of magnesium
Fytinsyra i åkerböna : effekten av pH, blötläggningstid och värmebehandling för att reducera halten av fytinsyra i åkerböna
Get PDFTo feed a globally growing population, a challenging shift in the usage of today’s food system is required. This includes a shift towards more sustainable human diets, with increased levels of protein from plant-based sources. Faba bean (Vicia faba L.) is a potentially attractive candidate to fulfil this purpose, not the least because of its qualitative nutrient content, but also for its cultivation potential in Sweden. However, faba beans have varying levels of antinutrients, including phytic acid. Phytic acid has metal chelating abilities with the potential to cause mineral deficiencies in humans. The compound can be reduced by different pre-treatments and processing techniques, such as soaking for various times in altered pH conditions and temperatures.
This master thesis had three aims. The first was to develop and optimise a method to evaluate the concentration of phytic acid in faba bean, variety Tiffany. The second was to identify and evaluate the effect of soaking treatment conditions, i.e., pH, soaking time and heat-treatment, with the purpose to minimize the concentration of phytic acid in the legume. Finally, the third aim was to establish the optimum treatment based on the conditions of the soaking treatments.
The faba bean proteins were extracted with alkaline extraction followed by isoelectric precipitation and differential NaCl solubility. The phytic acid was extracted and analysed using anion-exchange chromatography and a colorimetric method with Wade reagent.
The optimised method successfully evaluated the concentration of phytic acid throughout the protein extraction of faba bean, resulting in a 28 % reduction. All soaking treatments reduced the concentration of phytic acid. These results provide important indications of processing information on phytic acid in faba bean for the industry of plant-based foods. The optimum soaking treatment was treatment E, with a pH value of 6 at a temperature of 20 °C for 2 h. Treatment E reduced the concentration of phytic acid by 87 %.För att mätta en globalt växande befolkning krävs ett skifte i hur man använder dagens livsmedelssystem. Skiftet skulle behöva innefatta en mer hållbar kosthållning, där en större andel av det protein som konsumeras kommer från växtbaserade alternativ. Åkerböna (Vicia faba L.) är ett potentiellt bra alternativ eftersom den har en god näringskvalitet och kan odlas i Sverige. Däremot innehåller åkerbönan olika nivåer av flertalet antinutrienter, varav en är fytinsyra. Fytinsyra har kelerande egenskaper som kan leda till mineralbrist hos människor. Mängden fytinsyra i åkerböna kan minskas genom olika förbehandlingsmetoder. Till exempel kan åkerbönan blötläggas i olika pH-värden, temperaturer och tidsperioder.
Det här projektet hade tre syften. Det första var att utveckla och optimera en metod för att undersöka fytinsyrainnehållet i åkerböna, av sorten Tiffany. Det andra var att identifiera och undersöka olika blötläggningsbehandlingar som skulle kunna minska koncentrationen av fytinsyra i åkerböna. Slutligen var det tredje syftet att fastslå vilken blötläggningsbehandling som var den optimala för att minska fytinsyrainnehållet i åkerböna.
Proteinerna från åkerbönan extraherades genom alkalisk extraktion, följt av isoelektrisk utfällning och tillsats av NaCl. Extraktionen och analysen av fytinsyra genomfördes med anjonbyteskromatografi och en kolorimetrisk metod som använde Wade reagens.
Den optimerade metoden minskade fytinsyrakoncentrationen i åkerböna med 28 % under proteinextraktionen. Samtliga blötläggningsbehandlingar hade en reducerande effekt på åkerbönans fytinsyrainnehåll. Resultaten kan anses ge viktiga indikationer till industrin av växtbaserade köttsubstitut. Den optimala blötläggningsbehandlingen var behandling E. Behandling E bestod av pH 6 i 20 °C under 2 h och minskade koncentrationen av fytinsyra med 87 %
Råmjölkens användningsmöjligheter och egenskaper
Get PDFRåmjölken är den första mjölken som däggdjur producerar efter födsel. Råmjölken är rik på makro- och mikronäringsämnen, immunmodulatorer och tillväxtfaktorer. Råmjölken produceras ungefär de tre första dagarna efter födseln. Kon producerar mer råmjölk än vad kalven behöver. Syftet med detta arbete är att presentera råmjölkens egenskaper. Även presentera lämpliga bearbetningsprocesser för råmjölken och livsmedel med tillsatt råmjölk. Arbetet genomfördes som en litteraturstudie där informationen hämtades från vetenskapliga artiklar och litteratur.
Vid insamling och bearbetning finns utmaningar. Under insamling krävs det att företaget har stora volymer av råmjölk för att det ska vara lönsamt att samla in. Vid bearbetning krävs det att de patogena mikroorganismerna hämmas i råmjölken samtidigt som kvalitén bevaras. Pastörisering är fördelaktigt mot de patogena mikroorganismerna, dock förloras en del av immunglobinerna vilket resulterar i en försämrad kvalité av råmjölken. Spraytorkning är en kostnadseffektiv metod som minskar vattenaktivitet i råmjölken. Dock är frystorkning den mest lämpade processen då majoriteten av immunoglobulinera bevaras.
Studier har genomförts där man testat att berika yoghurt med råmjölk och resultatet blev en proteinrik produkt. I en annan studie undersöktes möjligheter att få fram en färskost gjort på enbart råmjölk. Färskosten erhöll bra näringsvärden, dock blev inte texturen särskilt accepterad. Färska mejeriprodukter är inte lika fördelaktigt vid lagring och hållbarhet jämfört med pulver som kan förvaras i rumstemperatur under längre tid. Att kosttillskott av råmjölk är det som förekommer mest på marknaden är inte överraskande på grund av råmjölkens påstådda hälsofördelar för mänsklig konsumtion. Dock krävs mer forskning kring om dessa påståenden stämmer.Colostrum is the first milk that mammals produce after birth. Colostrum is rich in macro- and micronutrients, immune modulators and growth factors. The cow produces more colostrum than the calf needs. The purpose of this work is to present the properties of colostrum, suitable processing methods and foods with added colostrum. The work was carried out as a literature study where the information was taken from scientific articles and literature.
There are challenges when collecting and processing. During collection, the company is required to have large volumes of colostrum. During processing, it is required that the pathogenic microorganisms are inhibited while the quality remains. Pasteurization is beneficial against the pathogenic microorganisms, however, some of the immunoglobins are lost. Spray drying is a cost-effective method that reduces water activity in colostrum. However, freeze-drying is the most suitable process method since most immunoglobulins are preserved.
Studies have been carried out where they have enriched yoghurt with colostrum resulting in a protein-rich product. One other study investigated the possibility to create cream cheese made from colostrum only. The cream cheese received good nutritional value; however, the texture was not particularly accepted. Fresh dairy products are not as advantageous as the shelf life is relatively short compared to powders that can be stored at room temperature for a longer period. The dietary supplements of colostrum are the most common once on the market. This is due to the alleged health benefits of colostrum for human consumption; however, more research is needed
