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Outdoor keeping of sheep during winter : how does it affect the sheep and their production?
Get PDFUtomhushållning av får under vinterhalvåret förekommer i extensiva system i en del länder. Under den nordiska vintern inhyser man vanligtvis djuren i en byggnad. Att tillämpa utomhushållning är ett lågkostnadssystem som kan öka den tillgängliga ytan för fåren. På grund av det ekonomiska och välfärdsmässiga intresset i utomhushållning av får under vintern är det av betydelse att klargöra hur djuret och produktionen påverkas av utevistelsen. I litteraturen finns mycket att hitta om kylans påverkan, vilket representerar en stor del av utomhushållningens effekter. Litteraturstudien visar att får är lämpade för utomhushållning tack vare ullens isolerande roll samt de fysiologiska anpassningar djuret kan göra för att öka värmeproduktion och acklimatisera sig. Produktionen visar sig inte påverkas av utomhushållningen i sig, snarare av indirekta effekter som låga omgivningstemperaturer medför. Följer man de svenska lagar som finns kring hållning av får har utomhushållning positiva effekter på djurvälfärden.Outdoor keeping of sheep during winter is common in countries with extensive systems. Sheep are usually kept indoors during the Nordic winter. Outdoor keeping is a low cost system which can increase the available area for the sheep. Economical and welfare benefits create a big interest in out-wintering systems for sheep, and therefore it is of value to investigate how it will affect the animals and their production. In the literature, there is a lot information about the effects of low temperature. This will therefore represent the effects of out-wintering. Sheep are well adapted for outdoor keeping thanks to their wool and the physiological adaptations for increased heat production and acclimatization. The production is not affected of the outdoor keeping, but rather by the indirect effects of low ambient temperatures. There are positive welfare effects as long as you follow the Swedish laws concerning sheep holding
The secret life of moose : patterns of foraging and behaviour based on video collars
Get PDFTo understand how moose forage in the wild, we have to study them without disturbing them then. Video cameras placed on moose are a novel method to study wild individuals without being intrusive. I analyzed video footage from four moose collars, filmed up to nine times a day and filmed from 4 to 11 months, for maximum of 4,5 minutes a day. The moose were located in Norway: Sør-Trøndelag and in Finnmark. I tested three hypotheses: 1) weather affects video quality, 2) that diet composition of moose varies across the annual seasons and 3) diet composition varies between individuals and study sites. I found that during the vegetation period the most common video limiter of the video quality was water. The video footage showed that the moose were clearly browsers during the whole year, but they increased their foraging on Betula sp. and Salix sp. during the vegetation period. I conclude that animal-borne video cameras, are able to provide moose researchers with observations of expected changes in forage patterns during a year and provide detailed data even when they record only short periods of the day. This methodology also has the potential to reveal rare and previously undescribed behaviors. My findings will help to further refine the methodology for more large-scale investigations of the secret lives of moose
Field study on the importance of calcium for potato peel quality and storage capacity
Get PDFPeel quality of the potato tuber is becoming increasingly important in potato cultivation. Consumers primarily demand potatoes that have an even, smooth, and fine peel. Tubers that have different types of scabs or other stains are rejected. In addition, farmers get paid more at higher peel quality. The storage capacity is also positively affected by a high peel quality prior to storage. In recent years, calcium (Ca) has been increasingly discussed in connection with tuber quality, but most often regarding the inner quality of the tubers. Research on how and to what extent Ca affects diseases on the peel is lacking. However, due to the central role of Ca in the plant’s membranes and cell walls, Ca could potentially also affect the quality of the tuber peel. One hypothesis is that higher concentration of Ca in the soil and thus in the peel leads to an improved tuber peel quality, something that was tested in this work. In this field study, which was carried out on commercial farms in Småland and Östergötland counties in Sweden, the effect of the Ca concentration in the soil and in the peel on tuber peel quality of potatoes in freshly harvested and stored potatoes. A total of 22 fields were included in the study. In each field, three areas with varying concentrations of plant available Ca were selected to achieve a gradient across the field. In each area, samples of 2x15 kg of potato tubers were collected. Half of each sample was analysed ocularly immediately after harvesting, whereas the other half was stored for later analysis. The evaluated parameters were skin discolorations, black scurf, powdery scab, common scab, silver scurf and skin cracking and the results were presented as percentage of infected tubers. In addition, peel nutrient concentrations were determined. The results showed that a higher Ca concentration in the peel led to lower levels of peel discoloration in stored potatoes. The level of silver scurf after storage also decreased at higher levels of Ca in the peel. The opposite effect was noticed for black scurf in stored potatoes as higher Ca concentrations correlated with higher levels of black scurf. There was no correlation between the Ca content in the soil and the different analysed peel diseases. Soil Ca concentration in the field should according to recommendations be above 100 mg Ca/100 g soil to avoid Ca related quality defects on the tuber, and this assumption was also tested. The result did not agree with this recommendation, however, it turned out that the level of skin discoloration as well as the total amount of all skin diseases decreased as Ca-AL increased in the section below 100. In this study, the concentrations of other nutrients in the peel were also shown to correlate with skin quality. Positive correlations were found between manganese and phosphorus concentrations and the skin discoloration in freshly harvested tubers. In addition, there was a negative correlation between skin discolorations and the calcium-to-magnesium ratio and the calcium-to-potassium ratio, respectively. Furthermore, there was also a negative correlation between peel zinc concentration and the total amount of all skin diseases in stored potatoes. To minimize the risk of reduced potato peel quality, farmers need to focus more on Ca, especially when Ca-AL is below 100 mg Ca/100 g soil. The potential positive impact of zinc in stored potatoes should also be further investigated. In addition, there is a need to focus more on manganese, which is added regularly in today’s potato production, and which might have a negative impact on the peel quality.
Keywords: calcium, cultivation, manganese, peel finish, potato, potato quality, zincPotatisknölens skalkvalitet blir allt viktigare i dagens potatisodling. Konsumenten kräver framför allt potatisar som har ett jämt, slätt och fint skal. De knölar som har olika sorters skorv eller andra fläckar väljs bort. Dessutom får lantbrukaren bättre betalt ju bättre skalkvalitet potatisarna uppvisar och även lagringsdugligheten påverkas positivt ju finare skalet är vid inlagringen. De senaste åren har kalcium (Ca) diskuterats mer och mer i samband med potatisens kvalitet, dock framför allt när det gäller knölens inre kvalitet, och forskningsunderlaget om och i vilken omfattning kalcium påverkar sjukdomar på skalet är bristfälligt. På grund av kalciums centrala roll i växtens membran och cellväggar borde kalcium även kunna påverka skalets kvalitet. En hypotes är att mer kalcium i marken och därmed i skalet leder till en förbättrad skalkvalitet, vilket testades i det här arbetet. I den här fältstudien, som har genomförts på potatisgårdar i Småland och Östergötland, har det undersökts hur kalcium i marken och i skalet påverkar potatisens skalkvalitet i nyskördade och lagrade potatissorter. Totalt ingick 22 fält i studien och på varje fält valdes 3 områden ut som uppvisade en variation i växttillgänglig halt av Ca så att en gradient över fältet uppnåddes. På varje område togs det prover à 2x15kg. Hälften har analyserats av SMAK okulärt direkt efter upptaget, andra hälften lagrades in för senare analys. Parametrarna som SMAK tittade på var skalmissfärgningar, lackskorv, pulverskorv, vanlig skorv, silverskorv och skalbristning i % angripna knölar. YARA har genomfört en analys av näringsämneshalterna i skalet. Utvärderingen visade att en högre halt av Ca i skalet ledde till att lagrade potatisar uppvisade mindre nivåer av skalmissfärgningar. Även nivån av silverskorv minskade efter lagringen då högre halter Ca fanns i skalet. Det fanns tvärtom en tendens till högre angrepp av lackskorv vid högre kalciumhalt i skalet. Det fanns inga samband mellan kalciumhalten i marken och de olika skalsjukdomarna. Då det dock rekommenderas att Ca-talet i fält bör ligga över 100 mg Ca/100 g jord för att undvika Ca relaterade kvalitetsfel testades detta i arbetet. Resultatet stämde inte överens med denna hypotes, däremot visade sig att nivån av skalmissfärgningar samt den sammanlagda angreppsnivån minskade då Ca-AL-tal ökade i avsnittet under 100 mg Ca/100 mg jord. Även andra näringsämnen i skalet visade sig påverka skalkvalitet. Mangan och fosfor verkade öka skalmissfärgningar i nyskördade potatisar. En högre kvot av kalcium/magnesium respektive kalcium/ kalium verkade minska skalmissfärgningarna i lagrade potatisar. Dessutom tycks zink minska den sammanlagda angreppsnivån i lagrade potatisar. För att minimera risken för en sämre skalkvalitet behöver odlarna fokusera mer på Ca, speciellt när Ca-AL är under 100 mg Ca/100 g jord. Det bör även forskas mer kring den positiva påverkan av zink i lagrade potatisar. Dessutom behöver det fokuseras mer på mangan, som tillsätts regelbundet i dagens odlingar, och dess eventuella negativa påverkan på skalkvaliteten.
Nyckelord: kalcium, mangan, odling, potatis, potatiskvalitet, skalfinish, zin
Forest damage in the eyes of scientists
Get PDFForest damage is a complex concept. Damaging agents appear naturally in ecological systems, but
forest management also impacts their quantities. Damage can also be viewed from its interactions
with a social system, where it appears and is understood. How we pre-empt forest damage is crucial,
since it predefines the extent to which forests can contribute to the fulfilment of humans’
contradictory needs. Forest researchers in different scientific fields face the complexity of forest
damage in their work, they are thus both impacted and impacting how the concept is understood and
represented. This project explores the conceptualization of ‘forest damage’ in scientific practice by
exploring the frames of damage problems. The analytical framework of the study combines the
concepts of frames, narratives and discourses to guide versatile qualitative exploration of forest
damage as perceived by forest scientists. The ‘frames’ of informants’ perceptions of damage are
linked to wider environmental discourses, finally producing a chronological narrative. The study
builds on qualitative interviews with 12 researchers from Swedish universities representing three
scientific fields, namely silviculture, ecology and damage agent specialists. The analyses of
interview data were supported by literature studies.
The results show that, in a ‘mainstream’ interpretation, forest damage has been a traditional
silvicultural concept defined by a utilitarian perspective on forests. The increasing societal
recognition of diverse forest functions contributes to the expansion of the concept from a pure
production-focus to an incorporation of damage caused to ecosystem services and biodiversity.
Frame analysis revealed three perspectives in damage management labelled silviculture-, industryand
system perspective. The framing of damage problems by ‘calculated-risk taking’ i.e. willingness
to accept ‘reasonable’ and cost-efficient risk of damage, is found to constitute the ideological core
for how damage is approached in Swedish forestry. This framing impacts the interest in damage
research and the conditions for finding research solutions to damage problems. The ‘calculated risktaking’
frame mainly captures the interests of industrial owners rather than of small non-industrial
private forest owners. Environmental concerns also impact priorities in damage management and
they require pollution-free management solutions. ‘Ecological modernization’ and ‘neo-liberalism’
are underlying discourses found to be structuring the industry perspective. During the last five
decades the traditional silvicultural perspective has been challenged first by the industry perspective
and recently by the system perspective. Most researchers in this study ask for a more holistic and
adaptive perspective of forest damage. They suggest to spread risks through diversifying the
management. Results of this project can be used to improve dialogue about priorities in damage
research and management
Fördelning av vertikal kraft inom tass hos friska katter
Get PDFNär det kommer till att diagnosticera rörelsestörningar hos katt kan veterinären stå inför flera
utmaningar. Jämfört med hundar är katter mer benägna att dölja sina symptom, de är oftast mer
stressade i kliniska miljöer, mindre tålmodiga vid ortopediska undersökningar och det kan vara svårt
att utföra en visuell rörelseanalys på en katt. Tryckmätningsmattor, som på ett objektivt sätt samlar
information om rörelseparametrar och tryckfördelning, har använts med gott resultat hos hund. Det
som framför allt studerats är de så kallade ground reaction forces (GRF), som uppstår när en tass
nuddar marken. Från en GRF-kurva kan två parametrar tas ut, den maximala kraften, peak vertical
force (PVF), och den totala kraften, vertical impulse (VI). På senare tid har även studier på katt
utförts, dock krävs fler studier för att bygga upp ett referensmaterial dels för friska katter, dels för
katter med olika ortopediska åkommor.
Detta examensarbete bygger vidare på material från ett forskningsprojekt utfört på Sveriges
lantbruksuniversitet (SLU) där man bland annat undersökte friska katters tryckfördelning mellan
tassar men även inom tass. 31 friska katters registrerade data från tryckmätningsmatta användes i
detta arbete i syftet att jämföra överviktiga och normalviktiga katters tryckfördelning inom tass. För
att kunna skilja de överviktiga katterna från de normalviktiga användes en 5-gradig och en 9-gradig
graderingskala för så kallad body condition score (BCS). De registrerade tassarna delades in i fyra
lika stora kvadranter (kraniolateralt, kraniomedialt, kaudolateralt och kaudomedialt) och PVF samt
VI studerades och jämfördes mellan grupperna.
En signifikant skillnad i PVF mellan friska överviktiga och friska normalviktiga katter upptäcktes
på baktassens fyra kvadranter samt framtassens kraniolaterala kvadrant. Den signifikanta skillnaden
indikerar att överviktiga katter har högre maximalt kraft i baktassens kvadranter. Den kliniska
betydelsen av detta kan till exempel innebära att om en patient skiftar avsevärt i vikt mellan olika
mätningar kan behöva ha i åtanke att detta kan påverka PVF och att VI kan vara en säkrare parameter
att följa då ingen signifikant skillnad mellan grupperna fanns för VI.
Tryckfördelning inom tass hos både katt och hund är ett relativt outforskat område där mer forskning
krävs för att kunna få fram ett bra referensmaterial samt undersöka hur olika fysiologiska tillstånd
och ortopediska åkommor påverkar detta.When it comes to diagnosing orthopaedic disorders in cats the veterinarian may face several
challenges. Compared to the dog, the cat is more likely to hide their symptoms, are more stressed in
clinical environments, are less tolerant regarding palpation of the musculoskeletal system and it can
be hard to interpret a visual gait analysis. Pressure sensitive walkways have been successfully used
in dogs, both in clinical settings and in research, to detect gait disturbances. The pressure walkway
registers the pressure between the paw and the ground, and from this the vertical ground reaction
forces (GRF) can be calculated, including tthe GRF parameters peak vertical force (PVF) and
vertical impulse (VI). In recent years the pressure walkway has been studied to see if it can detect
different gait parameters and orthopaedic disorders in cats, but more studies are required to collect
more data from both healthy cats and cats with orthopaedic disorders.
This degree project is based on previous research and collected data regarding load distribution in
healthy cats done at the Swedish Agricultural University (SLU) in Uppsala. The research looked at
load distribution between paws and load distribution within paw. The registered data from 31 healthy
cats were studied with the aim to compare the load distribution within paw between ideal weight
cats and overweigh cats. To differentiate the overweight cats from the ideal weight cats, a 5-point
and a 9-point grading system for body condition score (BCS) was used. The included cats’ paws
were divided in to four equally sized quadrants (craniolateral, craniomedial, caudolateral and
caudomedial) and PVF and VI for each quadrant were compared between the two groups.
A significant difference in PVF between the two groups of cats was detected for all four quadrants
of the hind paws and the craniolateral quadrants of the front paws. The difference indicates that
overweight cats have a higher PVF in the hind paw quadrants. Regarding the clinical significance,
this finding might mean that the veterinarian may consider using VI as a gait parameter with a patient
that shifts much in weight between two appointments. No significant difference was detected
between the groups regarding VI.
Load distribution within paw in both cats and dogs is a relatively unexplored area. More research is
required to be able to produce a good reference material but also to investigate how different
physiological conditions and orthopaedic disorders affect gait parameters within paws
Jämförelse mellan hältbedömning av häst utförd av 12 klinikveterinärer och en applikation baserad på datorseende
Get PDFOrtopediska sjukdomar är hästens största medicinska problem världen över och sjukdomar i
rörelseapparaten är den vanligaste anledningen till att svenska hästar behandlas av en veterinär. För
framgångsrik behandling av ortopediska problem krävs i första hand en korrekt identifiering av det
halta benet.
Tidigare publicerade studier har visat att subjektiv rörelseanalys utförd av veterinärer lider av flera
brister. Överensstämmelsen mellan veterinärers subjektiva bedömningar av hälta är otillfredsställande, speciellt vid låggradiga och bakbenshältor, både med avseende på ben och grad. Bedömningen av diagnostiska anestesier kan påverkas av bias eller tolkas felaktigt. Objektiva metoder för
att kvantifiera asymmetri har därför länge varit ett fokus för ortopedisk forskning och har idag
utvecklats tillräckligt för att användas i praktiskt kliniskt arbete. Idag existerar ingen validerad skala
för hältgradering i något av de objektiva systemen utan endast ett tröskelvärde som indikerar
repeterbarhet mellan mätningar.
Denna studie jämförde subjektiv och objektiv rörelseanalys av 10 hästar i trav på trakt spår med
avseende på primär och kompensatorisk hälta, hältgrad och hälttyp. Hästarna hade valts ut för att
representera ett symmetriskt rörelsemönster samt en ökande grad av asymmetri jämnt fördelat
mellan fram- och bakben. Lindrig till kraftig hälta hade verifierats med en positiv diagnostisk anestesi.
Den subjektiva analysen utfördes på video, av 12 veterinärer med i snitt 16,4 års erfarenhet inom
hästortopedi. Den objektiva analysen utfördes av Sleip AI, en mobil applikation för markörlös optisk
motion capture, en nyligen utvecklad AI-assisterad teknik för rörelseanalys. Applikationen använder
datorseende för att identifiera hästens kroppsdelar och analyserar dess rörelsebanor med hjälp av
maskininlärning. Veterinärerna besvarade även frågor om erfarenhet, säkerhet och användande av
objektiv rörelseanalys i en enkät. Överensstämmelse analyserades med Fleiss’ och Cohens kappa
och tolkades som dålig κ ≤ 0,3, acceptabel κ = 0,31–0,5, bra κ = 0,51–0,8 och mycket bra för
κ > 0,8. Korrelation beräknades med Pearsons korrelationskoeffecient (r) och Spearmans rangkorrelationskoefficient (rs).
Överensstämmelsen inom veterinärgruppen skiljer sig i denna studie inte nämnvärt från tidigare
studier. För primärhalt ben var samstämmigheten acceptabel (κ = 0,45), men för kompensatoriskt
halt ben (κ = 0,26) och gradering av primärhälta (κ = 0,24) var den dålig. Överensstämmelsen mellan
veterinärgruppen och Sleip AI var bra (κ = 0,63/0,75). Veterinärer som var överens med Sleip AI
med avseende på primärhalt ben var också mer samstämmiga med resten av veterinärgruppen. De
var dessutom säkrare i sin bedömning och mer konsekventa i sin hältgradering. Varken tid i praxis,
antal fall/år eller användande av objektiv rörelseanalys påverkade den enskilde veterinärens
överensstämmelse med gruppen eller Sleip AI.
På grund av för liten datamängd samt dålig subjektiv samstämmighet kan denna studie inte presentera en fungerande modell för sambandet mellan subjektiv och objektiv gradering. För att i framtida
studier utarbeta en fungerande modell bör varje bedömare gradera fler hästar, gärna samma häst
flera gånger exempelvis före/efter diagnosisk anestesi.Orthopedic disease is the most common equine health problem all over the world and injury to the
locomotor system is the most common group of diagnoses in the Swedish horse population. To
successfully treat orthopedic conditions, one must first correctly identify the lame leg.
Previous studies have highlighted several drawbacks of subjective gait analysis. Inter-observer
agreement is unsatisfying regarding which leg is lame and grading of lameness. Agreement is
especially poor for mild lameness and hindlimb lameness. Diagnostic analgesia could potentially be
affected by expectation bias and also misinterpreted, producing false negatives and false positives.
Objective gait assessment has therefore been a focus for orthopedic research for a long time but has
now developed far enough to be used in clinical practice. There’s no validated grading scale in any
of the systems for quantitative gait analysis, only thresholds which indicate repeatability.
This study compared subjective and objective gait analysis of 10 horses in trot on a straight line
regarding primary and compensatory lameness, grading and type of lameness. The horses were
chosen to represent a symmetric gait pattern and an increasing grade of lameness, equally distributed
on fore- and hind limbs. Mild to severe lameness was verified by a positive diagnostic analgesia.
Subjective analysis was performed on videos by 12 vets with a mean experience of 16.4 years in
equine orthopedic practice. Objective analysis was performed by Sleip AI, a mobile application for
marker less optical motion capture, a recently developed AI-assisted technology for equine gait
analysis. The application uses computer vision to identify multiple body parts of the horse, track and
analyze their trajectory with machine learning. The vets also answered a questionnaire regarding
experience, confidence, and daily use of objective gait analysis. Inter-observer agreement was
estimated by calculation of Fleiss’ and Cohen’s kappa (κ) and was considered poor for κ ≤ 0.3,
acceptable κ = 0.31–0.5, good κ = 0.51–0.8 and excellent κ > 0.8. Correlation was estimated with
Pearson’s correlation coefficient (r) and Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient (rs).
Agreement for primary lameness (which limb) was acceptable (κ = 0.45) but poor for compensatory
lameness (κ = 0.26) and for grading of the primary lameness (κ = 0.24). Agreement between the vet
group and Sleip AI was good (κ = 0.63/0.75). Individual vets in good agreement with Sleip AI
regarding primary lameness was also more likely to agree with the vet group. They were also more
confident in their judgement and more consistent in their grading. Neither time in praxis, caseload
or use of objective gait analysis affected the individual vet’s agreement with the group or Sleip AI.
Due to a small data set and poor subjective agreement, this study is unable to present a reliable
model for correlation between subjective and objective lameness grading. To develop a reliable
model each assessor needs to grade more horses, same horse multiple times, preferably before/after
diagnostic analgesia
Spatial co-occurrence between wind power and boreal forestlands with lichen important for reindeer browsing
Get PDFTo meet the increasing demand of renewable energy, Sweden aim to expand the onshore wind power production from 30 TWh today, to 80 TWh by 2040. Most wind power sites will be placed in Northern Sweden, which coincides with the reindeer husbandry area, where indigenous Sami have a legislated reindeer husbandry right. Several studies show that reindeer are negatively affected by wind power in terms avoidance and habitat selection within several kilometers from the wind power sites, hence reduces the availability of reindeer winter forage. In winter, reindeer rely heavily on ground and epiphytic lichen. Therefore, the aim with my analysis was to assess the spatial relationship between wind power sites and forest with ground and epiphytic lichen occurrence within the reindeer husbandry area, with three main research objectives: (1) Compare lichen occurrence within spatial scales of wind power sites relevant for reindeer behavior to the site and planning areas in the national wind strategy, (2) estimate the possible reduction of reindeer winter forage due to wind power expansion in Jämtland, Västernorrland, Västerbotten and Norrbotten, and (3) compare how wind power affect reindeer winter forage in the reindeer herding communities Vilhelmina Södra and Östra Kikkejaure today. All spatial analyses were done with a geographical information system.
My result showed that up to 12 % respective 14% of forest with high ground and epiphytic lichen occurrence are affected by wind power sites in the reindeer husbandry area today. Västernorrland has the largest proportion of reindeer forage impacted both today and in future scenarios, while Västerbotten is facing the largest change from the situation today. Reindeer forage was especially impacted within Östra Kikkejaure, where around 30% of all forests with high ground and epiphytic lichen occurrence is affected by wind power today. Consequently, even though the physical wind power sites occupy a rather small area, it indirectly affects a substantial proportion of the available forage within the reindeer husbandry area, with an even larger impact on a more local scale, hence threatening the survival of reindeer husbandry as we know it today. By quantifying reindeer winter forage affected by wind power, the analysis contributes important information that can improve the knowledge for a more sustainable landscape planning in the multifunctional landscape of today
Impact of storage at freezing temperatures on casein micelle size, coagulation properties and curd yield in bovine milk
Get PDFFrozen storage is an efficient and convenient way to preserve and transport milk, but the effect from frozen storage needs to be further researched. The objective of this study was to investigate how storage at freezing temperatures (-80°C and -20°C) of frozen and freeze-dried bovine milk samples, respectively, affects pH, casein micelle size, ethanol stability, rheological properties and curd yield. The short-term changes after cold storage at 4°C were also examined. The results were evaluated using one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s pairwise comparison test. A significant decrease in pH was observed during the short-term storage at 4°C. A significant difference was shown in ethanol stability after storage of the freeze-dried milk samples in week 4 while comparing the freezing temperatures. The pH measurements showed a significant difference between frozen and freeze-dried samples stored at -20°C and in week 1 and 2. The result from the coagulation time measurements showed significant difference in all treatments, except during the first week. The gel firmness was significantly different when comparing frozen milk samples stored at -80°C and -20°C, respectively for 2, 3, 5 and 6 weeks. The study concluded that milk is affected by frozen storage, resulting in softer cheese curd, prolonged coagulation time and decreased gel firmness. The study indicated that the optimal freezing temperature and time for frozen bovine milk samples are one week at -80°C. Further research with higher number of replicates and longer storage time could result in stronger conclusions about the effects of frozen storage of milk. Inclusion of caprine and ovine milk samples would make the results more useful for small-scale cheese manufacturers.Frysning är ett effektivt och enkelt sätt att konservera och transportera mjölk, men mer forskning om infrysningens effekter på mjölk behövs. Studiens syfte var att undersöka hur frysta och frystorkade komjölkprover påverkas av lagring i -80°C och -20°C genom att mäta pH, kaseinmicellstorlek, etanolstabilitet, reologiska egenskaper och ostutbyte före och under som längst sex veckors fryslagring. Resultatet utvärderades statistiskt med envägs-ANOVA och Tukey’s post-hoc test. Förändringarna i samtliga parametrar mättes även under kylförvaring i +4°C under tre dagar. Resultatet påvisade en signifikant minskning i pH under kylförvaringen. Under frysningen påvisades en statistisk skillnad i etanolstabilitet för frystorkade prover lagrade i -80°C och inom vecka 4 vid jämförelse av provmedelvärde. Även för pH påvisades statistiska skillnader under lagring av frysta och frystorkade prover i -20°C och inom vecka 1 och 2. Statistiska skillnader mellan ?? påvisades även för resultatet för de reologiska egenskaperna. Statistisk skillnad påvisades inom alla jämförelser i koaguleringstid, förutom från vecka 1. Skillnader i gelstyrka påvisade statistisk signifikans från de frysta mjölkproverna lagrade i -80°C, -20°C och inom vecka 2, 3, 5 och 6. Studien påvisade att mjölk påverkas av infrysning med ökat ostutbyte, förlängd koaguleringstid och försvagad gelstyrka. Resultatet indikerade att den optimala infrysningstiden och -temperaturen för komjölksprover som ska användas för ostproduktion är en vecka i -80°C. Vidare forskning med högre antal replikat och förlängd infrysningstid skulle kunna resultera i tydligare utvärdering av effekter av frysförvaring av mjölk som ska användas för ystning. Inkludering av get- och fårmjölk i studien skulle göra resultatet användbart även för småskaliga get- och fåroststillverkare
Camera traps as seen by wildlife managers
Get PDFSweden strives for adaptive wildlife management. With the introduction of new technologies and methodologies, adaptive management must be resilient and efficient in implementing and trying these, to truly stay adaptive. One of the most widely used technologies within Swedish wildlife management is camera traps, as they are a relatively cheap and unintrusive means of monitoring wildlife. In this report, I focus on the practical and theoretical development and implementation of camera traps. By conducting qualitative, key informant interviews with Swedish wildlife managers, I provide insight into managers’ thoughts on and experiences with implementation of camera traps specifically and new technologies and methodologies more generally, and into their views on the challenges that Swedish wildlife management may face today, and in the future. The analysis revealed concerns in communication of information, knowledge, experiences, and technology uses between involved stakeholders, as well as issues in the coordination of methodological and technological development and implementation. Efficient communication and coordination are vital in maintaining a functional approach to adaptive wildlife management with fundamental knowledge amongst all stakeholders. The adaptive management framework and practical implementation needs careful work to obtain these functions. The analysis also revealed frustration amongst wildlife managers concerning the legislation around the use of new technologies. As adaptive management is reliant on a trial-and-error approach, legislation must be adapted to allow for new tools and methods to be tried in order to meet current and future management demands
A thematic landscape designed masterplan integrating urban ecology, water planning and social improvements
Get PDFThe aim of this thesis paper is to integrate three important thematic aspects i.e., improve qualities in the urban ecological situation, provide ideas for handling stormwater flooding and ideas to improve socio-economic aspects for inhabitants. The integration of ideas is illustrated in a masterplan program-sketch in three phases.
Dhaka is the capital of Bangladesh. Dhaka is a densely populated fast developing city. The chronological changes of the natural setting due to rapid growth of urbanization in Dhaka city creates an imbalance with nature and disrupts urban ecology. The green and blue structures are replaced with built areas and hard surfaces. The situation for urban ecology in the city of Dhaka affects storm water flooding and social wellbeing.
The methods used for background knowledge to this proposal are literature reviews, document searches, interviews, GIS analysis and a study of role models from different countries and contexts where a variety of solutions, proposals and functions inspired me in my own sketching.
The methods and the background for this thesis were used to formulate guidelines to support the overall program-sketch for the three phases in a masterplan.
The first phase program-sketch includes redesigning the informal settlements in Karail into better living conditions for the dwellers according to Patrick Geddes theories by keeping the overall road- and block structure and provide new shelter, job opportunities and adding recreational values to the area. The second phase concentrated on re-establishing of water streams in a green park according to the philosophy of Fredrick Law Olmsted, and in the third phase the former airport Tejgaon to become a large green area for social meetings, recreation activities for the Dhaka city inhabitants and provide job opportunities for the informal dwellers.
The discussion on strengths, limitations, challenges, and further development ends with a conclusion that it is of great importance to work integrated with the three thematic aspects urban ecology, storm water flooding and social wellbeing on an overall level and with understanding of the issues among both specialists, politicians, and inhabitants to be able to implement necessary change towards sustainability