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Antibiotic prescribing for children five years or younger in Indonesian primary care settings
Get PDFIntroduction: Children are at a higher risk of antibiotic overprescribing, while limited surveillance is evident in primary care settings. This study aims to examine patterns of infections and associated antibiotic use in children attending Primary Health Centers (PHCs), including an explanatory analysis of antibiotics for non-pneumonia acute respiratory infections (ARIs), pneumonia, and diarrhea.
Methodology: An observational study used records of all children ≤ 5 years of age prescribed antibiotics from January 2019 to December 2020 in selected PHCs in Surabaya and Banjarmasin, Indonesia. Data on children’s characteristics, diagnoses, and antibiotics prescribed, were collected from patient records. The explanatory analysis was based on national guidelines. A descriptive analysis was used to summarize the data.
Results: A total of 1053 and 1463 children’s records with antibiotics were located at Surabaya and Banjarmasin PHCs, respectively. ARIs were the most common indications for antibiotic prescribing in both settings, either non-pneumonia ARIs (60.6% versus 33.8%, respectively) or pneumonia (20.2% versus 25.2%, respectively). High conformity with guidelines were evident for antibiotics used for pneumonia (i.e., amoxicillin/cotrimoxazole/erythromycin – 89.3%) or specified upper ARIs (e.g., amoxicillin for pharyngitis – 73.9%), and for diarrhea (i.e., cotrimoxazole – 73.1%). However, some information, such as diagnoses, were not recorded or were unspecific, hence limiting assessment.
Conclusions: This study provided insights into prescribing antibiotics among children in Indonesia. Lack of specific guidelines for children and inadequate documentation for antibiotic prescribing warrants improvement. Larger prospective studies should assess appropriate prescribing at the national level to optimize the use of antibiotics
Visualisasi Kontrol Level Sigma Berbasis Macro VBA
Get PDFVisualisasi Kontrol Level Sigma Berbasis Macro VBA merupakan program komputer berbasis Macro VBA yang dapat digunakan untuk menghitung level sigma, scrap rate, persentase yield sekaligus menampilkannya dalam sebuah sistem dashboard yang bersifat otomatis dan realtime. Program komputer ini dibangun untuk mempermudah perusahaan manufaktur dalam upaya implementasi six sigma. Kemudahan tersebut diperoleh dari sistem perhitungan dan presentasi yang bersifat otomatis dan real time berdasarkan data mentah yang di-input ke sistem. Selain sebagai kalkulator, program ini juga berfungsi sebagai dashboard yang dapat menampilkan data historisnya sebagai evaluasi sesuai dengan permintaan user. Data historis tersebut ditampilkan dalam bentuk grafik statistik. Data historis yang ditampilkan berupa capaian kinerja dari beberapa indikator keberhasilan yang esensial. Berdasarkan capaian indikator keberhasilan dan level sigma, sistem dashboard juga mampu memberikan kesimpulan umum apakah proses produksi sedang berjalan baik atau perlu peninjauan ulang karena ada beberapa bagian yang perlu diperbaiki. Kesimpulan tersebut juga dirancang agar dapat muncul secara otomatis berdasarkan hasil perhitungan level sigma dan indikator lainnya. Adanya program ini diharapkan proses kontrol pada proses produksi dapat dilakukan dengan mudah, cepat dan tepat guna
Anticancer activity prediction of Curcuma longa and Phyllanthus urinaria through computational analysis
Get PDFTraditional Indonesian medicine has long been recognized for its curative qualities, although concerns remain over the efficacy and safety of medicinal herbs. The application of computational methods in novel drug discovery is one of the promising new insights offered by recent technical advancements. This study attempts to find putative anticancer chemicals in two extensively used plants in Southeast Asia, Curcuma longa and Phyllanthus urinaria, using a computational technique. AKT1, a model protein implicated in the development of cancer cells, was used in this investigation. In these two plants, 28 different chemicals were found. We use strict selection standards, like Lipinski’s rule of five, to ensure the identification of potential candidates. The findings demonstrated that 24 compounds had comparable binding affinities to the reference ligands, indicating encouraging therapeutic potential. Subsequent investigation showed that the compounds’ chemical structures differed and that their similarities to the reference ligand were <10%. However, for both plant-derived drugs, the amino acid binding patterns revealed remarkable similarities that went above 50% similarity, suggesting that both may be useful
Negotiating Marriage Beyond Traditional And Modern Contexts: An Interpretative Phenomenology Analysis Of Upper-Caste Women In Ngada
Get PDFCultural expectations for upper-caste women in Ngada society demand that they marry within their caste. This study opens a communicative space for women who have successfully negotiated traditional norms. It aims to understand how women negotiate marriage choices with their families and how social support and communication affect their decision-making processes. This qualitative study uses an interpretative phenomenological approach, employing semi-structured interviews with three upper-caste women who married men of lower-caste status. The findings show that cultural expectations to preserve social status through intra-caste marriage persist, placing pressure on women to relinquish autonomy in making marital decisions. However, open communication about personal choices and seeking family support allowed for the emergence of emotional, instrumental, and informational support that greatly helped women overcome social stigma and choose partners independently. The implications of this study underscore the importance of open family communication in supporting individual freedom in a partner
A systematic literature review of factors influencing spectatorship in sports (Una revisión sistemática de los factores que influyen en la audiencia deportiva)
Get PDFIntroduction: Spectator attendance at sport events was one of the most important aspects of
the economic and social structure of the sport industry. The past research often examined ticket
pricing, team performance, and social media separately, and their interaction was insufficiently
studied.
Objective: The purpose of the study was to examine the effects of these three factors systema-
tically on attendance as well as the outcome of the combination of these three factors on fan
behavior.
Methodology: A systematic literature review was conducted using a transparent screening pro-
tocol. After starting with 259 articles, 19 peer-reviewed studies were identified using pre-de-
termined inclusion criteria. Thematic analysis was conducted to identify the central patterns
pertaining to the aspects of pricing, performance, and digital engagement.
Results: The findings revealed that ticket pricing was most effective when perceived as fair and
aligned with positive team performance. Team success influenced casual fans, whereas loyal
fans remained consistent regardless of outcomes. Social media significantly shaped audience
perceptions and decisions, particularly among younger spectators.
Discussion: The present study demonstrated that these factors functioned interdependently.
Emotional and digital elements were found to moderate economic responses, challenging tra-
ditional models that viewed them separately.
Conclusions: An integrated approach to pricing, team communication, and digital strategy is
essential to attract and retain sport event audiences in evolving market conditions
Perlindungan Hukum Terhadap Anak Korban Perundungan Pada Satuan Pendidikan Keagamaan
No full textPerundungan fisik dapat diartikan sebagai bentuk penindasan atau kekerasan yang dilakukan dengan sengaja oleh satu orang atau sekelompok orang yang lebih kuat atau berkuasa terhadap orang lain, dengan tujuan untuk menyakiti dan dilakukan secara terus menerus. Perundungan fisik menjadi salah satu permasalahan yang sangat serius dan sampai hari ini masih sulit untuk dihilangkan. Ada beberapa kasus perundungan fisik yang beredar di berbagai Media, baik media elektronik maupun media cetak yang mengakibatkan korban mengalami patah tulang, luka-luka, benjolan dikepala, lebam, dan bahkan ada yang sampai meninggal dunia. Dengan demikian maka perlu adanya penelitian mengenai hal tersebut terkait dengan perlindungan hukumnya. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode yuridis normative, bahan yang digunakan yaitu menggunakan bahan hukum primer yang bersumber dari undang-undang dan peraturan-peraturan terkait dan didukung oleh bahan hukum skunder yaitu kasus nyata terkait perundungan fisik yang dikumpulkan dari pemberitaan media-media elektronik. Adapun tujuan yang ingin dicapai penulis dalam penelitian ini adalah: 1. Menjawab pengaturan terkait perlindungan anak sebagai korban perundungan fisik. 2. pencegahan agar anak terhindar menjadi korban perundungan fisik. Hasil penelitian ini menghasilkan data perundungan fisik. Sedangkan perlindungan hukum yang dapat dilakukan bagi korban adalah secara preventif dan secara represif dengan bantuan beberapa pihak untuk mencegah maupun menanggulangi perundungan di satuan pendidikan keagamaan. Regulasi terkait perundungan fisik ini diatur dalam Undang-Undang Nomor 35 Tahun 2014, yang merupakan revisi dari Undang-Undang Nomor 23 Tahun 2002 tentang Perlindungan Anak, yang menetapkan norma-norma hukum untuk melindungi anak-anak dari perilaku yang merugikan mereka di lingkungan satuan pendidikan keagaman dan masyarakat.
Kata Kunci : Perlindungan anak korban perundungan, Upaya pencegahan, Satuan pendidikan keagamaa
Eksistensi Isbat Nikah Terhadap Pencatatan Perkawinan
No full textPenelitian ini membahas eksistensi isbat nikah terhadap pencatatan perkawinan, khususnya dalam konteks perlindungan hukum bagi perempuan yang terlibat dalam perkawinan tidak tercatat. Isbat nikah merupakan mekanisme hukum yang memungkinkan pengesahan status perkawinan melalui putusan pengadilan agama. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa isbat nikah tidak hanya berfungsi sebagai bentuk legalisasi administratif, tetapi juga sebagai sarana perlindungan hukum yang bersifat restoratif. Dengan adanya putusan isbat, perempuan memperoleh kepastian hukum atas statusnya sebagai istri serta akses terhadap hak-hak keperdataan seperti nafkah, warisan, hak atas harta bersama, pengasuhan anak, hingga akses terhadap layanan administrasi negara. Mahkamah Agung melalui Surat Edaran Nomor 3 Tahun 2018 menegaskan pentingnya isbat nikah sebagai instrumen keadilan dan perlindungan hukum, terutama bagi perempuan dan anak dalam perkawinan tidak tercatat. Dalam perspektif teori hukum Hans Kelsen, putusan isbat yang sah menjadikan perkawinan diakui secara hukum, memberikan perempuan legitimasi administratif, sosial, dan ekonomi yang setara dalam struktur hukum negara. Dengan demikian, isbat nikah memiliki posisi strategis dalam menjamin keadilan dan kepastian hukum dalam sistem hukum nasional
Akuntansi Keperilakuan
No full textBuku Akuntansi Keperilakuan menyajikan pendekatan interdisipliner dalam memahami praktik akuntansi modern yang tidak hanya dipengaruhi oleh angka dan data, tetapi juga oleh perilaku manusia. Buku ini menelusuri bagaimana faktor psikologis, sosial, dan budaya organisasi memengaruhi proses pencatatan, pelaporan, hingga pengambilan keputusan keuangan. Disusun dalam dua belas bab, buku ini mengupas berbagai topik penting mulai dari teori perilaku dalam akuntansi, pengaruh motivasi dan partisipasi dalam anggaran, peran sistem pengendalian manajemen, pengaruh budaya organisasi, hingga studi kasus akuntansi keperilakuan. Buku ini juga menyoroti bias-bias umum seperti overconfidence, anchoring, dan framing dalam praktik akuntansi, serta bagaimana teknologi dan regulasi terkini memengaruhi dinamika perilaku akuntan dan manajer keuangan
Overcoming Sugar Craving Guide Book
No full textModul ini berisi panduan untuk mengurangi perilaku konsumsi manis berlebihan. Disusun dengan tujuan memberikan wawasan mendalam tentang pengertian, penyebab, batasan dan akibat serta solusi dari perilaku sugar craving. Konten ini diformat agar dapat diakses dengan mudah dan memberikan panduan yang konkret untuk mengubah kebiasaan konsumsi manis yang berlebihan. Tersedia informasi praktis dan cara menyikapi konsumsi manis yang berlebihan untuk membimbing pembaca dalam merancang pola pikir dan tindakan yang lebih bijak terkait konsumsi makanan/minuman manis
Botanical, phytochemical, and bioactivity characterization of Coleus scutellarioides
No full textColeus scutellarioides, commonly known as miana in Indonesia, is a versatile ornamental plant with a longstanding history of traditional medicinal use, particularly for treating inflammation and metabolic disorders. This study focuses on the purple variety due to its prevalence in traditional medicine and its distinctive features, including deep purple foliage with serrated margins. A comprehensive characterization was conducted, including botanical identification, physicochemical tests, and spectroscopic analysis (TLC, ATR-FTIR) to support its standardization as a medicinal crude drug. Biological activities were assessed for in vitro antioxidant (DPPH, NO) and enzyme inhibition (α-glucosidase, α-amylase, xanthine oxidase) assays. Botanical analysis confirmed distinct morphological and microscopic traits, aiding in varietal
identification. The physical evaluation yielded acceptable standardization values: loss on drying (8.86% w/w), total ash (9.35% w/w), and acid-insoluble ash (2.57% w/w). The thick extract exhibited a moisture content of 20.04% w/w, with total and acid-insoluble ash contents of 5.44% w/w and 3.72% w/w, respectively. Thin layer chromatography and spectral analysis confirmed the presence of flavonoids and phenolic acids, with total flavonoid contents of 0.59 mg QE/g (crude drug, i.e., dried plant material prior to extraction) and 1.64 mg QE/g (concentrated extract). Extractive values indicated that water-soluble constituents dominate. Biological assays demonstrated significant antioxidant activity (IC₅₀ = 70.06 µg/mL), moderate α-glucosidase (IC₅₀ = 630 µg/mL), weak xanthine oxidase
(IC₅₀ = 900 µg/mL) and nitric oxide (IC₅₀ = 2.52×10³ µg/mL) inhibition, but no α-amylase inhibition activity. These findings support the traditional use of C. scutellarioides and provide scientific evidence for its potential as a natural remedy for oxidative stress and metabolic disorders