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Osteonecrosi dei mascellari
No full textL'osteonecrosi da bifosfonati (BRONJ) è una condizione clinica descritta per la prima volta nel 2002 1 e caratterizzata dall'esposizione di osso a livello di mascellare superiore ed inferiore persistente da più di 8 settimane in pazienti che hanno fatto uso o fanno uso di bifosfonati e che non hanno storia clinica di radioterapia del capo-collo.
Questa veniva variamente indicata in letteratura con i termini di "osteomielite" a sottolineare l'aspetto flogistico e di "contaminazione batterica costante", o di "necrosi avascolare" a sottolineare l'aspetto ipossi-ischemico che ne alimenta la patogenesi, o ancora come "bi-phossy jaw" per la stretta analogia mostrata con l'antica malattia professionale nota come "phossy jaw"2 o "mandibola da fosforo" osservata a Vienna (1845) nei lavoratori delle fabbriche di fiammiferi (Fig.1).3,4
Attualmente però c'è un certo accordo in letteratura nel definire questa nuova
forma di necrosi ossea come "Biphosphonates related Osteonecrosis of Jaws" ovvero "osteonecrosi dei mascellari correlata a bifosfonati".5
L'esposizione ossea si presenta spontaneamente o, più spesso, diventa manifesta inseguito a procedure chirurgiche invasive quali l'estrazione di radici dentali, chirurgia periodontale, apicectomia o posizionamento di
impianti dentari. La necrosi interessa prevalentemente le ossa dei mascellari , origina sempre a livello dell'osso alveolare e solo secondariamente si estende al corpo e rami mandibolari ed altre sedi contigue. 6
I bifosfonati sono una classe di farmaci a cui appartengono numerose molecole usate prevalentemente in campo oncologico per il controllo delle metastasi ossee da cancro della mammella e mieloma multiplo o, meno frequentemente, da neoplasie maligne prostatiche, renali e polmonari.
I più comuni bifosfonati utilizzati in terapia sono: l'alendronato, il risedronato, l'ibandronato, il pamidronato e lo zoledronato, composti dotati di elevata potenza e selettività.7,8
L'utilizzo di questi farmaci è andato sempre più aumentando, tanto che, ad oggi, figurano tra i 20 farmaci più prescritti al mondo.
Scopo di questo lavoro è di presentare i risultati ottenuti presso la Chirurgia Maxillo-Facciale dell'Università "Federico II" di Napoli, con quanto attualmente è riportato in letteratura e la necessaria distinzione, nella valutazione del rischio, tra l'uso di BF in campo oncologico e quello in patologie osteometaboliche
Securing the cloud with reconfigurable computing: An FPGA accelerator for homomorphic encryption
No full textA hot topic in current cloud security research, homomorphic encryption is a recently introduced technique allowing computation to take place on encrypted data. This work presents the architecture and implementation of a dedicated FPGA-based accelerator addressing the prohibitive computing demand of homomorphic encryption. In particular, the accelerator targets the most time consuming operation used by the encryption primitive, large integer multiplication. Based on an Altera's Stratix V FPGA platform, the prototype implementation achieves significant improvements in terms of execution time –under a comparable hardware cost– against alternative solutions previously presented in the technical literature
Il Sito Reale di Capodimonte: Il primo bosco, parco e palazzo dei Borbone di Napoli
No full text[English]:apodimonte was the first Palace of Neapolitan Dinasty “Borbone”, but it was neglected due to the rise of Portici and Caserta’s Royal Palaces, therefore, it was built very slowly. It was completed only a century after the laying of the foundation stone (1738). After so long times, which saw the succession of several architects aiming the leadership to the royal site, some of them were quite famous among the most representative figures of Architecture and Art History in Naples, across Eighteenth and Nineteenth centuries.
The Royal Site was originally meant as Hunting reserve nearby the Capital and significant place of rest for the young Carlo di Borbone (Charles of Bourbon), who two years later decided to build a Royal Palace too. That decision was intended to amend the territorial aspects of Neapolitan northern hill, also to influence the urban layout before the unification of Italy. This study, based on a careful documentary and iconographic research, highlights the complex development of the palace and its park which are still paying a high price for the most controversial aspects of the project and its execution, emerged since the beginnings./
[Italiano]:Capodimonte fu il primo palazzo reale dei Borbone di Napoli ma, trascurato a seguito della nascita delle regge di Portici e Caserta, fu costruito molto lentamente, potendo considerarsi terminato solo un secolo dopo la posa della prima pietra (1738). Lunghi anni che videro susseguirsi alla direzione del Sito reale molti architetti, alcuni annoverabili tra le figure più rappresentative della storia dell’architettura e dell’arte a Napoli tra Sette e Ottocento. Il Sito reale nacque in origine come riserva di caccia nei pressi della capitale e luogo di ristoro indispensabile al giovane Carlo di Borbone, che due anni dopo decise di costruirvi anche un palazzo reale. Tale decisione era destinata a modificare gli aspetti territoriali della collina settentrionale napoletana e a condizionare le scelte urbanistiche per la Napoli preunitaria. Questo studio, sulla scorta di un’attenta ricerca documentaria e iconografica, mette in evidenza il complesso sviluppo della reggia e del suo parco, che ancora oggi scontano gli aspetti più controversi del progetto e della sua esecuzione, emersi sin dal primo atto fondativo
Studi e ricerche di scienze umane e sociali
No full text[English]:This book belongs to a new Series promoted by the School of Humanities and Social Sciences at Federico II University of Naples, in order to facilitate dialogue among scholars from different disciplines and to encourage interdisciplinary and cross-sectoral approaches on topics, both contemporary and historical. The studies collected in this volume offer a graceful synthesis of past and present, as is typical of the humanities, that study human culture in all its form. / [Italiano]: Gli studi raccolti in questo volume costituiscono il primo ‘Quaderno’ della nuova Collana di pubblicazioni della Scuola di Scienze Umane e Sociali dell’Ateneo fridericiano, promossa con l’intendimento di facilitare il confronto e il dialogo tra studiosi di varia provenienza, di sollecitare indagini trasversali e interdisciplinari sia su argomenti lontani nel tempo sia su temi di grande attualità che sono parte del nostro vissuto quotidiano. Il volume rappresenta una felice sintesi tra passato e presente, come è prerogativa delle ricerche appartenenti alla cultura umanistica, che ha a oggetto lo studio dell’esperienza umana considerata nella sua globalità
Medicina e scienza dell’uomo: Paul-Joseph Barthez e la Scuola di Montpellier
No full text[English]:This book focuses on the new anthropology elaborated by the physicians-philosophers of Montpellier in the second half of the 18th century, in particular, Paul-Joseph Barthez (1734-1806). In the wake of scepticism and empiricism, Barthez plans a science of man which rests upon physiological foundations and assimilates the respective resources of medicine and philosophical reflection. This essay first reconstructs the historical-cultural context in which the author’s writings came into being; second, it examines the texts in which its science of man takes shape, by highlighting the methodology, conceptual tools and theoretical implications./ [Italiano]: Questo libro verte sulla nuova antropologia elaborata dai medici-filosofi di Montpellier nella seconda metà del XVIII secolo e in particolare da Paul-Joseph Barthez (1734-1806). Inserendosi nel solco dello scetticismo e dell’empirismo, Barthez progetta una scienza dell’uomo che poggia su basi fisiologiche e integra le rispettive risorse della medicina e della riflessione filosofica. Il presente saggio ricostruisce in primo luogo il contesto storico-culturale in cui si inseriscono gli scritti di questo autore; in secondo luogo esamina i testi in cui prende forma la sua scienza dell’uomo mettendone in luce la metodologia, gli strumenti concettuali e le implicazioni teoriche
Emerging infections in the Mediterranean mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis in Campania region (Italy)
Full text linkEmerging Infectious Diseases (EIDs) have been reported affecting several marine organisms in the past years however EIDs of invertebrates have to date been poorly described, due in part to a lack of interest and no expert in the field. Historical data have shown the constant presence of undescribed pathogens belonging to the group of microsporidia and trematode in M. galloprovincialis in Campania Region, although scarce are the information in literature about their emergence and effect on the host.
Microsporidia are a spore-forming, obligate, intracellular parasites infecting all major taxa in all environments. Of the 187 genera described, almost half are known to infect aquatic organisms, mainly teleost and crustaceans. In molluscs main descriptions are related to one genus (Steinhausia sp.) reported in bivalves’ and gastropods. The species S. mytilovum and S. ovicola affect bivalves belong to the families Mytilidae and Ostreidae, with a Steinhausia-like parasite being described in the cockle Cerastoderma edule. Major species descriptions include detailed microscopic and ultrastructural images, but no information is present about pathogen phylogeny. In this study we report the constant occurrence of the microsporidian parasite S. mytilovum affecting the population of mussel, M. galloprovincialis, in one natural bed and 13 farms along Campania region coastline (Italy). S. mytilovum affected 9 out of the 13 farms, with a prevalence ranging from 2-30% of the females, depending on the areas and the seasons. The parasite develops at oocyte level within a sporophorous vesicle where it produces a spore in a number of one, three per cell, at cytoplasm and at nuclear level. S. mytilovum elicited an infiltrative (24,8%) or a strong capsular inflammatory response (43,4%) at gonadal follicles and surrounding vesicular connective tissue, in some case accompanied by gonadal atresia (24,8%), eventually associated to loss of gonadal architecture. In other cases (7%) no reaction was observed. Microsporidian systematics currently turn around five taxonomic clades, identified by SSU ribosomal gene sequence data. Neighbor Joining of the 18 S assigned S. mytilovum in a separated branch within the Clade V, defined as the Class Terresporidia, with closest genetic relationship (84% identity) to an undermined invertebrate’s ovarian microsporidian.
The second part of the study have identified the systematic presence of metacercariae belonging to the group of helminth trematodes at the foot level of 323 examined mussels.
Trematodes can have a variety of target tissues, which can result in serious damage in the mollusc and major economic loss. The metacercaria phase of trematodes infections in bivalves is the most well-documented and affects several organs and tissues, particularly the gonads and gills. Recently, many mussels have shown the presence of inflammatory lesions at the foot level linked to the presence of trematodes metacercariae or unidentified amorphous structures.
To date, there is a single report of trematodes with the same tropism, in particular in Atlantic mussels (M. edulis) in the waters of Great Britain and Ireland and reported to belong to the group of Echinostomates digenea, and to the species Echinostephilla patellae.
The characterization of the parasites has been carried first with a macroscopic identification, the mussels’ foot was separated and cut in half, revealing occasionally the presence of an encysted parasite. Light microscopy has shown the presence of metacercariae in mussels’ foot in all the sampled areas in 27 out of 323 animals, in a number 1-5 per animal, with a prevalence ranging from 3,3% to 16,67%, highest prevalence was observed in warm months. The presence of the parasite resulted in three different type of lesions: inflammatory reaction associated both to metacercariae and cercariae and nodular lesions. Molecular diagnostic carried out on the 18 S rDNA showed an identity of 94.2% in genebank with digenean trematodes of the genus Opisthomonorcheides spp
Microbial influences on subduction zone volatiles cycling
Full text linkConvergent margins are gateways to Earth’s interior where volatile species such as carbon, water, hydrogen, and sulfur are cycled between the surface and the interior of the planet.
Among these elements, carbon is the main element in terms of contribution to the wellbeing and sustainability of life on Earth. Unlike surface environments where carbon cycling is well constrained, its role in the subsurface environment remains still not well understood. To date, numerous studies have focused on the fate of carbon through the deep layers of our planet, looking at the subsurface microbiota as a key player in carbon sequestration. In subduction zones, the two main forms of carbon available for microorganisms are CO2 and CH4, while organic carbon and CO are less abundant. Here, a number of chemolithoautotrophic microorganisms work as carbon sinks, utilizing CO2 and CO as electron acceptors, donors and as carbon sources. This thesis aims to increase our knowledge of the interactions between biosphere and geosphere with a first focus on the microbial overprint on the volatiles that are cycled at convergent margins. Central American convergent margin hot springs and other secondary geothermal manifestations, broadly referred to as deeply-sourced seeps, were investigated with a multidisciplinary approach that include geochemistry and microbiology analyses, essential for linking geology and biology underlying this thesis. Besides their use as a window to the subsurface, hot springs have been used for centuries for leisure as well as religious rituals by human populations. Given the large number of samples collected in this work, one of the secondary aims has been to investigate the anthropic use of the springs and its link to the potential presence of pathogens
Three protective targets in vascular system through the interaction with NO and H2S:GILZ, DHEA and Opa1 protein
Full text linkCardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the most important non-transmissible disease present worldwide. An endothelial dysfunction is often associated to CVD as a possible cause or concomitant cause. Nitric oxide (NO) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) are two gasotransmitters playing an important role in the control of vascular tone. This thesis aimed to focus on potential protective targets for CVD. In particular, the functional and biochemical exchanges in vasculature were studied. The first one target is Glucocorticoid Induced Leucine Zipper (GILZ) peptide, a widely demonstrated anti-inflammatory molecule, to be used as alternative therapeutic approach of glucocorticoid (GC) treatment, avoiding one of well-known associated vascular side effect, the arterial hypertension. In general GCs treatments are increasingly implicated in the pathogenesis of obesity, metabolic syndrome, arterial hypertension. Thus, there is a need for searching both GCs targeted therapies and additional therapeutic agents/strategies for reducing undesired side effects of chronic GCs treatment. We demonstrated by functional and biochemical study that GILZ-/- mice have a reduction of NO and H2S signaling either in the aorta and plasma. Our evidence suggests that GILZ pathway has also a role in the regulation of vascular tone, supporting the hypothesis that exogenous synthetic GILZ peptide could represent a valid alternative in the replacement of GC. A previous publication demonstrated that the co-administration of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) with dexamethasone resulted in reduction of oxidative stress in kidney-cortex, attenuation of albuminuria and normalization of glutathione redox state, in rabbit. The authors conclude that DHEA might limit several undesirable renal side effects during chronic GC treatment and might be particularly beneficial for the therapy of patients with glucocorticoid induced diabetes. In this regard, in the second part, we focused on the DHEA, a precursor of sex hormone, that decreases with age and seems to have a protective vascular effect. We demonstrate that the relaxant effect of DHEA involves the formation of H2S and NO. We addressed this issue by using mice vessel and cell culture; functional and biochemical assay were performed using CD1 mice and bovine aorta endothelial cells (BAEC). In the last part the involvement of the endothelium as the major responsible of CVD has been addressed with particular attention to the role of a specific protein involved in mitochondria functions. In particular, the third target is the optic atrophy type 1 (Opa1) a key protein that allows the mitochondria fusion. We studied knockout mice where Opa1 has been silenced exclusively in the endothelial cells (EC) (EC-Opa1-/-). In old EC-Opa1-/- mice kidney we observed an increase of oxidative stress and an increase of protein nitrosylation with an augmentation of caveolin expression suggesting un uncoupling of endothelial nitric oxide synthase enzyme (eNOS), the enzyme of synthesis of NO. We also demonstrated that in EC-Opa1-/- old mice there is a reduction of cystathionine-gamma-synthase (CSE) protein expression, one of the main enzymes involved in the bio-synthesis of H2S in vasculature. On the other hand, an increase of inflammatory protein in EC-Opa1-/- kidney and mesenteric artery in adult mice was observed. Thus, Opa1 is important in EC homeostasis and might protect the vascular tree in target organs such as the kidney with a role in aging associated vascular diseases.
In conclusion, all the three targets, seems to be associate in a different way to gas transmitters production. In particular we observed a correlative relation with NO and H2S, confirming the key role in cardiovascular disease, underlying, once again, as important are these gasotransmitters in the control of vasculature function
Ceramic production in the Ager Calenus from the 3rd century BCE to the early imperial period
Full text linkThe ancient city of Cales is considered one of the most important production and distribution centers of fine-grained pottery, among the most renowned there is the black glazed ware, a class of fine pottery widely distributed in the central and western Mediterranean (3rd century to the middle of the 1st century BCE). In fact, for centuries the black glazed pottery has been considered the hallmark of Calenian production, thanks to the availability of raw materials close to the city. In such an important manufacturing center of ceramics it is not surprising that the workshops also produced common ware.
In this study, a total of 125 sherds belonging to different ceramic classes divided in two main groups, fine-grained pottery (black glazed pottery, Terra sigillata, fine common ware) and coarse-grained pottery (common cookware, thin-walled pottery, internal red slip ware, large container) recovered at the archaeological site of Cales were studied, along with production indicators.
A multi-faceted analytical approach via minero-petrographic techniques (PLM, XRPD, TG-DSC, FESEM, FESEM-EDS, XRF) was performed in order to discriminate the different Calenian productions in a chronological span between the 3rd century BCE to the early imperial period, in terms of: firing dynamics; provenance of the ceramics and provenance of the raw materials. The collected data allowed us to shed new light on the production activities of the Calenian workshops and document their remarkable continuity over time.
In-depth characterization with the routine analytical techniques used for archaeometric studies has provided the basis for implementing a new geochemical approach using TIMS and MC-ICP-MS, which includes for the first time three isotopic systematics: Sr, Nd and Pb. This method provided stronger feedback both in terms of provenance and clay-temper processing. This pioneering approach does not intend to replace the usual analytical routine that over the years has become a cornerstone for the ceramic characterization, but instead, aims to be a valid support to ceramic archaeometry