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Il ruolo di Naqada nella tarda preistoria egiziana e nel processo di formazione dello stato nell’antico Egitto
Full text linkThe research project, whose results make up the bulk of the present dissertation, has been aimed at re-evaluating the role of the site of Naqada (Upper Egypt) in the sequence of social, economic, political and cultural development of the late Egyptian prehistory and in the formation process of the ancient Egyptian state, based on the evidence collected at the site by the Italian Archaeological Mission of the "Istituto Universitario Orientale", Naples (today University of Naples "L’Orientale"), between 1977 and 1986 (direction: Prof. Claudio Barocas; Prof. Rodolfo Fattovich, Prof. Maurizio Tosi), and in the light of the acquisitions made during the last decades thanks to a multitude of new studies and investigations carried out in other regions of the Nile Valley.
The re-examination, recently conducted by the author, of the materials retrieved by the Italian team in the course of nine seasons of excavation and survey at the settlement of Naqada (Zawaydah / W.M.F. Petrie's "South Town") has suggested that the main phase of occupation of the site was the period between Naqada IIC-D and Naqada IIIA (c. 3600-3150 B.C.), and that part of the settlement, at least, was occupied by a sort of administrative-cultic/ceremonial complex during this phase.
The archaeological evidence provided by the Italian investigations at Naqada, complemented with other data (funerary, iconographic, etc.), both from old and recent research carried out at the same site and in other regions of the Nile Valley, also allows to broadly outline the evolution of this centre: from a small rural village, not dissimilar from the numerous settlements scattered along the rest of the region and other parts of Upper Egypt, and probably with a low degree of social differentiation (Naqada I), to a relatively large and dense center, residence of "chiefs" exercising a centralized control of the local economy (subsistence and wealth goods, and probably labor force), also thanks to the use of administrative devices and within a possible cultural/ceremonial framework (middle-end of Naqada II), until to its decline and inclusion in a larger polity (beginning of Naqada III).
Several factors and mechanisms seem to have led Naqada to play a prominent role within the Upper Egyptian political scenario, in some phases of the Predynastic (middle-end of Naqada II). Among these, and what might have also been the main contribution of Naqada to the formation process of the state in ancient Egypt, is the use of administration connected with the centralized control of the economy: at Naqada we have one of the earliest evidence of use of seals and other administrative-accounting tools ever retrieved from Egypt. This evidence may date back to Naqada IIC period (c. 3600 B.C.), if not earlier
Tense, Aspect and the Semantics of Event Description. Towards a Contrastive Analysis of Italian and Japanese
Full text linkTemporal analysis of events is an important part of many natural language processing tasks. We expect events to contain the same temporal information regardless of the language, however, the way temporal information is encoded via lexical or grammatical properties differs from language to language. While the lexical aspect of event semantics is relatively similar across languages, the grammatical aspect varies greatly, and concepts of tense and aspect may not be shared across languages, preventing a simple correspondence of verbal forms between two languages from being established, causing trouble for both human and machine translators alike. Divergence in temporal representations may be illustrated by the following examples:
(1)田中さんは学校に電車で通っている。
Tanaka san wa gakkō ni densha de kayotte iru
Il sig. Tanaka va a scuola in treno.
‘Mr Tanaka commutes to school by train.’
(2) 田中さんは只今学校に電車で通っている。
Tanaka san wa tadaima gakkō ni densha de kayotte iru
Il sig. Tanaka ora sta andando a scuola in treno.
‘Mr Tanaka is now commuting to school by train.’
The Italian and English translations use different verbal forms and aspectual configurations, the imperfective (habitual) aspect in (1) and the progressive aspect in (2), whereas both Japanese sentences contain the same verbal form -te iru and make use of the adverb tadaima ‘now’ to indicate the progressive aspect. In translating these sentences, we need to be aware of these differences in temporal information representations. The present work represents a first theoretical and empirical contrastive investigation on how temporal information is conveyed in Japanese and Italian with a focus on the semantics of events and how they are reported. We include a classification of eventuality types and their expression in tense and aspect, making this analysis useful for researchers working on tasks that require detailed, cross-lingual temporal analysis. We empirically support our theoretical proposal by creating and semi-automatically annotating a parallel Japanese-Italian corpus of novels, parliamentary proceedings and newspapers translations with temporality tags, and conducting an investigation into the representation of temporal phenomena across languages.
Tempo, Aspetto e la Semantica della descrizione degli Eventi. Verso un'analisi contrastiva della lingua Giapponese e Italiana
L'analisi temporale degli eventi rappresenta una parte importante di molte applicazione di natural language processing. Intuitivamente gli eventi, intesi come ‘accadimenti’ della vita reale, dovrebbero contenere le stesse informazioni temporali indipendentemente dalla lingua in cui sono espressi, viceversa, il modo in cui le informazioni temporali sono codificate attraverso le proprietà lessicali o grammaticali, differisce da una lingua all'altra. Se l'aspetto lessicale è relativamente simile, l'aspetto grammaticale differisce da lingua a lingua e gli stessi concetti di ‘tempo’ e ‘aspetto’ possono non essere condivisi, impedendo una semplice corrispondenza di forme verbali tra una lingua e l'altra e causando difficoltà sia ai traduttori che ai sistemi di traduzione automatica. La divergenza nelle rappresentazioni temporali può essere illustrata dagli esempi che seguono:
(1) 田中さんは学校に電車で通っている
Tanaka san wa gakkō ni densha de kayotte iru.
Il sig. Tanaka va a scuola in treno
'Mr. Tanaka commutes to school by train'
(2)田中さんは今ちょうど学校に電車で通っている
Tanaka san wa tadaima gakkō ni densha de kayotte iru
Il sig. Tanaka ora sta andando a scuola in treno
'Mr Tanaka is now commuting to school by train'
Le traduzioni in Italiano e in Inglese utilizzano forme verbali e aspettuali differenti – l'aspetto imperfettivo (abituale) in (1) e l'aspetto progressivo in (2) – mentre entrambi gli esempi giapponesi contengono la stessa forma verbale -te iru, ma utilizzano l'avverbio temporale tadaima 'ora', per indicare che l'aspetto è progressivo e che l'azione è da intendersi in corso. La ricerca consiste in una prima indagine contrastiva, teorica ed empirica, su come le informazioni temporali sono trasmesse in Giapponese e Italiano con un'attenzione particolare alla semantica degli eventi e al modo in cui sono rappresentati. L’analisi ha incluso una classificazione delle tipologie di eventi e la loro rappresentazione dal punto di vista temporale ed aspettuale, rendendo questo lavoro utile a quei ricercatori che lavorano in ambiti che richiedono una dettagliata analisi temporale cross-linguistica. L’ipotesi teorica è supportata empiricamente dall’annotazione semi-automatica con etichette temporali di un corpus parallelo Giapponese-Italiano di traduzioni di romanzi, atti parlamentari e articoli giornalistici, e conducendo un'analisi della rappresentazione dei fenomeni temporali nelle due lingue
Topografia di Atene : sviluppo urbano e monumenti dalle origini al 3. secolo d.C.. Tomo 2. : Colline sud-occidentali : Valle dell'Ilisso / Emanuele Greco ; con la collaborazione di Fausto Longo ; e Maria Chiara Monaco ; e di R. Di Cesare ; D. Marchiandi ; G. Marginesu.
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Lectura Dantis 2002 - 2009 : omaggio a Vincenzo Placella per i suoi settanta anni: Tomo III 2006 - 2008
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Struttura e regolamentazione del settore elettrico: un'analisi del mercato elettrico italiano mediante l'applicazione di indici di misurazione del potere di mercato.
Full text linkPolitiche pubbliche ed incentivi al risparmio idrico: il ruolo della tariffa
Full text linkPublic policies and water saving incentives: the role of tariff
Integrated water service, which has undergone in recent years significant legislative revisions, can be analyzed in its complexity, related to the water industry, economic and technological characteristics of the different phases of production and distribution, to management issues of “water good” as a scarce resource and as merit good, and again to the possible forms of regulation and eventually privatization of the sector. Water economic regulation, in fact, clashes with articulated issues related to environmental, financial, infrastructural and tariff aspects. In this context, takes particular note, the role of the price: starting by the criticism of Full Cost Recovery Principle, on which is currently based water tariff analytical calculation, the work aims to determinate an integrated water tariff, as an instrument through which to build, in a decentralized way, the optimization of the reference system. After defining an optimal level of water consumption, in view of the preservation of the resource where it is not enough, an integrated water tariff must be capable of affecting the behavior of users, in an environmental sustainability perspective, as well as financial- economic one, and force them to realize optimal consumptions, assuming, therefore, itself, an instrumental role, not for the attainment of specific objectives, but in order to obtain optimal allocation of resources in a decentralized way.
After describing the decision problem as definition of the optimal water tariff, which allows, starting from different supply systems, to induce water consumption considered optimal in a specific reference frame, in the model are compared four different scenarios. Model structure allows to observe all the effects that occur in the transition from one scenario to the other alternative hypothesized scenario; showing, therefore, how the integrated water tariff could induce users to achieve optimal water consumptions, as defined for each system considered.
Starting from a formulation of the decision problem in terms of definition of an efficient human water consumption just for domestic use, which is implemented by an individual operator, who takes into account at the same time more than one aims, like environmental and water- saving one, we proceed to the determination of optimal level of consumption and to the calculation of the water integrated tariff which allows to achieve just that the default level.
In this work, water integrated tariff represent, therefore, an instrument of demand management in order to achieve the efficient allocation of resources, pursuing at the same time socially relevant objectives assigned to the management. The objectives must be, therefore, allocated to the management, (thus affecting the calculation of the optimal consumption), and not to the tariffs, having those one the "general" role to transmit appropriate signals to users in order to induce them to realize optimal consumption
Cangiullo in Terza Pagina La produzione pubblicistica sulla stampa locale, nazionale e internazionale del futurista napoletano Francesco Cangiullo (1909-1924)
Full text linkThe present work fits into the exegetical process that brought to light the phenomenon of Parthenopian Futurism, incarnated by Francesco Cangiullo, an isolated manifestation of the first Neapolitan Futurism. Along his avant-garde militancy (1912-1924) Cangiullo was alone, without any local allies, culturally marginalized. As a matter of fact Marinetti didn’t manage to get a proselyte. The advent of Futurism showed all the weaknesses of Parthenopian intelligentsia, incapable of a true adversarial. Nevertheless, Marinetti always had words of praise for Naples, for its transgression and its gestures so futuristic.
Cangiullo is the only one who answered to Marinetti’s announcement. He performed a delicate role as a link between the futuristic subversion and parthenopian folk, between Avant-garde and Tradition. To the main futurists his engagement serves as a secret weapon against the rhetoric, as a symbol of spontaneity and irrationality against the artifices of Italian culture.
Yet Cangiullo ( leading figure of the Futurism) was always given a critical approval; many studies, but all incoherent and sectoral, never final or monographs. In fact, his huge journalistic production is unknown till today. The choice to devote new critical attention to this field of his activity is an outcome of a relatively poor exegesis.
Cangiullo crossed transversely all the thematic spectrum of Futurism; decided to add to his brilliant artistic career a parallel journalist activity, anticipating in diverse periodicals his creative proposals. The poor performance in publishing ( Marinetti neglected him ) drove Cangiullo to search for some other ways to get himself well known and to produce such a quantity of articles that it oversteps the boundaries of his today’s bibliography , many of these writings were entirely forgotten by careless and superficial criticism. It was during his maximum adhesion to Futurism when Cangiullo loosened his grip on Marinetti and started his collaboration with smaller papers, never organic, often traditional. As an example stands a roman paper “Piccolo Giornale d’Italia”, with many Cangiullo’s appearances’ in the decade between 1914 and 1923, but subjected to small bibliographical work; 13 articles reported so far, 49 new never mentioned elsewhere. There are a total of 54 Cangiullo’s compositions never notified before, to which should be added not a few of unpublished compositions here found and brought to the attention of the reader.
All Cangiullo’s activity must be redefined in the light of the discoveries made in the present work, which aim seems to be to anthologize enormous wealth of articles, but which reveals itself in its truth: to retrace the guidelines of a protean career, largely unknown, which in all its development was always preceded, accompanied and glossed by the testimony of the author assigned to the press