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AI governance after MiFID II: beyond (mere) technological neutrality?
Get PDFThis article examines the evolving intersections between artificial intelligence (AI) and EU financial regulation, focusing on the Markets in Financial Instruments Directive II (MiFID II). Grounded in the principle of technological neutrality, MiFID II seeks to enhance investor protection, safeguard market integrity, and ensure that innovation develops within competitive and well-regulated markets across the Union. The article argues, however, that while this neutrality renders the framework functionally enabling, it also leaves it normatively silent in the face of the distinctive and evolving risks introduced by financial AI. As AI applications become increasingly heterogeneous—both across the financial functions in which they are deployed and in their underlying lifecycles and value chains—MiFID II’s activity-based logic increasingly struggles to accommodate their diverse and evolving risk profiles. Reflecting the EU’s broader shift toward risk-based AI governance, the article outlines an initial taxonomy of financial AI applications designed to guide the proportionate alignment of regulatory obligations with AI-related risks, thereby supporting the continued adaptability, coherence, and future-proofing of EU financial services law
In and out of the mitochondrial intermembrane space
Get PDFMitochondria are essential organelles constituted by two membranes, the outer (OMM) and inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM), and two aqueous compartments, the intermembrane space (IMS) and the matrix. Although mitochondria contain their own genome, which encodes for 13 proteins in humans (8 in budding yeast), the vast majority (99%) of mitochondrial proteins are encoded by the nuclear DNA and imported into the organelle co- or post-translationally. The IMS lies between the cytosol and the matrix, making it a strategic hub for monitoring the mitochondrial proteome. All IMS-resident proteins are nuclear-encoded and play critical roles in cellular pathways, such as redox regulation, calcium signaling, apoptosis, and hypoxia response. Furthermore, most mitochondrial proteins pass through the IMS en route to their final destination within the organelle. During this transit, their targeting and folding states are carefully monitored: properly folded proteins are retained, while misfolded or potentially toxic polypeptides are retrotranslocated and degraded. In this review, we highlight the mechanisms by which proteins are sorted into the IMS and discuss its central role in regulating mitochondrial proteostasis and maintaining mitochondrial function
Using insight from teachers’ stories of Professional Update to enhance policy and practice
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Diazoxide choline extended-release tablets in Prader-Willi syndrome: a randomized, double-blind, withdrawal period study
No full textContext:
The hallmark condition of Prader-Willi syndrome, a rare, genetic neurobehavioral/metabolic disorder is life-threatening hyperphagia.
Objective:
We assessed the efficacy and safety of recently FDA-approved diazoxide choline extended-release (DCCR) tablets for the treatment of hyperphagia in adults and children four years of age and older with Prader-Willi syndrome.
Methods:
We conducted a 16-week, randomized withdrawal study in children and adults with Prader-Willi syndrome and hyperphagia. Participants who previously completed randomized (13-week DCCR or placebo) and open-label (2.5-4.5 years DCCR) studies were randomized one:one to receive once-daily DCCR or placebo. The primary endpoint was Hyperphagia Questionnaire for Clinical Trials (HQ-CT) total score change from baseline to 16 weeks. Secondary endpoints included Clinical Global Impression of Severity (CGI-S) and Improvement (CGI-I); exploratory endpoints included weight and body mass index (BMI) z-score.
Results:
Seventy-seven participants were randomized (DCCR:38; placebo:39). Statistically significant increases in HQ-CT from baseline to week 16 were observed with placebo versus DCCR (least square [LS] mean [standard error] change 7.6 [1.09] with placebo and 2.6 [1.12] with DCCR; P=0.0022). CGI scores favored DCCR but were not significantly changed. Consistent with the hyperphagia response, the placebo cohort gained more weight and increased their BMI z-score more than the DCCR cohort (LS mean weight difference (95% confidence interval) -1.6 kg (-3.1, -0.1); LS mean z-score difference -0.09 (-0.17, -0.01). Adverse events were similar with both treatments, with no serious adverse events in the DCCR arm.
Conclusions:
Continued DCCR treatment was superior to placebo for hyperphagia. DCCR appears to offer meaningful therapeutic benefits for people with Prader-Willi syndrome
Acoustic pressure wave orientation determination using structured light
Get PDFAcoustic waves propagate through matter in various states of aggregation and have proven to be a useful tool for numerous applications, from biology to industrial engineering. Their temporal and spatial information content reflects their generation processes and propagation, making them very valuable for sensor technologies and diagnostics. These waves cause small changes in the refractive index of materials, which can be easily measured using optical detection methods. We demonstrate an approach for spatial and temporal measurements that can determine the two-dimensional directionality of an acoustic pulse relative to the optical axis of a phase and amplitude structured probe beam. Our scheme directly measures the temporal power variance between the components of a superposition of orbital angular momentum modes, where the direction of the acoustic wave can be determined through sequentially varying the relative phase between the modes within the superposition. We expect our results could inspire the use of bespoke structured fields for the mapping of acoustic pressure-wave trajectories
Navigating the Ethical and Societal Impacts of Generative AI in Higher Computing Education
Get PDFGenerative AI (GenAI) presents societal and ethical challenges related to equity, academic integrity, bias, and data provenance. In this paper, we outline the goals, methodology and deliverables of the project, considering the ethical and societal impacts of GenAI in higher computing education. A systematic literature review that addresses a wide set of issues and topics covering the rapidly emerging technology of GenAI from the perspective of its ethical and societal impacts is presented. This paper then presents an evaluation of a broad international review of a set of university adoption, guidelines, and policies related to the use of GenAI and the implications for computing education. The Ethical and Societal Impacts-Framework (ESI-Framework), derived from the literature and policy review and evaluation, outlines the ethical and societal impacts of GenAI in computing education. This work synthesizes existing research and considers the implications for computing higher education. Educators, computing professionals and policy makers facing dilemmas in the integration of Generative AI in their contexts, may use this framework to guide decision-making in the age of GenAI
Siloes of influence: The political economy of resourcing international organizations
No full textInternational organizations (IOs) are essential for solving global problems, but the resources that undergird their vitality—money, staff, and support—have come under intense strain. This special issue advances the research program on IO resourcing by addressing three critical gaps. First, contributors provide new fine-grained data to track how states leverage heterogenous resource types to enhance institutional control, moving beyond resource aggregates to analyze the “re-nationalization” of IO activities. Second, the articles highlight under-researched drivers of resourcing, from geopolitical competition and structural geography to the domestic ideological shifts of member states. Third, the issue explores the complex interplay between different types of resources, such as earmarked funding and staffing representation. Collectively, these studies reveal that resourcing is a strategic tool used to navigate and shape a fractured international order. We find that while resourcing can act as a centripetal force for collective action, current patterns increasingly exert centrifugal pressure. By creating “siloes of influence” through earmarked funding, bilateral staffing programs, and partial representational practices, state decisions further entrench the fragmentation of global governance. These dynamics often generate operational inefficiencies and transaction costs that undermine the multilateral character and expert authority of IOs. In conclusion, this special issue offers a roadmap for future research to explore how the governance design of IOs and the rise of non-state actors continue to reshape the resource landscape of contemporary multilateralism
Exploring the association between economic democracy and income inequality
No full textIn this paper, we contribute to ongoing debates about the relationship between economic democracy and inequality. We do this through three novel contributions to the literature. First, we develop an economic democracy index (EDI). Drawing on a range of theoretical approaches, our index broadens the conception of economic democracy beyond the traditional focus on the workplace and employment relations to the economy more broadly and at different scales, across a range of dimensions. Second, the EDI is then applied to OECD member states from 2000-2019 to produce a ranking. Third, we then use the index to investigate a potential association (correlation) between economic democracy and income inequality. Our findings suggest that Western European, especially Nordic countries have consistently higher levels of economic democracy than Anglo-American and Eastern European economies and that economies with greater levels of economic democracy have lower levels of income inequality
Spherical objects in dimension two and three
No full textThis paper classifies spherical objects in various geometric settings in dimensions two and three, including both minimal and partial crepant resolutions of Kleinian singularities, as well as arbitrary flopping 3-fold contractions with only Gorenstein terminal singularities. The main result is much more general: in each such setting, we prove that all objects in the associated null category C with no negative Ext groups are the image, under the action of an appropriate braid or pure braid group, of some object in the heart of a bounded t-structure. The corollary is that all objects x which admit no negative Exts, and for which HomC(x,x)=C, are the images of the simples. A variation on this argument goes further and classifies all bounded t-structures on C. There are multiple geometric, topological and algebraic consequences, primarily to autoequivalences and stability conditions. Our main new technique also extends into representation theory, and we establish that in the derived category of a finite-dimensional algebra which is silting discrete, every object with no negative Ext groups lies in the heart of a bounded t-structure. As a consequence, every semibrick complex can be completed to a simple-minded collection
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