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Iconoclasms of politics and class in Late Medieval and Renaissance Italy
No full textNo abstract available
LLM supporting knowledge tracing leveraging global subject and student specific knowledge graphs
No full textmodel (2T-KT), to solve the issue that traditional knowledge tracing methods relying on numerous student
exercise records cannot make good predictions when predicting new knowledge concepts by leveraging the
excellent abilities of reasoning and generation from large language model (LLM). The 2T-KT model leverages
large language models (LLMs) to enrich the knowledge graph with new knowledge concepts and predict
student performance on the next exercise by four key components, i.e. observation, guideline, interpretation,
and cognition. In particular, there are two stages, the preprocessing stage, and the 2T-KT stage, to predict
the student’s performance on the next exercise. In the preprocessing stage, two novel local and global
knowledge graphs are first designed to improve the capability of evaluating new concepts. In the 2T-KT
stage, a novel teacher’s thinking mode is designed to include four key components, i.e. observation, guideline,
interpretation, and cognition to assist the LLM in predicting the student’s performance on the next exercise.
This exercise contains new knowledge concepts. Finally, even with new concepts, the LLM ‘teacher’ can
accurately predict students’ abilities through interpretable augmentation prompts. Extensive evaluations on
three public educational benchmarks—the FrcSub dataset, comprising 10K student records and 8 exercises,
and the Xes3g5m dataset, comprising around 522K student records and 6,641 exercises. In addition, the
MOOCRadar dataset contains around 897K student records and 2510 exercise records to test our model’s
performance. It demonstrates that our 2T-KT model is a strong contender in knowledge tracing, delivering
both high performance and interpretability
Diagonal invariants and genus-zero Hurwitz Frobenius manifolds
No full textThe Frobenius manifold structure on the space of rational functions with multiple simple poles is constructed. In particular, the dependence of the Saito-flat coordinates on the flat coordinates of the intersection form is studied. While some of the individual flat coordinates are
complicated rational functions, they appear in the prepotential in certain combinations known as diagonal invariants, which turn out to be polynomial. Two classes are studied in more detail. These are generalisations of the Coxeter and extended-affine-Weyl orbit spaces for the group W = W(Aℓ) . An invariant theory is also developed
Postulating the Law of Continuous Innovation Effort
No full textGiven the lack of governing laws and theories specific to innovation management noted in academic literature, the question emerges how allocation of resources by firms can be captured in terms of patterns. One possibility resides in the logic and impact of the innovation funnel. Therefore, this paper derives the law of constant innovation effort, which states that summative efforts during successive stages of the innovation funnel remain constant. This law has implications for both theory and practice in innovation management, and new product and service development in firms, sectors and (regional) networks
Responding to Authoritarian Populism at the European Court of Human Rights: A Calibrated Framework
No full textThe book offers the first systematic account of the European Court of Human Rights' actual and potential response to the wave of authoritarian populism consolidating across Council of Europe states. It develops an original framework combining philosophical, social-scientific and legal analysis. The book first develops the claim that authoritarian populism is characterised by a severe distortion of democracy and a corrupt rule of law. Drawing on these insights, the book points to the infrastructural erosion of Convention rights, highlighting the limits of the Court's 'democratic society' in the media, judicial, and electoral domains. Taking into account the Court's subsidiary position, the book demonstrates how the Court's proportionality test can and should be enhanced to better detect and respond to infrastructural erosion across these areas
Field presence and the performance of environmental projects: evidence from the Global Environment Facility
No full textScant attention has been paid to how field presence shapes the implementation of environment-earmarked projects by international organizations (IOs), such as those funded by the Global Environment Facility (GEF). GEF funding is based on a process whereby implementing IOs and recipient partners co-design projects based on GEF criteria. Once approved by GEF, projects are implemented with no direct GEF involvement, but are later evaluated by a dedicated GEF unit. We assume that IO country officials are key players in project implementation processes, and we expect that their field presence shapes implementation performance. Drawing on data from approximately 1,000 GEF projects delivered by five implementing IOs from 1997 to 2020, our analysis suggests that implementation performance is evaluated better where IO country officials have greater field presence. This has implications for debates on multilateral funding, IO bureaucracies, localization, and IO performance.
Hasta la fecha, se ha prestado un bajo nivel de atención a estudiar cómo la presencia en el terreno influye sobre la implementación de proyectos destinados al medio ambiente por parte de las organizaciones internacionales (OOII), como, por ejemplo, aquellos proyectos financiados por el Fondo para el Medio Ambiente Mundial (FMAM). La financiación por parte del FMAM se basa en un proceso mediante el cual las OOII que las implementan y los socios receptores diseñan, de manera conjunta, proyectos basados en los criterios del FMAM. Los proyectos, una vez han sido aprobados por el FMAM, se ejecutan sin la intervención directa del FMAM. Sin embargo, con posterioridad son evaluados por una unidad especializada del FMAM. Asumimos que los funcionarios de las OOII a nivel de país son actores fundamentales en los procesos de implementación del proyecto, e hipotetizamos que su presencia sobre el terreno influye en el funcionamiento de la implementación. Nuestro análisis utiliza datos de, aproximadamente, 1000 proyectos del FMAM ejecutados por cinco OOII implementadoras entre 1997 y 2020, y sugiere que el funcionamiento de la implementación se evalúa de mejor forma cuando los funcionarios de las OOII en los países tienen una mayor presencia en el terreno. Esto tiene implicaciones para los debates en materia de financiamiento multilateral, así como para las burocracias de las OOII, para la localización y para el funcionamiento de las OOII.
Le façonnement de la mise en œuvre de projets environnementaux par les organisations internationales (OI), comme ceux financés par le Fonds pour l’environnement mondial (FEM), par la présence sur le terrain a reçu une attention limitée. Le financement du FEM procède d’un processus précis : les OI chargées de l’exécution et les partenaires récipiendaires conçoivent conjointement des projets en fonction des critères du FEM. Une fois approuvés par le FEM, les projets sont mis en œuvre sans implication directe du FEM, mais feront plus tard l’objet d’une évaluation par une unité spécialisée du FEM. Nous supposons que les officiels dans les pays des OI sont des acteurs clés des processus de mise en œuvre de projets, et nous nous attendons à ce que leur présence sur le terrain façonne les performances de la mise en œuvre. Se fondant sur des données issues d’environ 1 000 projets FEM dont l’exécution a été assurée par 5 OI entre 1997 et 2020, notre analyse suggère que les performances de la mise en œuvre obtiennent une meilleure évaluation dans les pays où les officiels des OI ont une présence sur le terrain plus importante. Cette conclusion s’accompagne d’implications pour les débats sur le financement multilatéral, l’administration des OI, la localisation et les performances des OI
Microbe profile: candidozyma auris: an emergent and resilient yeast and new antifungal strategies
Get PDFCandidozyma auris is an emerging opportunistic yeast that is important because of its multidrug resistance, persistence in healthcare environments and ability to cause outbreaks. Since its discovery in 2009 in Japan, it has rapidly spread worldwide and is now recognized as a major global public health threat and was recognized by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2022 as a critical priority fungal pathogen. Distinct phylogeographic clades demonstrate simultaneous emergence on different continents, suggesting ecological or environmental triggers. Clinical management is complicated by frequent resistance to fluconazole, reduced susceptibility to amphotericin B and echinocandins, and frequent misidentification by traditional laboratory methods. Continued genomic surveillance, improved diagnostics and new antifungal strategies are urgently needed, supported by enhanced infection prevention and control procedures
Efficacy and safety of prosthetic arthroplasty of the distal radioulnar joint: a systematic review
No full textIntroduction:
This systematic review evaluates the efficacy and safety of prosthetic arthroplasty of the ulnar head and distal radioulnar joint (DRUJ).
Methods:
A comprehensive literature search identified studies reporting functional and safety outcomes of DRUJ prosthetic arthroplasty for 10 or more cases. Primary outcomes included function, pain, and implant survival. Secondary outcomes were satisfaction, grip strength, range of pronation–supination, complications and reoperations.
Results:
Forty-three case series were included; of those, 25 reported outcomes of semi-constrained bipolar DRUJ arthroplasty with the APTIS prosthesis (n = 706 cases) and 18 of unconstrained ulnar head replacement (DRUJ hemiarthroplasty; n = 819 cases). Both the APTIS prosthesis and the participating ulnar head prostheses resulted in functional improvements which were statistically significant and clinically meaningful in most studies in all included functional scales. For pain, mean postoperative improvement ranged from 1.2 to 8.0 (weighted mean 4.3 points) in APTIS and from 1.7 to 5 points (weighted mean 2.5 points) in ulnar head prostheses. Weighted mean long-term survival (>7 years) was 89% with the APTIS and 87% with ulnar head prostheses. Reoperations were required in a weighted mean of 25% of cases in the APTIS group and 23% in the ulnar head arthroplasty group.
Conclusions:
Both APTIS DRUJ arthroplasty and ulnar head replacement yield substantial functional improvements and good long-term survivorship. However, complication and incidence of reoperation remain high. These findings highlight the need for improved implant design and material innovation to enhance long-term safety and outcomes
New dosimetry methods for radiological and nuclear emergency management: mapping radiation fields using NaCl and portable OSL readers
Get PDFIn the aftermath of a nuclear or radiological incident, rapid and reliable dose assessment is critical for medical triage, exposure evaluation, and emergency management. This study investigates the use of household salt with portable Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL) systems as a potential dosimetry system to enhance methods for mapping radiation fields with data available during the measurement period. Previous studies have shown that unprepared commercial salt demonstrated a linear dose response in the 0–500 µGy range, with detection limits as low as 7 µGy using portable OSL. Signal stability studies revealed an initial brief decrease in luminescence post-irradiation, followed by relative stability between 8–64 days, enabling dose estimation during early and late emergency phases. Light and moisture caused rapid signal loss, which was mitigated by encapsulating sachets of salt in sealed heat-shrink sleeving. In this work, three experiments were conducted to confirm salt’s utility. Controlled lab tests mapped the radiation field in close proximity to a known activity 60-Co source. A dosimetry array was used outdoors at SUERC, in combination with portable gamma ray spectrometry, to map background radiation with and without a source present. Thirdly a network of dosimeters was used to map the complex and time varying radiation fields within an accelerator mass spectrometry laboratory at SUERC. In the controlled lab experiment, fading-corrected doses matched theoretical inverse-square values within <3% on average. In the outdoor experiments average dose rates agreed with backpack gamma measurements within 3–15%. In the accelerator laboratory the salt effectively separated the spatial variations in the local radiation background of the laboratory from those associated with enhanced radiation during beam alignment and tuning operations. Results thus aligned with theoretical doses, gamma-system measurements, and the configuration of radiation fields within a complex laboratory confirming salt’s potential for low-dose dosimetry and spatial field mapping. Protocols for fading correction, ambient conditions, and zeroing are essential for practical deployment. The work presented here has demonstrated that the field validation of using salt with portable OSL systems is capable of delivering dose estimates in the range from a few µGy to several mGy in field measurements, complementing existing techniques. To optimize this approach, comprehensive protocols should be developed for both testing exercises and evaluations, which could lead to wider acceptance of these approaches offering a robust, low-cost solution for rapid dose assessment for both emergency response and environmental dosimetry
Beyond education and care: reframing elective home education as a multifaceted approach
Get PDFGiven the limited body of UK-based research on elective home education, this article maps emerging trends through a scoping review of literature published over the past two decades. Drawing on this review, it introduces a conceptual framework to support effective elective home education, with particular attention to enhancing children’s learning experiences. The proposed Holistic, Individualised, and Synergistic (H.I.S.) model highlights the comprehensive, tailored, and interconnected nature of home education. Intentionally broad in scope, the model outlines key concepts before presenting research-informed practical considerations. Positioned as a flexible tool, the H.I.S. model aims to inform practice, policy, curriculum design, and future research
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